Gregory of Nazianzus, Prayer on the Son 29

nor divided and measured by the course of the sun, which is what time is. How then are they not without beginning together, if they are co-eternal? Because he is from him, even if not after him. For that which is without beginning is also eternal; but that which is eternal is not in every case without beginning, as long as it is referred to the Father as its beginning. Therefore they are not without beginning in respect to the Cause; but it is clear that the cause is not in every case older than those things of which it is the cause; for neither is the sun older than its light. And in a way they are without beginning with respect to time, even if you frighten the more simple-minded; for the things from which time is are not subject to time.

4 How then is the generation not subject to passion? Because it is incorporeal. For if corporeal generation is subject to passion, incorporeal generation is without passion. But I will ask you in turn: how is he God, if he is a creature? For that which is created is not God; not to mention that here too there is passion, if it is taken in a corporeal sense, such as time, desire, shaping, deliberation, hope, grief, risk, failure, correction; all of which and more than these surround creation, as is evident to all. But I am amazed that you do not dare this too, to think of some sort of couplings, and times of gestation, and dangers of miscarriage, as if it were not possible to beget, unless one has begotten in this way; or again, by enumerating certain generations of birds and land and sea creatures, to subordinate the divine and ineffable generation to one of these, or even to do away with the Son from your new hypothesis. And you cannot see this either, that for him for whom the generation according to the flesh is different—for where in your system have you known a virgin God-bearer?—for him the spiritual generation is also different; or rather, for whom being is not the same, for him begetting is also different.

5 Who then is a father who has not begun? One who has not even begun to be; but for whom being has begun, for him being a father has also begun. Therefore he was not a father later, for he did not begin; and a father in the proper sense, because he is not also a son; just as the Son is also a Son in the proper sense, because he is not also a Father. For our relationships are not in the proper sense, because we are both; for we are not this more than that; and we are from two, not from one, so that we are divided, and are men only in a small degree, and perhaps not even men, and of a kind we have not wished, and we let go and are let go, so that only the relations are left, bereft of the realities. But "he begot," he says, itself, and "he has been begotten," what else do they do but introduce a beginning of generation? What then if we should not say this, but "he was begotten from the beginning," so that we may easily escape your meticulous and time-loving objections? Will you bring a charge against us, as if we were falsifying something of Scripture and of the truth? Or is it not evident to all, that many things spoken of in terms of time are uttered with an interchange of tenses, and especially in the usage of Scripture, not only those that are of past time, or of the present, but also those of the future? As the text: "Why did the nations rage?" for they had not yet raged; and, "They will cross the river on foot;" which means, they have crossed. And it would be a long task to enumerate all such expressions, which have been noted by the diligent.

6 So much for that. And what about that other argument of theirs, how very contentious and shameless: By an act of will, they say, he begot the son, or not by an act of will. Then they bind us, as they think, with bonds on both sides, not strong ones, but very rotten ones. For if he was unwilling, they say, he was constrained. And who constrained him? And how is he who was constrained God? But if he was willing, the Son is the son of will; how then is he from the Father? and they invent some new mother, "the will," instead of the Father. So this one thing about them is clever, if they say this, that they withdraw from passion and take refuge in will; for will is not a passion. And secondly, let us see their strong point, what they say. But it is best to grapple with them first at closer quarters. And you yourself, who say so readily whatever you please, did you come into being from your father when he was willing, or when he was unwilling? For if from one unwilling, he was constrained. What violence! And who constrained him? For you will surely not say nature; for that also has the power of being temperate. But if from one willing, you have lost your father through a few syllables. For you are revealed as a son of will, but not of a father.

μηδὲ ἡλίου φορᾷ μεριζόμενον καὶ μετρούμενον, ὅπερ ὁ χρόνος. πῶς οὖν οὐ συνάναρχα, εἰ συναίδια; ὅτι ἐκεῖθεν, εἰ καὶ μὴ μετ' ἐκεῖνον. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἄναρχον, καὶ ἀίδιον· τὸ ἀίδιον δέ, οὐ πάντως ἄναρχον, ἕως ἂν εἰς ἀρχὴν ἀναφέρηται τὸν πατέρα. οὐκ ἄναρχα οὖν τῷ αἰτίῳ· δῆλον δὲ τὸ αἴτιον ὡς οὐ πάντως πρεσβύτερον τῶν ὧν ἐστιν αἴτιον· οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦ φωτὸς ἥλιος. καὶ ἄναρχά πως τῷ χρόνῳ, κἂν σὺ μορμολύττῃ τοὺς ἁπλουστέρους· οὐ γὰρ ὑπὸ χρόνον τὰ ἐξ ὧν ὁ χρόνος.

4 Πῶς οὖν οὐκ ἐμπαθὴς ἡ γέννησις; ὅτι ἀσώματος. εἰ γὰρ ἡ ἐνσώματος ἐμπαθής, ἀπαθὴς ἡ ἀσώματος. ἐγὼ δέ σε ἀντερήσομαι· πῶς θεός, εἰ κτίσμα; οὐ γὰρ θεὸς τὸ κτιζόμενον· ἵνα μὴ λέγω, ὅτι κἀνταῦθα πάθος, ἂν σωματικῶς λαμβάνηται, οἷον χρόνος, ἔφεσις, ἀνατύπωσις, φροντίς, ἐλπίς, λύπη, κίνδυνος, ἀποτυχία, διόρθωσις· ἃ πάντα καὶ πλείω τούτων περὶ τὴν κτίσιν, ὡς πᾶσιν εὔδηλον. θαυμάζω δέ, ὅτι μὴ καὶ τοῦτο τολμᾷς, συνδυασμούς τινας ἐννοεῖν, καὶ χρόνους κυήσεως, καὶ κινδύνους ἀμβλώσεως, ὡς οὐδὲ γεννᾷν ἐγχωροῦν, εἰ μὴ οὕτω γεγέννηκεν· ἢ πάλιν πτηνῶν τινὰς καὶ χερσαίων καὶ ἐνύδρων γεννήσεις ἀπαριθμούμενος, τούτων τινὶ τῶν γεννήσεων ὑπάγειν τὴν θείαν καὶ ἀνεκλάλητον, ἢ καὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἀναιρεῖν ἐκ τῆς καινῆς ὑποθέσεως. καὶ οὐδ' ἐκεῖνο δύνασαι συνιδεῖν, ὅτι ᾧ διάφορος ἡ κατὰ σάρκα γέννησις, -ποῦ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς σοῖς ἔγνως θεοτόκον παρθένον; -τούτῳ καὶ ἡ πνευματικὴ γέννησις ἐξαλλάττουσα· μᾶλλον δέ, ᾧ τὸ εἶναι μὴ ταὐτόν, τούτῳ καὶ τὸ γεννᾷν διάφορον.

5 Τίς οὖν ἐστὶ πατὴρ οὐκ ἠργμένος; ὅστις οὐδὲ τοῦ εἶναι ἤρξατο· ᾧ δὲ τὸ εἶναι ἤρξατο, τούτῳ καὶ τὸ εἶναι πατρί. οὔκουν πατὴρ ὕστερον, οὐ γὰρ ἤρξατο· καὶ πατὴρ κυρίως, ὅτι μὴ καὶ υἱός· ὥσπερ καὶ υἱὸς κυρίως, ὅτι μὴ καὶ πατήρ. τὰ γὰρ ἡμέτερα οὐ κυρίως, ὅτι καὶ ἄμφω· οὐ γὰρ τόδε μᾶλλον ἢ τόδε· καὶ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν ἡμεῖς, οὐχ ἑνός, ὥστε μερίζεσθαι, καὶ κατ' ὀλίγον ἄνθρωποι, καὶ ἴσως οὐδὲ ἄνθρωποι, καὶ οἷοι μὴ τεθελήμεθα, καὶ ἀφιέντες καὶ ἀφιέμενοι, ὡς μόνας τὰς σχέσεις λείπεσθαι ὀρφανὰς τῶν πραγμάτων. ἀλλὰ τὸ ἐγέννησε, φησίν, αὐτό, καὶ τὸ γεγέννηται, τί ἄλλο, ἢ ἀρχὴν εἰσάγει γεννήσεως; τί οὖν ἂν μηδὲ τοῦτο λέγωμεν, ἀλλ' ἦν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς γεγεννημένος, ἵνα σου ῥᾳδίως φύγωμεν τὰς περιέργους ἐνστάσεις καὶ φιλοχρόνους; ἆρα γραφὴν ἀποίσεις καθ' ἡμῶν, ὡς παραχαραττόντων τι τῆς γραφῆς καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας; ἢ πᾶσιν εὔδηλον, ὅτι πολλὰ τῶν χρονικῶς λεγομένων ἐνηλλαγμένως τοῖς χρόνοις προφέρεται, καὶ μάλιστα παρὰ τῇ συνηθείᾳ τῆς γραφῆς, οὐχ ὅσα τοῦ παρεληλυθότος χρόνου μόνον ἐστίν, ἢ τοῦ παρόντος, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσα τοῦ μέλλοντος; ὡς τό· Ἵνα τί ἐφρύαξαν ἔθνη; οὔπω γὰρ ἐφρυάξαντο· καί, Ἐν ποταμῷ διελεύσονται ποδί· ὅπερ ἐστί, διαβεβήκασι. καὶ μακρὸν ἂν εἴη πάσας ἀπαριθμεῖν τὰς τοιαύτας φωνάς, αἳ τοῖς φιλοπόνοις τετήρηνται.

6 Τοῦτο μὲν δὴ τοιοῦτον. οἷον δὲ αὐτῶν κἀκεῖνο, ὡς λίαν δύσερι καὶ ἀναίσχυντον· βουληθείς, φασι, γεγέννηκε τὸν υἱόν, ἢ μὴ βουλό μενος. εἶτα δεσμοῦσιν, ὡς οἴονται, ἀμφοτέρωθεν ἅμμασιν, οὐκ ἰσχυροῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ λίαν σαθροῖς. εἰ μὲν γὰρ οὐ θέλων, φασί, τετυ ράννηται. καὶ τίς ὁ τυραννήσας; καὶ πῶς ὁ τυραννηθεὶς θεός; εἰ δὲ θέλων, θελήσεως υἱὸς ὁ υἱός· πῶς οὖν ἐκ τοῦ πατρός; καὶ καινήν τινα μητέρα τὴν θέλησιν ἀντὶ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀναπλάττουσιν. ἓν μὲν οὖν τοῦτο χαρίεν αὐτῶν, ἂν τοῦτο λέγωσιν, ὅτι τοῦ πάθους ἀπο στάντες ἐπὶ τὴν βούλησιν καταφεύγουσιν· οὐ γὰρ πάθος ἡ βούλησις. δεύτερον δὲ ἴδωμεν τὸ ἰσχυρὸν αὐτῶν, ὅ τι λέγουσιν. ἄριστον δὲ αὐτοῖς συμπλακῆναι πρότερον ἐγγυτέρω. σὺ δὲ αὐτὸς ὁ λέγων εὐχερῶς ὅ τι ἂν θέλῃς, ἐκ θέλοντος ὑπέστης τοῦ σοῦ πατρός, ἢ μὴ θέλοντος; εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἐξ οὐ θέλοντος, τετυράννηται. τῆς βίας· καὶ τίς ὁ τυραννήσας αὐτόν; οὐ γὰρ δὴ τὴν φύσιν ἐρεῖς· ἐκείνη γὰρ ἔχει καὶ τὸ σωφρονεῖν. εἰ δὲ θέλοντος, ἀπόλωλέ σοι δι' ὀλίγας συλλαβὰς ὁ πατήρ. θελήματος γὰρ υἱός, ἀλλ' οὐ πατρὸς ἀναπέφηνας.