John Chrysostom, On Holy Stephen the First Martyr

Against him, he says, the lawgiver, he dared to speak; he himself commanded us, saying, Pay attention, my people, to my law; and this man cries out that Jesus will change the customs that Moses delivered to us. He has blasphemed against Moses, the one revered by the whole nation, the one who took all creation as his ally, the one who freed the nation from harsh slavery, the one who with his rod walled up the waters of the sea, the one who with prayer sank the armies of the Egyptians, the one who by prayer at night lit the heavenly pillar, the one who devised the uncultivated heavenly bread, the one who drew streams from the barren rock with his rod. Against Moses. And why do I prolong the argument with "Against Moses," and against God? He has hurled his arrows at heaven itself; against the Creator himself he has stretched out his tongue; he proclaims a dead man as a rival to the Creator. Against Moses, and against God. And they stirred up the people, and the elders, and the scribes; and coming upon him, they seized him and brought him to the council.

They stirred the people to anger, and they seized him; the beasts seized the sheep, and brought him to the council, which was full of hypocrisy and envy; to the council alien to truth, and devoid of justice; and they brought him to the council, about which Jeremiah cried from afar: I did not sit in their council of vanity; And they set up false witnesses, saying: This man does not cease speaking blasphemous words against this holy place and the law. The temple, he says, this place he was not ashamed to insult, where the divine words are read, where the writings of the prophets are trumpeted, where the tablets and the heavenly manna are, where the ark and Aaron's rod are, where there is the grey hair of high priests, and the dignity of elders, and the honor of scribes; but he considers the place a plaything, he declares the temple to be worthless. And not only did he dare to speak against the place, but also against the law. He imagines the law to be a shadow; he boldly preaches that the Old is a type; he says the Galilean is greater than Moses, he preaches that the one from Mary is stronger than the lawgiver; he was not ashamed of the dignity of the elders, he did not fear the multitudes of 59.505 scribes, but he blasphemed against the place and the law.

3. And learn the proof of his words. For we have heard him say that Jesus the Nazarene will destroy this place, and will change the customs which Moses delivered to us. He threatens us with a dead Master, he announces to us a dead Lord. Jesus the Nazarene will rise up and destroy this place. This young man, he says, has imagined things; he was ignorant of the delight of the famous temple; the labors of those who completed it escaped his notice. The wisdom of Solomon designed this house; the wise man had grace from above as his ally; he endured many struggles in the building of the work; and eighty thousand were quarrying in the mountain; and seventy thousand were cutting the wood; thirty thousand were carrying the stone; three thousand six hundred were overseeing the work; he stretched out a lavish hand for the temple, and in forty-six years he was barely able to construct the work; and this man says that Jesus the Nazarene will destroy [this] place; and not only this, but also And will change the customs which Moses delivered to us. He says that the all-holy sabbath will be destroyed by him; he has declared that the lawful circumcision will be overturned by the Nazarene; he says that our new moons will be set aside as worthless; he proclaims that the one from Mary will not inherit the delight of the Feast of Tabernacles; he imagines that our sacrifices are unacceptable to God; he declares that the dead one will overturn the sprinklings and the customary purifications. Who then does not know the end of the Nazarene? When can a mortal defend himself against the living? Isaiah was sawn in two, and nowhere was there one to exact justice; Jeremiah was choked, and

Κατ' αὐτοῦ, φησὶ, τοῦ νομοθέτου ἀπετόλμησε λέγειν· αὐτὸς παρήγγειλεν ἡμῖν λέγων, Προσέχετε, λαός μου, τὸν νόμον μου· καὶ οὗτος κράζει, ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἀλλάξει τὰ ἔθη, ἃ παρέδωκεν ἡμῖν Μωϋσῆς. Εἰς Μωϋσῆν ἐβλασφήμησε, τὸν σεβάσμιον παρ' ὅλῳ τῷ ἔθνει, τὸν εἰς συμμαχίαν ὅλην λαβόντα τὴν κτίσιν, τὸν δουλείας χαλεπῆς ἐλευθερώσαντα τὸ ἔθνος, τὸν ῥάβδῳ τὰ τῆς θαλάττης τειχίσαντα ὕδατα, τὸν βυθίσαντα προσευχῇ τὰ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων στρατεύματα, τὸν ἐν νυκτὶ προσευχῇ οὐράνιον ἀνάψαντα στῦλον, τὸν μεθοδεύσαντα οὐράνιον ἀγεώργητον ἄρτον, τὸν ἐξαντλήσαντα τῇ ῥάβδῳ τῆς ἀγόνου τὰ ῥεῖθρα. Εἰς Μωϋσῆν. Καὶ τί τῷ, Εἰς Μωϋσῆν, παρατείνω τὸν λόγον, καὶ τὸν Θεόν; Εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν οὐρανὸν ἠκόντισε τὰ βέλη· κατ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ ∆ημιουργοῦ ἐξέτεινε τὴν γλῶσσαν· νεκρὸν ἀντίθεον κηρύττει τοῦ Κτίστου. Εἰς Μωϋσῆν, καὶ εἰς τὸν Θεόν. Συνεκίνησάν τε τὸν λαὸν, καὶ τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους, καὶ τοὺς γραμματεῖς· καὶ ἐπιστάντες ἥρπασαν αὐτὸν, καὶ ἤγαγον εἰς τὸ συνέδριον.

Εἰς ὀργὴν τὸν λαὸν συνεκίνησαν, καὶ ἥρπασαν αὐτόν· ἥρπασαν οἱ θῆρες τὸ πρόβατον, καὶ ἤγαγον εἰς τὸ συνέδριον, τὸ ὑποκρίσεως ἀνάμεστον καὶ φθόνου· εἰς τὸ συνέδριον τὸ ἀλλότριον ἀληθείας, καὶ χηρεῦον δικαίου· καὶ ἤγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ συνέδριον, περὶ οὗ πόῤῥωθεν κέκραγεν Ἱερεμίας· Οὐκ ἐκάθισα ἐν συνεδρίῳ αὐτῶν ματαιότητος· Καὶ ἔστησαν μάρτυρας ψευδεῖς λέγοντας· Ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος οὐ παύεται λαλῶν ῥήματα βλάσφημα κατὰ τοῦ τόπου τοῦ ἁγίου καὶ τοῦ νόμου. Τὸ ἱερὸν, φησὶ, τὸν τόπον τοῦτον οὐκ ἠρυθρίασεν ἐνυβρίσαι, ὅπου τὰ θεῖα ἀναγινώσκονται ῥήματα, ὅπου τῶν προφητῶν σαλπίζονται τὰ συγγράμματα, ἔνθα αἱ πλάκες καὶ τὸ οὐράνιον μάννα, ὅπου ἡ κιβωτὸς καὶ ἡ τοῦ Ἀαρὼν ῥάβδος, ὅπου ἀρχιερέων πολιὰ, καὶ πρεσβυτέρων ἀξίωμα, καὶ γραμματέων τιμή· ἀλλὰ παίγνιον ἡγεῖται τὸν τόπον, εὐτελὲς τὸ ἱερὸν ἀποφαίνεται. Καὶ οὐ μόνον κατὰ τοῦ τόπου ἐτόλμησε φθέγξασθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τοῦ νόμου. Σκιὰν τὸν νόμον εἶναι φαντάζεται· τύπον τὴν Παλαιὰν ἀνυποστόλως κηρύττει· μείζονα τὸν Γαλιλαῖον εἶναι λέγει Μωϋσέως, ἰσχυρότερον τὸν ἐκ Μαρίας τοῦ νομοθέτου κηρύττει· οὐκ ἠρυθρίασε τῶν πρεσβυτέρων τὴν ἀξίαν, οὐκ ἐδειλάνθη τῶν 59.505 γραμματέων τὰ πλήθη, ἀλλ' ἐβλασφήμησε κατὰ τοῦ τόπου καὶ τοῦ νόμου.

γʹ. Καὶ μάθετε αὐτοῦ τῶν λόγων τὴν πεῖραν. Ἀκηκόαμεν γὰρ αὐτοῦ λέγοντος, ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος καταλύσει τὸν τόπον τοῦτον, καὶ ἀλλάξει τὰ ἔθη, ἃ παρέδωκεν ἡμῖν Μωϋσῆς. Νεκρὸν ἡμῖν ἐπαπειλεῖται ∆εσπότην, τεθνεῶτα ἡμῖν ἐπαγγέλλεται Κύριον. Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος ἀναστήσεται, καὶ καταλύσει τὸν τόπον τοῦτον. Ἐφαντάσθη, φησὶν, οὗτος ὁ νεανίας· ἠγνόησε τοῦ περιβοήτου ναοῦ τὴν τέρψιν· διέλαθον αὐτὸν τῶν ἐν αὐτῷ τελεσθέντων οἱ πόνοι. Ἡ Σολομῶντος σοφία τοῦτον διέγραψε τὸν οἶκον· σύμμαχον ἔσχεν ὁ σοφὸς τὴν ἄνωθεν χάριν· πολλοὺς ἀγῶνας ἐν τῇ κτίσει ὑπέμεινε τοῦ ἔργου· καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα μὲν χιλιάδες ἐλατόμουν ἐν τῷ ὄρει· ἑβδομήκοντα δὲ χιλιάδες ἐξέτεμνον τὸ ξύλον· τριάκοντα χιλιάδες παρεκόμιζον τὸν λίθον· τρισχίλιοι ἑξακόσιοι ἐπεστάτουν τῷ ἔργῳ· φιλότιμον χεῖρα τῷ ἱερῷ ἐπεξέτεινε, καὶ ἐν τεσσαράκοντα καὶ ἓξ ἔτεσι μόλις ἠδυνήθη κατασκευάσαι τὸ ἔργον· καὶ οὗτος λέγει, ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ὁ Ναζωραῖος καταλύσει τὸν τόπον [τοῦτον]· καὶ οὐ μόνον τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ Καὶ ἀλλάξει τὰ ἔθη, ἃ παρέδωκεν ἡμῖν Μωϋσῆς. Τὸ πανάγιον σάββατον ὑπ' ἐκείνου καταλυθήσεσθαι λέγει· τὴν ἔννομον περιτομὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ Ναζωραίου ἀνατραπήσεσθαι ἀπεφήνατο· τὰς νεομηνίας ἡμῶν ὡς εὐτελεῖς παραγράφεσθαι λέγει· τῶν Σκηνοπηγιῶν τὴν τέρψιν τὸν ἐκ Μαρίας οὐ διαδέχεσθαι κηρύττει· τὰς θυσίας ἡμῶν ἀπροσδέκτους παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ εἶναι φαντάζεται· τοὺς ῥαντισμοὺς καὶ τὰ συνήθη καθάρσια τὸν θανόντα ἀνατρέψαι ἀποφαίνεται. Τίς τοιγαροῦν οὐκ οἶδε τοῦ Ναζωραίου τὸ τέλος; πότε δὲ θνητὸς τοὺς ζῶντας ἀμύνασθαι δύναται; Ἡσαΐας ἐπρίσθη, καὶ οὐδαμοῦ ὁ τὰς δίκας εἰσπράττων· Ἱερεμίας ἐπνίγη, καὶ