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of the courses of the Sun and Moon. And in the time of Romulus, the month now called March was the first, but in the time of Numa, January and February were added. Numa decreed for the Romans that the beginning of the year should be when the Sun, being in the middle of Capricorn, lengthens the day, turning back towards us from the southern tropic, adding half an hour to the day. And not only did he thus arrange the year, but he also was the first to strike a coin, so that from him even now the obol is called a noumos—as it were, a Noumanos. But indeed he also arranged the house of the kings, which is called the Palatium, according to the priestly ordinance. 1.18 Hadrian happened to be from the Aelian familia, that is, family; whence it seemed good to him for his subjects to be registered with the name of Aelius; whence also Jerusalem is Aelia; for he himself founded it as a city after it was captured. 1.19 That Theonice was formerly named Hypate. 1.20 That it has always been characteristic of high priests to cover the head or to bind it with a band; and this is clear from the fact that to this day the band of our high priest is placed around his shoulders, which, as I said, was formerly placed upon the head; so that it is still even now called a †kaikaphorion. 1.21 That Numa ordained the royal garment to be made from purple and scarlet in honor of the Sun and Aphrodite—and Blatta, from which we get the word blattia, is a name for Aphrodite according to the Phoenicians, as Phlegon says in his work On Festivals. that we find Aphrodite called by nearly three hundred names, and the names are listed in Labeo—calling this robe in his native tongue trabaia, which Agathocles the Sicilian is said to have first invented. And it is called trabaia as if it were tribaphos (thrice-dyed); for it is made from three colors, purple, scarlet, and the woad plant which among the common people is called loulakion, which belongs to Ares. Then he appointed the guardian of the city, whom we now call prefect or, as some do, poliarchos or astydikes, whom they formerly called praetor urbanus, who also appears to preside over the Roman senate; and this is clear from his footwear, on which a small crescent is stamped in the shape of the letter sigma, by which the Romans signify the number one hundred—for among them it is the so-called small kappa—so that it is clear that it was first .... one hundred patricians; for Romulus chose that many. 1.22 That in wars the generals used to carry symbols of Zeus and the Sun and the Moon, and of Hermes and Ares; of Zeus, an eagle; of the Sun, a lion; of the Moon, an ox; of Ares, a wolf; of Hermes, a serpent; for one might call the standard made from a serpent a kerykion (herald's staff). 1.23 Privilegia are certain private laws but not general ones. 1.24 Decani are the lictors according to the Romans. 1.25 Akede means "approach." 1.26 That Diocletian, after Domitian, was the first to be named lord and emperor of the Romans, having adorned his head and feet with gems instead of laurel, as Eutropius says. 1.27 That in the time of Diocletian the entire Roman army was thirty-eight myriads and nine thousand and seven hundred and four, and the naval force stationed at strategic locations both on the rivers and on the sea was forty-five thousand five hundred and sixty-two. that according to this number the great Constantine arranged the army in the eastern empire, so that another as many myriads of troops were added to the Roman state. 1.28 The baked brick among the Greeks is called laterculum among the Romans. It was a public list, on which the names of both the senators and the military units were registered, and a certain form and line of brick was written on a wall in a square shape. Some also call it a titlos, not knowing that a titlos is properly the

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Ἡλίου καὶ Σελήνης δρόμων. καὶ ἐπὶ μὲν Ῥωμύλου ὁ νῦν καλούμενος Μάρτιος μὴν πρῶτος ἦν, ἐπὶ δὲ Νουμᾶ προσετέθησαν Ἰανουάριος καὶ Φεβρουάριος. ἀρχὴν δὲ ἐνιαυτοῦ ὁ Νουμᾶς ἄγειν ἐθέσπισε Ῥωμαίοις, ὅταν Ἥλιος τὸν Αἰγόκερων μεσάζων αὔξει τὴν ἡμέραν, ἀποστρέφων πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ νοτίου καμπτῆρος, προστιθεὶς τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἡμιώριον. καὶ οὐ μόνον οὕτως τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν διετύπωσεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ νόμισμα πρῶτος ἐχάραξεν, ὡς ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἔτι καὶ νῦν νουμόν-οἱονεὶ Νουμανόν-τὸν ὀβολὸν καλεῖσθαι. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τὴν βασιλέων οἰκίαν, ἣ καλεῖται Παλάτιον, κατὰ τὸν ἱερατικὸν διετάξατο θεσμόν. 1.18 Ἀδριανὸς ἐκ τῆς Αἰλίων ἐτύγχανε φαμιλίας, οἱονεὶ γενεᾶς· ὅθεν ἔδοξεν αὐτῷ τὸ Αἰλίων ὄνομα τοὺς ὑπηκόους προγράφειν· ὅθεν καὶ Αἰλία ἡ Ἱερουσαλήμ· καὶ γὰρ αὐτὸς αὐτὴν ἁλοῦσαν ἐπόλισεν. 1.19 Ὅτι Ὑπάτη ὠνομάζετο πρότερον ἡ Θεονίκη. 1.20 Ὅτι ἴδιον ἀεὶ γέγονε τῶν ἀρχιερέων τὴν κεφαλὴν σκέπειν ἢ διαδεσμεῖν ταινίᾳ· καὶ τοῦτο δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ μέχρι τήμερον τὴν τοῦ καθ' ἡμᾶς ἀρχιερέως ταινίαν τοῖς ὤμοις αὐτοῦ περιθέσθαι, τὴν ὡς ἔφην ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς τιθεμένην πάλαι· ὡς †καικαφόριον ἔτι καὶ νῦν καλεῖσθαι. 1.21 Ὅτι ὁ Νουμᾶς τὴν βασιλικὴν ἐσθῆτα εἰς τιμὴν Ἡλίου καὶ Ἀφροδίτης ἐκ πορφύρας καὶ κόκκου κατασκευάζεσθαι διετύπωσεν-καὶ Βλάττα δέ, ἐξ ἧς τὰ βλάττια λέγομεν, ὄνομα Ἀφροδίτης ἐστὶ κατὰ τοὺς Φοίνικας, ὡς ὁ Φλέγων ἐν τῷ περὶ ἑορτῶν φησι. ὅτι τριακοσίοις ἐγγὺς ὀνόμασιν εὑρίσκομεν καλουμένην τὴν Ἀφροδίτην, κεῖται δὲ παρὰ Λαβεῶνι τὰ ὀνόματα- καλέσας αὐτὴν τὴν στολὴν πατρίως τραβαίαν, ἣν λέγεται πρῶτος ὁ Ἀγαθοκλῆς ὁ Σικελιώτης εὑρεῖν. τραβαία δὲ εἴρηται ὡσανεὶ τρίβαφος· ἐκ τριῶν γὰρ ἀποτελεῖται χρωμάτων, πορφύρας, κόκκου καὶ ἰσατίδος βο τάνης ἣ παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς λουλάκιον λέγεται, ἥτις ἐστὶν Ἄρεος. εἶτα προεστήσατο τὸν τῆς πόλεως φύλακα, ὕπαρχον δὲ αὐτὸν νῦν προσαγορεύομεν ἢ ὥς τινες πολίαρχον ἢ ἀστυδίκην, ὃν πάλαι πραίτωρα οὐρβανὸν ἔλεγον, ὃς καὶ πρωτεύειν τῆς Ῥωμαίων γερουσίας φαίνεται· καὶ τοῦτο δῆλον ἐκ τῶν ὑποδημάτων αὐτοῦ, ἐν οἷς σεληνίσκος τις ἐκτετύπωται εἰς τύπον τοῦ σίγμα στοιχείου, δι' οὗ τὸν ἑκατὸν ἀριθμὸν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι σημειοῦνται-ἐστὶ γὰρ παρ' αὐτοῖς τὸ λεγόμενον κάππα μικρόν-ὡς δῆλον εἶναι πρῶτον αὐτὴν .... ἑκατὸν εὐπατριδῶν· τοσούτους γὰρ ὁ Ῥωμύλος ἐξελέξατο. 1.22 Ὅτι ἔφερον οἱ στρατηγοὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πολέμων ∆ιὸς καὶ Ἡλίου καὶ Σελήνης, Ἑρμοῦ τε καὶ Ἄρεος σύμβολα· καὶ ∆ιὸς μὲν ἀετόν, Ἡλίου δὲ λέοντα, Σελήνης δὲ βοῦν, Ἄρεος δὲ λύκον, Ἑρμοῦ δὲ δράκοντα· καὶ γὰρ κηρύκιον ἄν τις καλέσοι τὴν ἐκ δράκοντος σημαίαν. 1.23 Πριβιλέγια νόμοι τινὲς ἰδιωτικοὶ ἀλλ' οὐ γενικοί. 1.24 ∆εκανοὶ οἱ ῥαβδοῦχοι κατὰ Ῥωμαίους. 1.25 Ἀκῆδε τὸ πρόσελθε σημαίνει. 1.26 Ὅτι πρῶτος ὁ ∆ιοκλητιανὸς μετὰ ∆ομετιανὸν δεσπότης καὶ βασιλεὺς Ῥωμαίων ὠνομάσθη, λίθοις ἀντὶ δάφνης τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ τοὺς πόδας ψηφώσας, ὥς φησιν Εὐτρόπιος. 1.27 Ὅτι ἐπὶ τοῦ ∆ιοκλητιανοῦ ἡ πᾶσα τῶν Ῥωμαίων στρατιὰ μυριάδες ἦν ὀκτὼ καὶ τριάκοντα καὶ ἐννακισχίλιοι καὶ ἑπτακόσιοι καὶ τέσσαρες, ναυτικὴ δὲ δύναμις ἡ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐπικαίρων χωρίων ναυλοχοῦσα ἐπί τε τοῖς ποταμοῖς ἐπί τε τῇ θαλάσσῃ τετρακισμύριοι καὶ πεντακισχίλιοι καὶ πεντακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα καὶ δύο. ὅτι πρὸς τοῦτον τὸν ἀριθμὸν ὁ μέγας Κωνσταντῖνος ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνατολικῆς βασιλείας τὸν στρατὸν διέθηκεν, ὡς ἑτέρας τοσαύτας μυριάδας στρατοῦ προστεθῆναι τῇ Ῥωμαϊκῇ πολιτείᾳ. 1.28 Ἡ παρ' Ἕλλησιν ὀπτὴ πλίνθος λατέρκουλον παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις λέγεται. ἦν δὲ πλίνθος δημοσία, ἐφ' οὗ τά τε τῶν βουλευτῶν καὶ τὰ τῶν στρατευμάτων ὀνόματα ἀπεγράφετο, καὶ ἐγράφετο ἐπὶ τείχους εἰς τετράγωνον σχῆμα τύπος τις καὶ γραμμὴ πλίνθος. τίτλον καὶ αὐτήν τινες ὀνομάζουσιν οὐκ εἰδότες, ὡς τίτλος κυρίως ἡ