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he said that all things come into being. But all things, as he said, are nothing true. Thus the real is unclear to us, but opinion is established upon all things, especially of the unseen. Parmenides, son of Pyres, an Eleatic by birth, also said that the infinite was the principle of all things. Zeno the Eleatic, the eristic, like the other Zeno, also says the earth is motionless and that there is no empty space. And he speaks thus: that which moves3.506 moves either in the place where it is or in the place where it is not. And it moves neither in the place where it is nor in the place where it is not; therefore, nothing moves. Melissus, son of Ithagenes, a Samian by birth, said that the all is one, and that nothing stable exists in nature, but all things are corruptible in potentiality. Leucippus the Milesian, but according to some an Eleatic, also an eristic; he also said that the all is in the infinite, and that all things come to be according to appearance and opinion and nothing according to truth, but appear so like the oar in the water. Democritus, son of Damasippus, of Abdera, said the cosmos is infinite and is situated over a void. And he said there is one end of all things, and that cheerfulness is the best, but sorrows the boundaries of evil; and that what seems just is not just, but what is contrary to nature is unjust. For he said that laws are a bad invention, and that the wise man must not obey laws, but live freely. Metrodorus of Chios said that no one knows anything, but these things which we think we know, we do not know precisely, nor must one trust the senses; for all things are by opinion. Protagoras, son of Menander, of Abdera, said that the gods do not exist, nor does god exist at all. Diogenes of Smyrna, but according to some of Cyrene, held the same opinions as Protagoras. Pyrrho from Elis, having collected all the doctrines of the other wise men, wrote objections to them, overthrowing their opinions, and was pleased with no doctrine. Empedocles, son of Meton, of Acragas, introduced four primordial elements: fire and earth and water and air, and said that Strife was the first of the elements. For it was separated, he says, previously, but now it is united, as he says, having been made friends with one another. Therefore, according to him, there are two principles and powers, Strife and Love, of which one is unitive, the other separative. Heraclitus, son of Bleson, of Ephesus, said that all things come from fire and are resolved back into fire. 3.507 Prodicus calls the four elements gods, then the sun and the moon; for from these, he said, the vital principle exists for all things. Plato the Athenian said that god and matter and form exist, and that the cosmos is generated and corruptible, but he says the soul is ungenerated and immortal and divine. And that it has three parts: the rational, the spirited, and the appetitive. And he said that marriages and women ought to be common to all, and that no one should have one wife for himself, but that those who wished should be with those who were willing. Aristippus of Cyrene; this man, being a glutton and a lover of pleasure, said the end of the soul is pleasure, and whoever is pleased, this one is happy, but he who is not pleased at all is thrice-wretched and ill-fated, as he says. Theodorus, who was called the atheist, said that the arguments concerning god are nonsense. For he thought there was nothing divine, and for this reason he urged all to steal, to perjure themselves, to plunder and not to die for their country. For he said that the cosmos is one's country, and he said that only the happy man is good, but one must flee the unfortunate man, even if he is wise. And that the foolish man, being rich and disobedient, is to be preferred. Hegesias of Cyrene; this man said that neither friendships nor graces exist. For he said they do not exist, but someone in need gives a favor or, having experienced something better, does a good deed. And he also said: for the worthless man it is profitable to live, but for the wise man to die, so that some, from this, called him the death-persuader. Antisthenes, whose mother was from Thrace, but he himself an Athenian, first a Socratic, then a Cynic, said that one must not be jealous of the beautiful things of others nor of the shameful things among one another, and that the walls of cities are precarious against the traitor within, but those of the soul are unshakable

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ἔφη τὰ πάντα γίνεσθαι. εἶναι δὲ τὰ πάντα, ὡς ἔφη, οὐδὲν ἀληθές. οὕτως τὸ ἀτρεκὲς ἡμῖν ἄδηλον, δόκησις δὲ ἐπὶ πᾶσι τέτυκται, μάλιστα τῶν ἀφανέων. Παρμενίδης ὁ τοῦ Πύρητος, τὸ γένος Ἐλεάτης, καὶ αὐτὸς τὸ ἄπειρον ἔλεγεν ἀρχὴν τῶν πάντων. Ζήνων ὁ Ἐλεάτης, ὁ ἐριστικός, ἴσα τῷ ἑτέρῳ Ζήνωνι, καὶ τὴν γῆν ἀκίνητον λέγει καὶ μηδένα τόπον κενὸν εἶναι. καὶ λέγει οὕτως· τὸ κινού3.506 μενον ἤτοι ἐν ᾧ ἐστι τόπῳ κινεῖται ἢ ἐν ᾧ οὐκ ἔστι. καὶ οὔτε ἐν ᾧ ἐστι τόπῳ κινεῖται οὔτε ἐν ᾧ οὐκ ἔστιν· οὐκ ἄρα τι κινεῖται. Μέλισσος ὁ τοῦ Ἰθαγένους, Σάμιος τὸ γένος, ἓν τὸ πᾶν ἔφη εἶναι, μηδὲν δὲ βέβαιον ὑπάρχειν τῇ φύσει, ἀλλὰ πάντα εἶναι φθαρτὰ ἐν δυνάμει. Λεύκιππος ὁ Μιλήσιος, κατὰ δέ τινας Ἐλεάτης, καὶ οὗτος ἐριστικός· ἐν ἀπείρῳ καὶ οὗτος τὸ πᾶν ἔφη εἶναι, κατὰ φαντασίαν δὲ καὶ δόκησιν τὰ πάντα γίνεσθαι καὶ μηδὲν κατὰ ἀλήθειαν, ἀλλ' οὕτω φαίνεσθαι κατὰ τὴν ἐν τῷ ὕδατι κώπην. ∆ημόκριτος ὁ τοῦ ∆αμασίππου Ἀβδηρίτης τὸν κόσμον ἄπειρον ἔφη καὶ ὑπὲρ κενοῦ κεῖσθαι. ἔφη δὲ καὶ ἓν τέλος εἶναι τῶν πάντων, καὶ εὐθυμίαν τὸ κράτιστον εἶναι, τὰς δὲ λύπας ὅρους κακίας· καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν δίκαιον οὐκ εἶναι δίκαιον, ἄδικον δὲ τὸ ἐναντίον τῆς φύσεως. ἐπίνοιαν γὰρ κακὴν τοὺς νόμους ἔλεγε, καὶ ὅτι οὐ χρὴ νόμοις πειθαρχεῖν τὸν σοφόν, ἀλλὰ ἐλευθερίως ζῆν. Μητρόδωρος ὁ Χῖος ἔφη μηδένα μηδὲν ἐπίστασθαι, ἀλλὰ ταῦτα ἃ δοκοῦμεν γινώσκειν ἀκριβῶς οὐκ ἐπιστάμεθα, οὐδὲ ταῖς αἰσθήσεσι δεῖ προσέχειν· δοκήσει γάρ ἐστι τὰ πάντα. Πρωταγόρας ὁ τοῦ Μενάνδρου Ἀβδηρίτης ἔφη μὴ θεοὺς εἶναι, μηδὲ ὅλως θεὸν ὑπάρχειν. ∆ιογένης ὁ Σμυρναῖος, κατὰ δέ τινας Κυρηναῖος, τὰ αὐτὰ τῷ Πρωταγόρᾳ ἐδόξασε. Πύρρων ἀπὸ Ἤλιδος τῶν ἄλλων σοφῶν τὰ δόγματα συναγαγὼν πάντα ἀντιθέσεις αὐτοῖς ἔγραψεν, ἀνατρέπων τὰς δόξας αὐτῶν, καὶ οὐδενὶ δόγματι ἠρέσκετο. Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ὁ τοῦ Μέτωνος Ἀκραγαντῖνος πῦρ καὶ γῆν καὶ ὕδωρ καὶ ἀέρα τέτταρα πρωτόγονα εἰσέφερε στοιχεῖα, καὶ ἔλεγεν ἔχθραν ὑπάρχειν πρῶτον τῶν στοιχείων. κεχώριστο, γάρ φησι, τὸ πρότερον, νῦν δὲ συνήνωται, ὡς λέγει, φιλωθέντα ἀλλήλοις. δύο οὖν εἰσι κατ' αὐτὸν ἀρχαὶ καὶ δυνάμεις, ἔχθρα καὶ φιλία, ὧν ἡ μέν ἐστιν ἑνωτική, ἡ δὲ διαχωριστική. Ἡράκλειτος ὁ τοῦ Βλέσωνος Ἐφέσιος ἐκ πυρὸς ἔλεγε τὰ πάντα εἶναι καὶ εἰς πῦρ πάλιν ἀναλύεσθαι. 3.507 Πρόδικος τὰ τέσσαρα στοιχεῖα θεοὺς καλεῖ, εἶτα ἥλιον καὶ σελήνην· ἐκ γὰρ τούτων πᾶσι τὸ ζωτικὸν ἔλεγεν ὑπάρχειν. Πλάτων Ἀθηναῖος θεὸν ἔλεγε καὶ ὕλην εἶναι καὶ εἶδος, τὸν κόσμον δὲ γενητὸν καὶ φθαρτὸν ὑπάρχειν, τὴν ψυχὴν δὲ ἀγένητον καὶ ἀθάνατον καὶ θείαν λέγει. εἶναι δὲ αὐτῆς τρία μέρη, λογικὸν θυμικὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμητικόν. ἔλεγε δὲ τοὺς γάμους καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας δεῖν κοινὰς τοῖς πᾶσι γίνεσθαι καὶ μηδένα ἰδίᾳ μίαν ἔχειν γαμετήν, ἀλλὰ τοὺς θέλοντας ταῖς βουλομέναις συνεῖναι. Ἀρίστιππος ὁ Κυρηναῖος· οὗτος γαστρίμαργος ὢν καὶ φιλήδονος τέλος ἔφη τῆς ψυχῆς τὴν ἡδονήν, καὶ ὅστις ἥδεται, εὐδαίμων οὗτος, ὁ δὲ μηδ' ὅλως ἡδόμενος τρισάθλιος καὶ κακοδαίμων, ὥς φησι. Θεόδωρος ὁ ἄθεος ἐπικληθεὶς ἔφη λῆρον εἶναι τοὺς περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ λόγους. ᾤετο γὰρ μὴ εἶναι θεῖον, καὶ τούτου ἕνεκεν προὐτρέπετο πάντας κλέπτειν, ἐπιορκεῖν, ἁρπάζειν καὶ μὴ ὑπεραποθνήσκειν πατρίδος. ἔλεγε γὰρ μίαν πατρίδα εἶναι τὸν κόσμον, καὶ ἀγαθὸν μόνον ἔλεγε τὸν εὐδαιμονοῦντα, φεύγειν δὲ δεῖν τὸν δυστυχοῦντα, κἂν ᾖ σοφός. καὶ αἱρετὸν εἶναι τὸν ἄφρονα πλούσιον ὄντα καὶ ἀπειθῆ. Ἡγησίας Κυρηναῖος· οὗτος ἔφη μήτε φιλίας μήτε χάριτας εἶναι. μὴ ὑπάρχειν γὰρ αὐτὰς ἔλεγεν, ἀλλὰ χρῄζων τις ἔδωκε χάριν ἢ κρεῖττόν τι παθὼν εὐεργετεῖ. ἔλεγε δὲ καί· τῷ φαύλῳ ἀνδρὶ λυσιτελὲς τὸ ζῆν, τῷ δὲ σοφῷ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν, ὥς τινας ἐκ τούτου πεισιθάνατον αὐτὸν καλέσαι. Ἀντισθένης ὁ ἐκ Θρᾴττης μητρός, αὐτὸς δὲ Ἀθηναῖος, τὸ πρῶτον Σωκρατικός, ἔπειτα Κυνικός, ἔφησε μὴ χρῆναι τὰ καλὰ ζηλοτυπεῖν ἑτέρων ἢ τὰ παρ' ἀλλήλοις αἰσχρά, τὰ δὲ τείχη τῶν πόλεων εἶναι σφαλερὰ πρὸς τὸν ἔσω προδότην, ἀσάλευτα δὲ τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς