John Chrysostom, That a Monk Should Not Use Jest

Measure out goodness with gravity; impose fear as a corrector. Why do you stain the good name of Christianity? why do you also ensnare the souls of others by taking on a cohabitant? For you will not only give an account in defense of your own soul, but also for those who were scandalized because of you. Cast the serpent from your bosom, cast the danger from yourself; if you long to be served by females, why did you not keep the ancient law, and join in lawful marriage? Marriage has no punishment, adultery has an inescapable punishment; for cohabitation with women is adultery, and great adultery. Search your conscience, whether you were never harmed, whether you received no blow by night or by day. But I will unfold your heart, even if you are going to be annoyed. But it does not concern me; for I am greatly pained when I see an ascetic taking on a cohabitant; but I tell you that every hour you are wounded, and every hour you are captured by wild beasts; for slackening the bond of chastity, the noble warrior is weakened, he is shown to be a captive instead of a victor. For are you a stone? You are a human, subject to the common occurrences of nature; you have fire in your bosom, and you are not burned? And how is this reasonable? Place a lamp in the grass, and then see if you can tell me that the grass is not burned. But if you deny that the grass is burned, do not tell me, but tell the one who knows secret things, who comes to gather our thoughts; for he is a judge of thoughts and reasonings, and understands the intentions of hearts; for he says: He who looks at a woman to lust for her, has already committed adultery with her in his heart. See that adultery is not found in you every hour. You will surely say: By fasts and ascetic practices and by a dry diet I fortify myself, so that I may not fall from my purpose. Therefore your asceticism is for no other reason than for your cohabitant; therefore you no longer treasure up righteousness; for she has subverted your asceticism. Cast out from yourself, therefore, the one who deprives you of many goods, lest she cast you out of paradise, lest she make you a plaything for the devil; do not set her beside you, lest having overthrown you, she be cast down with you into Gehenna. Fear the fearful judge; make a covenant with yourself not even to gaze upon a woman; in the presence of elders, respect gray hair, and revering them as fathers, refrain from foolish talk and games and laughter.

Do not jest with a younger person, nor show the way of laziness, being yourself the leader of it, and instilling much greater contempt; but respect a woman even to the point of her glance. Let your life be a model for them; show yourself to be such, that they may respect you, and that you may become a model and a principle of modesty for them, because a man is also more of a leader than a woman, and do not add your own frivolity to the more frivolous nature of woman. Let a woman be especially modest, inasmuch as the shamelessness of a woman is a more grievous reproach. Even if to be bold towards men is very terrible and audacious, fear being added for a woman towards her own husband rather than being bold. For the woman, he says, that she should fear her husband; if, therefore, such a law is set for she who has a husband, what then is left for you who 48.1058 do not have a husband? This, then, is fitting for you, not to approach a man at all, if it is possible, nor let a man see your face at all. For you are a bride of Christ; so go forth, as an adorned bride, having veiled your face with your cloak, so that by wounding someone through sight, you might not receive the recompense for his destruction. And we say these things according to the ineffable teachings of the Scriptures; but many, not even taking the fear of God to mind, nor fearing their own easy fall, nor foreseeing the punishment laid up, have borne it indifferently, and by their own judgment have come to serve men, not even equally to the rule of one who is married and has a husband. But you do not even keep this boundary; for you do not associate with fear, but with much license and contempt, and you eat with them, and drink with them, and converse with them,

Μέτρησον τῷ σεμνῷ τὸ χρηστόν· τὸν φόβον ἐπίθες σωφρονιστήν. Τί χραίνεις τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ; τί καὶ τὰς ἑτέρων παγιδεύεις ψυχὰς σύνοικον ἐπισπασάμενος; Οὐ μόνον γὰρ τῆς περὶ τῆς σῆς ψυχῆς ἀπολογίας δώσεις λόγον, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ ὧν διὰ σὲ ἐσκανδαλίσθησαν. Ἔκβαλε τὸν ὄφιν ἐκ τοῦ κόλπου σου, ἔκβαλε τὸν κίνδυνον ἀπὸ σεαυτοῦ· εἰ ἐπιποθεῖς ὑπὸ θηλειῶν διακονεῖσθαι, διὰ τί ἀρχαῖον νόμον οὐκ ἐφύλαξας, καὶ γάμῳ νομίμῳ συνήφθης; Ὁ γάμος κόλασιν οὐκ ἔχει, ἡ μοιχεία κόλασιν ἔχει ἀπαραίτητον· μοιχεία γάρ ἐστι καὶ μεγάλη μοιχεία ἡ σὺν γυναιξὶ συνοίκησις. Ἀνερεύνησον τὴν συνείδησίν σου, εἰ οὐδέποτε ἐβλάβης, εἰ οὔτε νυκτὸς, οὔτε ἡμέρας ἐδέξω πληγήν. Ἐγὼ δὲ ἀναπτύξω σου τὴν καρδίαν, εἰ καὶ μέλλεις ἄχθεσθαι. Ἀλλ' ἐμοὶ οὐ μέλει· πάνυ γὰρ ἀλγῶ, ὅταν ἴδω ἀσκητὴν συνείσακτον ἐπισπασάμενον· ἐγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι κατὰ πᾶσαν ὥραν τραυματίζῃ, καὶ κατὰ πᾶσαν ὥραν θηριάλωτος γίνῃ· χαυνοῦσαι γὰρ τοῦ τῆς σωφροσύνης δεσμοῦ, ἐκλύῃ ὁ γενναῖος πολεμιστὴς, αἰχμάλωτος ἀντὶ νικητοῦ ἀναδεικνύῃ. Μὴ γὰρ λίθος εἶ; Ἄνθρωπος εἶ, τοῖς κοινοῖς τῆς φύσεως συμπτώμασιν ὑποκείμενος· πῦρ ἔχεις ἐν τῷ κόλπῳ, καὶ οὐ καίῃ; καὶ πῶς ἔχει λόγον; Θὲς λύχνον εἰς χόρτον, καὶ τότε ἴδε, εἰ δύνασαί μοι εἰπεῖν, ὅτι οὐ καίεται ὁ χόρτος. Εἰ δὲ ἄρνησαι, ὅτι οὐ καίεται ὁ χόρτος, ἐμοὶ μὴ λέγε, ἀλλὰ τῷ εἰδότι τὰ κρύφια, ὃς ἔρχεται συναγαγεῖν τοὺς λογισμούς· κριτικὸς γάρ ἐστιν ἐνθυμήσεων καὶ λογισμῶν, καὶ ἐννοίας καρδιῶν συνιεῖ· λέγει γάρ· Ὁ ἐμβλέψας γυναικὶ πρὸς τὸ ἐπιθυμῆσαι, ἤδη ἐμοίχευσεν αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ. Βλέπε μὴ κατὰ πᾶσαν ὥραν μοιχεία ἐν σοὶ εὑρίσκηται. Πάντως ἐρεῖς· Νηστείαις καὶ ἀσκήσεσι καὶ τῇ κατὰ ξηροῦ διαίτῃ τειχίζω ἐμαυτὸν, ἵνα μὴ τοῦ προκειμένου ἐκπέσω. Οὐκοῦν δι' οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν ἡ ἄσκησίς σου ἀλλ' ἢ διὰ τὴν σύνοικόν σου· οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἔτι θησαυρίζεις δικαιοσύνην· ὑπέσυρε γάρ σου ἐκείνη τὴν ἄσκησιν. Ἔκβαλε τοίνυν ἀπὸ σεαυτοῦ τὴν ζημιοῦσάν σε πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν, μή σε ἐκβάλῃ ἐκ τοῦ παραδείσου, μή σε ποιήσῃ παίγνιον τῷ διαβόλῳ· μὴ στήσῃς αὐτὴν παρὰ σαυτῷ, μήπως καταστρέψασά σε σὺν σοὶ εἰς γέενναν κατενεχθῇ. Φοβήθητι τὸν φοβερὸν δικαστήν· διάθου σεαυτῷ διαθήκην μηδὲ ἀτενίσαι γυναικί· πρεσβυτέρων παρόντων αἰδοῦ πολιὰν, καὶ καθάπερ πατέρας αἰδούμενος φείδου μωρολογίας καὶ παιγνίας καὶ γέλωτος.

Νεωτέρῳ μὴ πρόσπαιζε, μηδὲ δείκνυε ῥᾳθυμίας ὁδὸν, κατάρχων ταύτης αὐτὸς, καὶ πολὺ πλείονα τὴν καταφρόνησιν ἐμποιῶν· γυναῖκα δὲ καὶ μέχρι τῆς ἀντιβλέψεως αὐτῆς αἰδοῦ. Ὁ σὸς βίος ἐκείναις γενέσθω τύπος· τοιοῦτον σεαυτὸν ἐπίδειξον, ἵνα σε ἐκεῖναι αἰδῶνται, καὶ τύπος καὶ ἀρχὴ τῆς αἰδοῦς ἐκείναις γένῃ, ὅτι καὶ ἡγεμονικώτερον ἀνὴρ γυναικὸς, καὶ μὴ τὴν σὴν εὐχέρειαν προσθῇς εὐχερεστέρᾳ φύσει τῇ γυναικείᾳ. Γυνὴ αἰδείσθω διαφερόντως, ὅσῳ καὶ χαλεπώτερον ὄνειδος ἀναισχυντία γυναικός. Εἰ καὶ παῤῥησιάζεσθαι πρὸς ἄνδρας πολὺ δεινὸν καὶ τολμηρὸν, φόβου προστεθέντος γυναικὶ πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ἄνδρα μᾶλλον ἢ παῤῥησιάζεσθαι. Ἡ γὰρ γυνὴ, φησὶν, ἵνα φοβῆται τὸν ἄνδρα· εἰ οὖν τῇ ἐχούσῃ ἄνδρα τοιοῦτος ὁ νόμος πρόκειται τί λοιπὸν πρὸς σὲ τὴν 48.1058 μὴ ἔχουσαν ἄνδρα; Σοὶ λοιπὸν τοῦτο πρέπει, μηδὲ ὅλως ἐγγίζειν ἀνδρὶ, εἰ ἐνδέχεται, μηδὲ ὅλως βλεπέτω ἀνὴρ τὸ πρόσωπόν σου. Νύμφη γὰρ Χριστοῦ εἶ· οὕτω προέρχου, ὡς νύμφη κεκοσμημένη, ἐσκεπασμένη τῷ περιβολαίῳ τὴν ὄψιν, ἵνα μή τινα διὰ τῆς ὁράσεως τραυματίσασα τῆς ἐκείνου ἀπωλείας σὺ τὴν ἀμοιβὴν ἀπολήψῃ. Καὶ ἡμεῖς μὲν ταῦτα λέγομεν κατὰ τὰς ἀῤῥήτους τῶν Γραφῶν διδασκαλίας· πολλαὶ δὲ μηδὲ τὸν φόβον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν νῷ λαβοῦσαι, μήτε τὴν εὐχερῆ αὐτῶν πτῶσιν φοβηθεῖσαι, μήτε τὴν ἀποκειμένην κόλασιν προϊδοῦσαι ἀδιαφόρως ἤνεγκαν, καὶ οἰκείᾳ γνώμῃ προσῆλθον ὑπηρετεῖν ἀνδράσιν, οὔτε ἐξ ἴσου τῷ κανόνι τῆς γαμηθείσης καὶ ἐχούσης ἄνδρα. Σὺ δὲ οὐδὲ τοῦτον τὸν ὅρον φυλάττεις· οὐ γὰρ μετὰ φόβου συναναστρέφῃ, ἀλλὰ μετὰ πολλῆς ἀδείας καὶ καταφρονήσεως, καὶ συνεσθίεις, καὶ συμπίνεις, καὶ συνομιλεῖς,