John Chrysostom, On the Baptism of Christ

he said: Wash your clothes, and bathe your body, and you will be clean; but what? Produce fruit worthy of repentance. And in this it was higher than the Jewish one, but lower than ours; since the baptism of John gave neither the Holy Spirit, nor did it provide forgiveness through grace; for it commanded to repent, it was not authorized to forgive. Therefore he also said: I indeed baptize you in water, but he will baptize you in the Holy Spirit and fire. Clearly he himself did not baptize with the Spirit. But what is it, "In the Holy Spirit and fire"? Recall for me that day, on which tongues as of fire appeared to the apostles, being distributed, and sat upon each one of them. And that the baptism of John was incomplete, having neither the gift of the Spirit nor the remission of sins, is clear from this: For Paul, having found some disciples, says to them, "Did you receive the Holy Spirit when you believed?" And they said to him, "But we have not even heard that there is a Holy Spirit." And he said to them, "Into what then were you baptized?" And they said, "Into John's baptism." And Paul said, "John indeed baptized with a baptism of repentance;" of repentance, not of remission. And for what purpose did he baptize? Saying to the people, that they should believe in the one coming after him, that is, in the Lord Jesus. And when they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. And when Paul had laid his hands on them, the Holy Spirit came upon them. Do you see how incomplete the baptism of John was? For if it had not been incomplete, Paul would not have baptized them again, nor would he have laid his hands on them; but now, having done both these things, he showed the superiority of the apostolic baptism, and that the former was much inferior to the latter. But we have learned the difference between the baptisms from these things; but for what reason Christ is baptized, and with what baptism, it is now necessary to say. Neither the former Jewish one, nor our one which came after; for he was not in need of the forgiveness of sins; for how could he who has no sin? For "He committed no sin," it says, "neither was deceit found in his mouth;" and again, "Which of you convicts me of sin?" Nor was that flesh devoid of the Spirit; for how could it be, having been formed from the Holy Spirit in the beginning? If, therefore, that flesh was neither devoid of the Holy Spirit, nor liable for sins, for what reason was he baptized? But first it is necessary to learn what baptism he was baptized with, and then this also will become clearer to us. With what then was he baptized? Neither the Jewish, nor ours, but John's. Why? So that you might learn, even from the nature of the baptism itself, that he was not baptized because of sin, nor as one needing the gift of the Spirit; for that baptism was devoid of both of these, as we have indeed demonstrated. And that he came to the Jordan neither for the remission of sins, nor for the gift of the Spirit, is clear from 49.368 these things; but so that no one of those then present might think that he came for repentance, just like the rest, hear also how John corrected this beforehand. For he who said to the others, "Produce fruit worthy of repentance," hear what he says to this one: "I have need to be baptized by you; and do you come to me?" He said this, showing that he did not come to him for the same need as the many; and that he was so far from being baptized for this reason, that he was even much greater than the Baptist himself, and incomparably purer. For what reason, then, was he baptized, if he did this neither for repentance, nor for the remission of sins, nor for the gift of the Spirit? For two other reasons, one of which the disciple states, and the other which he himself said to John. What reason, then, does John say this baptism has? That he might be made known to the many, as Paul also said, that John indeed baptized with a baptism of repentance,

ἔλεγε· Πλῦνον τὰ ἱμάτιά σου, καὶ λοῦσον τὸ σῶμά σου, καὶ ἔσῃ καθαρός· ἀλλὰ τί; Ποιήσατε καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μετανοίας. Καὶ κατὰ τοῦτο ὑψηλότερον ἦν τοῦ Ἰουδαϊκοῦ, τοῦ δὲ ἡμετέρου ταπεινότερον· ἐπειδὴ μήτε Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐδίδου τὸ βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου, μήτε τὴν διὰ τῆς χάριτος παρεῖχε συγχώρησιν· μετανοεῖν γὰρ ἐκέλευεν, οὐκ ἀφιέναι κύριος ἦν. ∆ιόπερ καὶ ἔλεγεν· Ἐγὼ μὲν ὑμᾶς βαπτίζω ἐν ὕδατι, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ὑμᾶς βαπτίσει ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί. ∆ηλονότι αὐτὸς οὐκ ἐβάπτιζε Πνεύματι. Τί δέ ἐστιν, Ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί; Ἀναμνήσθητί μοι τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης, καθ' ἣν ὤφθησαν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις διαμεριζόμεναι γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρὸς, καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐφ' ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν. Καὶ ὅτι τὸ βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου ἀτελὲς ἦν, οὔτε Πνεύματος χορηγίαν ἔχον, οὔτε ἁμαρτημάτων ἄφεσιν, δῆλον ἐκεῖθεν· Εὑρὼν γάρ τινας μαθητὰς ὁ Παῦλός φησι πρὸς αὐτοὺς, Εἰ Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐλάβετε πιστεύσαντες; Οἱ δὲ εἶπον πρὸς αὐτόν· Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ εἰ Πνεῦμα ἅγιόν ἐστιν ἠκούσαμεν. Εἶπέ τε πρὸς αὐτούς· Εἰς τί οὖν ἐβαπτίσθητε; Οἱ δὲ εἶπον· Εἰς τὸ Ἰωάννου βάπτισμα. Εἶπε δὲ Παῦλος· Ἰωάννης μὲν ἐβάπτισε βάπτισμα μετανοίας· μετανοίας, οὐκ ἀφέσεως. Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν ἐβάπτισεν; Τῷ λαῷ λέγων· Εἰς τὸν ἐρχόμενον μετ' αὐτὸν ἵνα πιστεύσωσι, τοῦτ' ἔστιν, εἰς τὸν Κύριον Ἰησοῦν. Καὶ ἀκούσαντες ἐβαπτίσθησαν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ. Καὶ ἐπιθέντος αὐτοῖς τοῦ Παύλου τὰς χεῖρας, ἦλθε τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἐπ' αὐτούς. Εἶδες πῶς ἀτελὲς ἦν τὸ Ἰωάννου βάπτισμα; Εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἦν ἀτελὲς, οὐκ ἂν αὐτοὺς πάλιν ἐβάπτισεν ὁ Παῦλος, οὐκ ἂν αὐτοῖς τὰς χεῖρας ἐπέθηκε· νυνὶ δὲ ἀμφότερα ταῦτα ποιήσας, ἐδήλωσε τὴν ὑπεροχὴν τοῦ βαπτίσματος τοῦ ἀποστολικοῦ, καὶ ὅτι ἐκεῖνο τούτου πολὺ κατώτερον ἦν. Ἀλλὰ τὴν μὲν τῶν βαπτισμάτων διαφορὰν ἐκ τούτων ἐμάθομεν· τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν ὁ Χριστὸς βαπτίζεται, καὶ ποῖον βάπτισμα, λοιπὸν ἀναγκαῖον εἰπεῖν. Οὔτε τὸ Ἰουδαϊκὸν τὸ πρότερον, οὔτε τὸ ἡμέτερον τὸ μετὰ ταῦτα· οὔτε γὰρ ἁμαρτημάτων συγχωρήσεως ἐδεῖτο· πῶς γὰρ ὁ μηδεμίαν ἁμαρτίαν ἔχων; Ἁμαρτίαν γὰρ, φησὶν, οὐκ ἐποίησεν, οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ· καὶ πάλιν, Τίς ἐξ ὑμῶν ἐλέγχει με περὶ ἁμαρτίας; Οὔτε Πνεύματος ἄμοιρος ἦν ἐκείνη ἡ σάρξ· πῶς γὰρ ἂν ἡ ἐκ Πνεύματος ἁγίου κατασκευασθεῖσα τὴν ἀρχήν; Εἰ τοίνυν μήτε Πνεύματος ἁγίου ἄμοιρος ἦν ἡ σὰρξ ἐκείνη, μήτε ἁμαρτήμασιν ὑπεύθυνος, τίνος ἕνεκεν ἐβαπτίζετο; Ἀλλὰ πρότερον ἀναγκαῖον μαθεῖν ποῖον ἐβαπτίσατο βάπτισμα, καὶ τότε καὶ τοῦτο σαφέστερον ἡμῖν γενήσεται. Ποῖον οὖν ἐβαπτίσατο; Οὔτε τὸ Ἰουδαϊκὸν, οὔτε τὸ ἡμέτερον, ἀλλὰ τὸ Ἰωάννου. ∆ιὰ τί; Ἵνα καὶ δι' αὐτῆς τῆς τοῦ βαπτίσματος φύσεως μάθῃς, ὅτι οὐ δι' ἁμαρτίας ἐβαπτίσατο, οὐδὲ ὡς τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματος δεόμενος χορηγίας· ἑκατέρων γὰρ τούτων ἔρημον ἐκεῖνο τὸ βάπτισμα, καθάπερ οὖν καὶ ἀπεδείξαμεν. Καὶ ὅτι μὲν οὔτε δι' ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτημάτων, οὔτε διὰ Πνεύματος χορηγίαν ἦλθεν ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην, δῆλον ἐκ 49.368 τούτων· ἵνα δὲ μὴ νομίσῃ τις τῶν τότε παρόντων, ὅτι ἐπὶ μετανοίᾳ, καθάπερ οἱ λοιποὶ, παραγίνεται, ἄκουσον καὶ τοῦτο πῶς ὁ Ἰωάννης προδιωρθώσατο. Ὁ γὰρ τοῖς ἄλλοις λέγων, Ποιήσατε καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μετανοίας, ἄκουσον τί τούτῳ φησίν· Ἐγὼ χρείαν ἔχω ὑπὸ σοῦ βαπτισθῆναι· καὶ σὺ ἔρχῃ πρός με; Τοῦτο δὲ ἔλεγε δηλῶν ὅτι οὐ διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν τοῖς πολλοῖς χρείαν παρεγένετο πρὸς αὐτόν· καὶ ὅτι τοσοῦτον ἀπέχει διὰ τοῦτο βαπτίζεσθαι, ὅτι καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Βαπτιστοῦ πολλῷ μείζων ἦν, καὶ ἀσυγκρίτως καθαρώτερος. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ἐβαπτίζετο, εἰ μήτε ἐπὶ μετανοίᾳ, μήτε ἐπὶ ἁμαρτημάτων ἀφέσει, μήτε ἐπὶ Πνεύματος χορηγίᾳ τοῦτο ἐποίει; Ἑτέρων δυοῖν ἕνεκεν αἰτιῶν, μιᾶς μὲν ἧς φησιν ὁ μαθητὴς, ἑτέρας δὲ ἧς αὐτὸς πρὸς τὸν Ἰωάννην εἶπε. Τίνα οὖν φησιν ὁ Ἰωάννης αἰτίαν τοῦ βαπτίσματος εἶναι τούτου; Ἵνα γνωρισθῇ τοῖς πολλοῖς, καθὼς καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἔλεγεν, ὅτι Ἰωάννης μὲν ἐβάπτισε βάπτισμα μετανοίας,