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this is holiness; and whatever this is conceived to be, let someone say; or if it is the same, how is it not from the beginning? As if it were better for God to be at some time incomplete, and without the Spirit. If He was not from the beginning, He is ranked with me, even if a little before me. For we are separated from God by time. If He is ranked with me, how does He make me God, or how does He join me to Godhead?

5 But rather, I shall philosophize for you about Him a little from the beginning. For we have also previously discussed the Trinity. The Sadducees, indeed, did not think that the Holy Spirit existed at all; for neither angels, nor resurrection; I know not whence, having scorned so many testimonies about him in the Old Testament. But of the Greeks, the more theological, and those who approached us more closely, did have a conception of Him, as it seems to me; but they differed concerning the name, calling Him Mind of the Universe, and the Mind from without, and such things. But of our own wise men, some have supposed this to be an energy, others a creature, others God; and others did not know which of these, out of reverence for Scripture, as they say, as not having clearly declared either. And for this reason they neither worship nor dishonor Him, being in a sort of middle state concerning Him, or rather, in a very wretched one. And of those who have supposed Him to be God, some are pious as far as their thought, while others dare to be pious with their lips also. But I have heard of others, wiser in measuring Godhead, who confess that there are, according to us, three objects of thought, but have separated them so much from each other as to make the one infinite both in substance and in power; the second in power, but not in substance; and the third circumscribed in both; imitating in another way those who name them Creator, and Co-worker, and Minister, and who think that the order in the names and the grace of the things is a consequence.

6 But for us there is no argument against those who do not even suppose He exists, or those who trifle among the Greeks. For may we not be fattened for the argument with the oil of sinners. But with the others we shall reason thus. The Holy Spirit must be supposed either of those things that subsist in themselves, or of those that are contemplated in another; of which those skilled in these things call the one substance, and the other accident. If, then, it is an accident, this would be an energy of God. For what else, or of whom? For this somehow also especially avoids composition. And if it is an energy, it will clearly be energised, it will not energise, and it will cease as soon as it is energised. For such is an energy. How then does He energise, and say these things, and set apart, and is grieved, and is provoked, and all things which are clearly of one who moves, not of a movement? But if it is some substance, not one of the things about the substance, it will be supposed either a creature, or God. For something in the middle of these, either partaking of neither, or a composite of both, not even those who fashion goat-stags could conceive. But if it is a creature, how do we believe in it, or are we perfected in it? For it is not the same thing to believe in something, and to believe about it. For the one belongs to Godhead, the other to any thing. But if God, then not a creature, nor a thing made, nor a fellow-servant, nor at all any of the humble names.

7 Here your argument comes; let the slings be sent forth, let the syllogisms be woven. He is either unbegotten entirely, or begotten. And if unbegotten, there are two without beginning. But if begotten, you subdivide again; this is either from the Father, or from the Son. And if from the Father, there are two sons and brothers. And you, fashion for me even twins, if you wish, or the one older, the other younger; since you are exceedingly corporeal-minded. But if from the Son, he says, a God who is a grandson has also appeared to us; than which what could be more strange? These things then are from those who are wise to do evil, but are unwilling to write good things. But I, if I saw the division to be necessary, would accept the realities, not fearing the names. For, because according to a certain higher relation the Son is Son, we being unable otherwise than thus to show that He is from God and consubstantial, it is not therefore necessary to think that all the lower appellations, and of our kinship, must be transferred to the Godhead. Or perhaps you might even suppose God to be male for us, according to

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τοῦτο ἡ ἁγιότης· καὶ ἥ τις αὕτη νοεῖται, λεγέτω τις· ἢ εἴπερ ἡ αὐτή, πῶς οὐκ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς; ὥσπερ ἄμεινον ὂν τῷ θεῷ εἶναί ποτε ἀτελεῖ, καὶ δίχα τοῦ πνεύματος. εἰ μὴ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς ἦν, μετ' ἐμοῦ τέτακται, καὶ εἰ μικρὸν πρὸ ἐμοῦ. χρόνῳ γὰρ ἀπὸ θεοῦ τεμνόμεθα. εἰ τέτακται μετ' ἐμοῦ, πῶς ἐμὲ ποιεῖ θεόν, ἢ πῶς συνάπτει θεότητι;

5 Μᾶλλον δὲ φιλοσοφήσω σοι περὶ αὐτοῦ μικρὸν ἄνωθεν. περὶ τριάδος γὰρ καὶ πρότερον διειλήφαμεν. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον Σαδδου καῖοι μὲν οὐδὲ εἶναι τὸ παράπαν ἐνόμισαν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀγγέλους, οὐδὲ ἀνάστασιν· οὐκ οἶδ' ὅθεν τὰς τοσαύτας περὶ αὐτοῦ μαρτυρίας ἐν τῇ παλαιᾷ διαπτύσαντες. Ἑλλήνων δὲ οἱ θεολογικώτεροι, καὶ μᾶλλον ἡμῖν προσεγγίσαντες, ἐφαντάσθησαν μέν, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ· περὶ δὲ τὴν κλῆσιν διηνέχθησαν, νοῦν τοῦ παντός, καὶ τὸν θύραθεν νοῦν, καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα προσαγορεύσαντες. τῶν δὲ καθ' ἡμᾶς σοφῶν οἱ μὲν ἐνέργειαν τοῦτο ὑπέλαβον, οἱ δὲ κτίσμα, οἱ δὲ θεόν, οἱ δὲ οὐκ ἔγνωσαν ὁπότερον τούτων, αἰδοῖ τῆς γραφῆς, ὥς φασιν, ὡς οὐδέτερον σαφῶς δηλωσάσης. καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὔτε σέβουσιν, οὔτε ἀτι μάζουσι, μέσως πως περὶ αὐτοῦ διακείμενοι, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ λίαν ἀθλίως. καὶ τῶν θεὸν ὑπειληφότων οἱ μὲν ἄχρι διανοίας εἰσὶν εὐσε βεῖς, οἱ δὲ τολμῶσιν εὐσεβεῖν καὶ τοῖς χείλεσιν. ἄλλων δὲ ἤκουσα μετρούντων θεότητα σοφωτέρων, οἳ τρία μὲν εἶναι καθ' ἡμᾶς ὁμολογοῦσι τὰ νοούμενα, τοσοῦτον δὲ ἀλλήλων διέστησαν, ὡς τὸ μὲν καὶ οὐσίᾳ καὶ δυνάμει ποιεῖν ἀόριστον· τὸ δὲ δυνάμει μέν, οὐκ οὐσίᾳ δέ· τὸ δὲ ἀμφοτέροις περιγραπτόν· ἄλλον τρόπον μιμούμενοι τοὺς δημιουργόν, καὶ συνεργόν, καὶ λειτουργὸν ὀνομάζοντας, καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὀνόμασι τάξιν καὶ χάριν τῶν πραγμάτων ἀκολουθίαν εἶναι νομίζοντας.

6 Ἡμῖν δὲ πρὸς μὲν τοὺς οὐδὲ εἶναι ὑπειληφότας οὐδεὶς λόγος, ἢ τοὺς ληροῦντας ἐν Ἕλλησιν. μηδὲ γὰρ ἁμαρτωλῶν ἐλαίῳ πιαν θείημεν εἰς τὸν λόγον. πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους οὕτω διαλεξόμεθα. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἢ τῶν καθ' ἑαυτὸ ὑφεστηκότων πάντως ὑποθετέον, ἢ τῶν ἐν ἑτέρῳ θεωρουμένων· ὧν τὸ μὲν οὐσίαν καλοῦσιν οἱ περὶ ταῦτα δεινοί, τὸ δὲ συμβεβηκός. εἰ μὲν οὖν συμβέβηκεν, ἐνέργεια τοῦτο ἂν εἴη θεοῦ. τί γὰρ ἕτερον, ἢ τίνος; τοῦτο γάρ πως μᾶλλον καὶ φεύγει σύνθεσιν. καὶ εἰ ἐνέργεια, ἐνεργηθήσεται δῆλον ὅτι, οὐκ ἐνεργήσει, καὶ ὁμοῦ τῷ ἐνεργηθῆναι παύσεται. τοιοῦτον γὰρ ἡ ἐνέργεια. πῶς οὖν ἐνεργεῖ, καὶ τάδε λέγει, καὶ ἀφορίζει, καὶ λυπεῖται, καὶ παροξύνεται, καὶ ὅσα κινουμένου σαφῶς ἐστίν, οὐ κινήσεως; εἰ δὲ οὐσία τις, οὐ τῶν περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν, ἤτοι κτίσμα ὑποληφθήσεται, ἢ θεός. μέσον γάρ τι τούτων, ἤτοι μηδετέρου μετέχον, ἢ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν σύνθετον, οὐδ' ἂν οἱ τοὺς τραγελάφους πλάτ τοντες ἐννοήσαιεν. ἀλλ' εἰ μὲν κτίσμα, πῶς εἰς αὐτὸ πιστεύομεν, ἢ ἐν αὐτῷ τελειούμεθα; οὐ γὰρ ταὐτόν ἐστι πιστεύειν εἴς τι, καὶ περὶ αὐτοῦ πιστεύειν. τὸ μὲν γάρ ἐστι θεότητος, τὸ δὲ παντὸς πράγματος. εἰ δὲ θεός, ἀλλ' οὐ κτίσμα, οὐδὲ ποίημα, οὐδὲ σύνδου λον, οὐδ' ὅλως τι τῶν ταπεινῶν ὀνομάτων.

7 Ἐνταῦθα σὸς ὁ λόγος· αἱ σφενδόναι πεμπέσθωσαν, οἱ συλλο γισμοὶ πλεκέσθωσαν. ἢ ἀγέννητον πάντως, ἢ γεννητόν. καὶ εἰ μὲν ἀγέννητον, δύο τὰ ἄναρχα. εἰ δὲ γεννητόν, ὑποδιαίρει πάλιν· ἢ ἐκ τοῦ πατρὸς τοῦτο, ἢ ἐκ τοῦ υἱοῦ. καὶ εἰ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ πατρός, υἱοὶ δύο καὶ ἀδελφοί. σὺ δέ μοι πλάττε καὶ διδύμους, εἰ βούλει, ἢ τὸν μὲν πρεσβύτερον, τὸν δὲ νεώτερον· ἐπειδὴ λίαν εἶ φιλοσώματος. εἰ δὲ ἐκ τοῦ υἱοῦ, πέφηνέ, φησι, καὶ υἱωνὸς ἡμῖν θεός· οὗ τί ἂν γένοιτο παραδοξότερον; ταῦτα μὲν οὖν οἱ σοφοὶ τοῦ κακοποιῆσαι, τὰ δὲ ἀγαθὰ γράφειν οὐ θέλοντες. ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν ἑώρων ἀναγκαίαν τὴν διαίρεσιν, ἐδεξάμην ἂν τὰ πράγματα, οὐ φοβηθεὶς τὰ ὀνόματα. οὐ γάρ, ἐπειδὴ κατά τινα σχέσιν ὑψηλοτέραν υἱὸς ὁ υἱός, οὐ δυνη θέντων ἡμῶν ἄλλως ἢ οὕτως ἐνδείξασθαι τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ὁμοούσιον, ἤδη καὶ πάσας οἰητέον ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τὰς κάτω κλή σεις, καὶ τῆς ἡμετέρας συγγενείας, μεταφέρειν ἐπὶ τὸ θεῖον. ἢ τάχα ἂν σύ γε καὶ ἄρρενα τὸν θεὸν ἡμῖν ὑπολάβοις, κατὰ