Chapter I.—The Greeks Claim, Without Reason, the Invention of the Arts.

Be not, O Greeks, so very hostilely disposed towards the Barbarians, nor look with ill will on their opinions. For which of your institutions has not been derived from the Barbarians? The most eminent of the Telmessians invented the art of divining by dreams; the Carians, that of prognosticating by the stars; the Phrygians and the most ancient Isaurians, augury by the flight of birds; the Cyprians, the art of inspecting victims. To the Babylonians you owe astronomy; to the Persians, magic; to the Egyptians, geometry; to the Phœnicians, instruction by alphabetic writing. Cease, then, to miscall these imitations inventions of your own. Orpheus, again, taught you poetry and song; from him, too, you learned the mysteries. The Tuscans taught you the plastic art; from the annals of the Egyptians you learned to write history; you acquired the art of playing the flute from Marsyas and Olympus,—these two rustic Phrygians constructed the harmony of the shepherd’s pipe. The Tyrrhenians invented the trumpet; the Cyclopes, the smith’s art; and a woman who was formerly a queen of the Persians, as Hellanicus tells us, the method of joining together epistolary tablets:1    ἐπιστολας συντάττειν , i.e., for transmission by letter-carriers.—Otto. her name was Atossa. Wherefore lay aside this conceit, and be not ever boasting of your elegance of diction; for, while you applaud yourselves, your own people will of course side with you. But it becomes a man of sense to wait for the testimony of others, and it becomes men to be of one accord also in the pronunciation of their language. But, as matters stand, to you alone it has happened not to speak alike even in common intercourse; for the way of speaking among the Dorians is not the same as that of the inhabitants of Attica, nor do the Æolians speak like the Ionians. And, since such a discrepancy exists where it ought not to be, I am at a loss whom to call a Greek. And, what is strangest of all, you hold in honour expressions not of native growth, and by the intermixture of barbaric words have made your language a medley. On this account we have renounced your wisdom, though I was once a great proficient in it; for, as the comic poet2    Aristoph., Ranæ, 92, 93. says,—

Yet those who eagerly pursue it shout lustily, and croak like so many ravens. You have, too, contrived the art of rhetoric to serve injustice and slander, selling the free power of your speech for hire, and often representing the same thing at one time as right, at another time as not good. The poetic art, again, you employ to describe battles, and the amours of the gods, and the corruption of the soul.

1.1 Μὴ πάνυ φιλέχθρως διατίθεσθε πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, μηδὲ φθονήσητε τοῖς τούτων δόγμασιν. ποῖον γὰρ ἐπιτήδευμα παρ' ὑμῖν τὴν σύστασιν οὐκ ἀπὸ βαρβάρων ἐκτήσατο; Τελμησσέων μὲν γὰρ οἱ δοκιμώτατοι τὴν δι' ὀνείρων ἐξεῦρον μαντικήν, Κᾶρες τὴν διὰ τῶν ἄστρων πρόγνωσιν, πτήσεις ὀρνίθων Φρύγες καὶ Ἰσαύρων οἱ παλαίτατοι, Κύπριοι θυτικήν, ἀστρονομεῖν Βαβυλώνιοι, μαγεύειν Πέρσαι, γεωμετρεῖν Αἰγύπτιοι, τὴν διὰ γραμμάτων παιδείαν Φοίνικες. ὅθεν παύσασθε τὰς μιμήσεις εὑρέσεις ἀποκαλοῦντες. ποίησιν μὲν γὰρ ἀσκεῖν καὶ ᾄδειν Ὀρφεὺς ὑμᾶς ἐδίδαξεν, ὁ δὲ αὐτὸς καὶ μυεῖσθαι· Τουσκανοὶ πλάττειν, ἱστορίας συντάττειν αἱ παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις τῶν χρόνων ἀναγραφαί. Μαρσύου δὲ καὶ Ὀλύμπου τὴν αὐλητικὴν ἀπηνέγκασθε· Φρύγες δὲ 1.2 οἱ ἀμφότεροι· τὴν διὰ σύριγγος ἁρμονίαν ἄγροικοι συνεστήσαντο. Τυρρηνοὶ σάλπιγγα, χαλκεύειν Κύκλωπες, καὶ ἐπιστολὰς συντάσσειν ἡ Περσῶν ποτε ἡγησαμένη γυνή, καθά φησιν Ἑλλάνικος· Ἄτοσσα δὲ ὄνομα αὐτῇ ἦν. καταβάλετε τοιγαροῦν τοῦτον τὸν τῦφον μηδὲ προβάλλεσθε ῥημάτων εὐπρέπειαν, οἵτινες ὑφ' ὑμῶν αὐτῶν ἐπαινούμενοι συνηγόρους τοὺς οἴκοι κέκτησθε. χρὴ δὲ τὸν νοῦν ἔχοντα τὴν ἀφ' ἑτέρων περιμένειν μαρτυρίαν συνᾴδειν τε καὶ ἐν τῇ τοῦ λόγου προφορᾷ. νῦν δὲ μόνοις ὑμῖν ἀποβέβηκε μηδὲ ἐν ταῖς ὁμιλίαις ὁμοφωνεῖν. ∆ωριέων μὲν γὰρ οὐχ ἡ αὐτὴ λέξις τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀττικῆς, Αἰολεῖς τε οὐχ ὁμοίως τοῖς Ἴωσι φθέγγονται· στάσεως δὲ οὔσης τοσαύτης παρ' οἷς 1.3 οὐκ ἐχρῆν ἀπορῶ τίνα με δεῖ καλεῖν Ἕλληνα. καὶ γὰρ τὸ πανατοπώτατον, τὰς μὴ συγγενεῖς ὑμῶν ἑρμηνείας τετιμήκατε, βαρβαρικαῖς τε φωναῖς ἔσθ' ὅτε καταχρώμενοι συμφύρδην ὑμῶν πεποιήκατε τὴν διάλεκτον. τούτου χάριν ἀπεταξάμεθα τῇ παρ' ὑμῖν σοφίᾳ κἂν εἰ πάνυ σεμνός τις ἦν ἐν αὐτῇ. κατὰ γὰρ τὸν κωμικὸν ταῦτά ἐστιν _κ_α_ὶ_ _σ_τ_ω_μ_ύ_λ_μ_α_τ_α_,_ _ἐ_π_ι_φ_υ_λ_λ_ί_δ_ε_ς_ _χ_ε_λ_ι_δ_ό_ν_ω_ν_ _μ_ο_υ_σ_ε_ῖ_α_,_ _λ_ω_β_η_τ_α_ὶ_ _τ_έ_χ_ν_η_ς, λαρυγγιῶσί τε οἱ ταύτης ἐπιέμενοι καὶ κοράκων ἀφίενται φωνήν. ῥητορικὴν μὲν γὰρ ἐπ' ἀδικίᾳ καὶ συκοφαντίᾳ συνεστήσασθε, μισθοῦ πιπράσκοντες τῶν λόγων ὑμῶν τὸ αὐτεξούσιον καὶ πολλάκις τὸ νῦν δίκαιον αὖθις οὐκ ἀγαθὸν παριστῶντες· ποιητικὴν δέ, μάχας ἵνα συντάσσητε θεῶν καὶ ἔρωτας καὶ 1.4 ψυχῆς διαφθοράν.