double, has a smooth breathing. For example Ate, harm. Ateramon, the harsh. Atreus, a proper name. Attelabos, the locust. Attic. Ater, instead of without. Attagen, a type of spotted bird, the so-called tagenarion. and Atta, instead of someone indefinitely. except for Hatta, instead of which things. Hate, instead of just as. and Hateros, instead of the other. and hatera, feminine. The A before U is smooth. Aute, the cry. Auo, to shout. from which also the phrase in Homer, "and around the ships clattered terribly as the Achaeans shouted." instead of having shouted. The A before Ph is smooth. for example aphno. aphanes. Aphar, instead of immediately. except for Haphe, whether it means the hand, or the lighting. The A before Ch is smooth. for example, Achos, affliction. Achthos, the burden. achyron. achilleus. achitophel. achaios. achyrmia. achaia. and similar ones. The A before Ps is smooth. for example Aps, instead of again, and backwards. from which also Apsorrhos, he who rushes backward. 193 Apsyrtos. and the rest. except for those from hapto, and haptomai; Hapsikoros, one who is sated as soon as he touches, that is, one who is quickly satisfied. hapsimachia. hapsis, hapsidos. and Hapsea, the limbs. The A before Omega is smooth. for example Ao, to blow. Aota, to sleep, and to pluck the flower of. and Homer, "you sleep a sleep." and Aori, instead of out of season.

{1General rules concerning A.}1 The A, whether it indicates privation, as in aphilos and aoikos; or intensification, as in Axylos hyle, that with much wood; or bad, as in Aphonos, the one with a bad voice; or little, as in Amathes, the one who has learned little; or is redundant, as in, stachys astachys, staphis astaphis, spairo aspario; or it means behind, as in Akolouthos, the one making his way behind; or together, as in Alochos, she who shares a bed, and Akoites, the husband; or equal, as in Atalanton, of equal weight, it is smooth. But if it signifies collection, it has a rough breathing. for example, hapas. Halizo, to gather together. however halysis, and hades, even if they have the privative A, have a rough breathing. for from the privative particle A, and luo. and from A, meaning together, and bind; for hades binds all. The A in prepositions is smooth. ana. anti. apo. since also every preposition is smooth. except those beginning with U. The A before every vowel, in hiatus, is smooth. aaron. aedon. for haima, and such things, not being in hiatus, have a rough breathing. The A in relative pronouns has a rough breathing. ha, has, hais. likewise also in Doric forms. hemon, Hamon. hedy, Hady. It should be noted that the A before every vowel, and before the two rough consonants Th and Ch, and before K and X is always smooth. 194

THE BEGINNING OF E.

1 The E before A has a rough breathing. For example Heanon, the fine garment, or the variegated one. Hea, good things. Healo, instead of he was captured. Heatai, instead of they sit, in Homer, as in, "Who indeed now sit in silence." and the rest. except for ear and those derived from it. Earizo. Earinos kairos. Eao, to leave behind. and those derived from it. and Eadota, the pleasing one. The E before B is smooth, unless D or R follows the B. for example Ebenos, a wood. Eber, a proper name. Ebionaion, the name of certain heretics. and similar ones. however, hebdomos, hebraios, and those derived from them, have a rough breathing; because D and R follow the B. The E before G is always smooth. for example ego. egeiro. engys. The E before D is smooth. for example edaphos. Edessa, a city. Edos, the glutton. Edo, to eat. Edetys, the feasting. Edode, the food. and the rest. except for Hedos, the ground, hedra, and those derived from it, hedraios, hedrazo, hedraioma. along with these Hednon, the dowry. Hedolion, the seat of the rowers. Hedanon, the sweet. and Hedeitai, instead of he will sit. The E before itself is smooth. for example eeikosin, instead of eikosin. Eeisamenos, instead of having been made like. and Homer, To him

δισσοῦ, ψιλοῦται. οἷον Ἄτη, ἡ βλάβη. Ἀτεράμων, ὁ σκληρός. Ἀτρεὺς, κύριον.Ἀττέλαβος, ἡ ἀκρίς. ἀττικός. Ἄτερ, ἀντὶ τοῦ χωρίς. Ἀτταγὴν, εἶδος ὄρνιθος καταστίκτου, τὸ λεγόμενον ταγηνά ριον. καὶ Ἄττα, ἀντὶ τοῦ τινὰ ἀορίστως. πλὴν τοῦ Ἅττα, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἅτινα. Ἅτε, ἀντὶ τοῦ καθά. καὶ Ἅτερος, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἕτερος. καὶ ἁτέρα, θηλυκόν. Τὸ Α πρὸ τοῦ Υ ψιλοῦται. Ἀϋτὴ, ἡ βοή. Ἀΰω, τὸ φωνῶ. ἐξ οὗ καὶ τὸ παρ' Ὁμήρῳ, ἀμφὶ δὲ νῆες Σμερδαλέον κονάβησαν ἀϋσάντων ὑπ' Ἀχαιῶν. ἀντὶ τοῦ φωνησάντων. Τὸ Α πρὸ τοῦ Φ ψιλοῦται. οἷον ἄφνω. ἀφανής. Ἄφαρ, ἀντὶ τοῦ εὐθέως. πλὴν τοῦ Ἁφὴ, εἴτε τὴν χεῖρα σημαίνει, εἴτε τὴν ἔξαψιν. Τὸ Α πρὸ τοῦ Χ ψιλοῦται. οἷον Ἄχος, ἡ θλίψις. Ἄχθος, τὸ βάρος. ἄχυρον. ἀχιλλεύς. ἀχιτόφελ. ἀχαιός. ἀχυρμιά. ἀχαία. καὶ τὰ ὅμοια. Τὸ Α πρὸ τοῦ Ψ ψιλοῦται. οἷον Ἂψ, ἀντὶ τοῦ πάλιν, καὶ εἰς τοὐπίσω. ἐξ οὗ καὶ Ἄψοῤῥος, ὁ ὀπισθόρμητος. 193 Ἄψυρτος. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. πλὴν τῶν παρὰ τὸ ἅπτω, καὶ ἅπτομαι· Ἁψίκορος, ὁ ἅμα τοῦ ἅψασθαι κορεννύμενος, τουτέστιν, ὁ ταχέως χορταζόμενος. ἁψιμαχία. ἁψὶς, ἁψίδος. καὶ Ἅψεα, τὰ μέλη. Τὸ Α πρὸ τοῦ Ω μέγα ψιλοῦται. οἷον Ἄω, τὸ πνέω. Ἀωτᾶ, τὸ ὑπνώττω, καὶ ἀπανθίζω. καὶ Ὅμηρος, ὕπνον ἀωτεῖς. καὶ Ἀωρὶ, ἀντὶ τοῦ παρὰ καιρόν.

{1Καθολικοὶ κανόνες περὶ τοῦ Α.}1 Τὸ Α, εἴτε στέρησιν δηλοῖ, ὡς τὸ ἄφιλος καὶ ἄοικος· εἴτε ἐπίτασιν, ὡς τὸ Ἄξυλος ὕλη, ἡ πολύξυλος· εἴτε κακὸν, ὡς τὸ Ἄφωνος, ὁ κακόφωνος· εἴτε ὀλίγον, ὡς τὸ Ἀμαθὴς, ὁ ὀλιγομαθής· εἴτε πλεονάζει, ὡς ἐν τῷ, στάχυς ἄσταχυς, σταφὶς ἀσταφὶς, σπαίρω ἀσπαίρω· εἴτε τὸ ὀπίσω σημαίνει, ὡς τὸ Ἀκόλουθος, ὁ ὀπίσω τὴν κέλευθον ποιούμενος· εἴτε τὸ ὁμοῦ, ὡς τὸ Ἄλοχος, ἡ ὁμόκοιτος, καὶ Ἀκοίτης, ὁ ἀνήρ· εἴτε τὸ ἴσον, ὡς τὸ Ἀτάλαντον, τὸ ἰσόσταθμον, ψιλοῦται. Εἰ δὲ ἄθροισιν σημαίνει, δασύνεται. οἷον ἅπας. Ἁλίζω, τὸ συναθροίζω. τὸ μέντοι ἅλυσις, καὶ ᾅδης, κᾂν στερητικὸν ἔχωσι τὸ Α, δασύνονται. ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ Α στερητικοῦ μορίου, καὶ τοῦ λύω. καὶ ἐκ τοῦ Α, τοῦ σημαινομένου τὸ ὁμοῦ, καὶ τοῦ δῶ· πάντας γὰρ δεσμεῖ ὁ ᾅδης. Τὸ Α ἐν ταῖς προθέσεσι ψιλοῦται. ἀνά. ἀντί. ἀπό. ἐπειδὴ καὶ πᾶσα πρόθεσις ψιλοῦται. ἐκτὸς τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ Υ ἀρχομένων. Τὸ Α πρὸ παντὸς φωνήεντος, κατὰ διάστασιν, ψι λοῦται. ἀαρών. ἀηδών. τὸ γὰρ αἷμα, καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα, μὴ κατὰ διάστασιν ὄντα, δασύνονται. Τὸ Α ἐν τοῖς ὑποτακτικοῖς ἄρθροις δασύνεται. ἃ, ἃς, αἷς. ὡσαύτως καὶ ἐν τοῖς ∆ωρικοῖς. ἡμῶν, Ἁμῶν. ἡδὺ, Ἁδύ. Σημειωτέον, ὅτι τὸ Α πρὸ παντὸς φωνήεντος, καὶ πρὸ τῶν δύο δασέων τοῦ Θ Χ, καὶ πρὸ τοῦ Κ Ξ ψιλοῦ ται ἀεί. 194

ΑΡΧΗ ΤΟΥ Ε.

1 Τὸ Ε πρὸ τοῦ Α δασύνεται. οἷον Ἑανὸν, τὸ λεπτὸν ἱμάτιον, ἢ τὸ ποικίλον. Ἑὰ, τὰ ἀγαθά. Ἑάλω, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐκρατήθη. Ἕαται, ἀντὶ τοῦ κάθηνται, παρ' Ὁμήρῳ, ὡς τὸ, Οἳ δὴ νῦν ἕαται σιγῇ. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. πλὴν τοῦ ἔαρ καὶ τῶν ἐξ αὐτοῦ. Ἐαρίζω. Ἐαρινὸς καιρός. Ἐάω, τὸ καταλιμπάνω. καὶ τῶν ἐξ αὐτοῦ. καὶ Ἐαδότα, τὸν ἀρέσκοντα. Τὸ Ε πρὸ τοῦ Β ψιλοῦται, εἰ μὴ ἐπάγοιτο τῷ Β τὸ ∆ ἢ τὸ Ρ. οἷον Ἔβενος, ξύλον. Ἔβερ, κύριον. Ἐβιωναῖος, ὄνομα αἱρετικῶν τινῶν. καὶ τὰ ὅμοια. τὸ μέντοι ἕβδομος, ἑβραῖος, καὶ ὅσα ἐξ αὐτῶν, δασύνονται· ὅτι ἐπά γοιτο τῷ Β τὸ ∆ καὶ τὸ Ρ. Τὸ Ε πρὸ τοῦ Γ ψιλοῦται ἀεί. οἷον ἐγώ. ἐγείρω. ἐγγύς. Τὸ Ε πρὸ τοῦ ∆ ψιλοῦται. οἷον ἔδαφος. Ἔδεσσα, πόλις. Ἐδὸς, ὁ λαίμαργος. Ἔδω, τὸ ἐσθίω. Ἐδητὺς, ἡεὐωχία. Ἐδωδὴ, ἡ τροφή. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. πλὴν τοῦ Ἕδος, τὸ ἔδαφος, ἕδρα, καὶ τῶν ἐξ αὐτοῦ, ἑδραῖος, ἑδράζω, ἑδραίωμα. σὺν τούτοις Ἕδνον, ἡ προίξ. Ἑδώλιον, ἡ τῶν ἐρεσσόντων καθέδρα. Ἑδανὸν, τὸ ἡδύ. καὶ Ἑδεῖται, ἀντὶ τοῦ καθίσει. Τὸ Ε πρὸ ἑαυτοῦ ψιλοῦται. οἷον ἐείκοσιν, ἀντὶ τοῦ εἴκοσιν. Ἐεισάμενος, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὁμοιωθείς. καὶ Ὅμηρος, Τῷ