Chap. i.— of religion and wisdom.

We undertake, therefore, to discuss religion and divine things. For if some of the greatest orators, veterans as it were of their profession, having completed the works of their pleadings, at last gave themselves up to philosophy, and regarded that as a most just rest from their labours, if they tortured their minds in the investigation of those things which could not be found out, so that they appear to have sought for themselves not so much leisure as occupation, and that indeed with much greater trouble than in their former pursuit; how much more justly shall I betake myself as to a most safe harbour, to that pious, true, and divine wisdom, in which all things are ready for utterance, pleasant to the hearing, easy to be understood, honourable to be undertaken! And if some skilful men and arbiters of justice composed and published Institutions of civil law, by which they might lull the strifes and contentions of discordant citizens, how much better and more rightly shall we follow up in writing the divine Institutions, in which we shall not speak about rain-droppings, or the turning of waters, or the preferring of claims, but we shall speak of hope, of life, of salvation, of immortality, and of God, that we may put an end to deadly superstitions and most disgraceful errors.  

And we now commence this work under the auspices of your name, O mighty Emperor Constantine, who were the first of the Roman princes to repudiate errors, and to acknowledge and honour the majesty of the one and only true God.2    [It thrills me to compare this modest tribute of Christian confidence, with Justin’s unheeded appeal to the Stoical Antonine.]      [See Tertullian, vol. iii. p. 176, this series.]   For when that most happy day had shone upon the world, in which the Most High God raised you to the prosperous height of power, you entered upon a dominion which was salutary and desirable for all, with an excellent beginning, when, restoring justice which had been overthrown and taken away, you expiated the most shameful deed of others. In return for which action God will grant to you happiness, virtue, and length of days, that even when old you may govern the state with the same justice with which you began in youth, and may hand down to your children the guardianship of the Roman name, as you yourself received it from your father. For to the wicked, who still rage against the righteous in other parts of the world, the Omnipotent will also repay the reward of their wickedness with a severity proportioned to its tardiness; for as He is a most indulgent Father towards the godly, so is He a most upright Judge against the ungodly. And in my desire to defend His religion and divine worship, to whom can I rather appeal, whom can I address, but him by whom justice and wisdom have been restored to the affairs of men?  

Therefore, leaving the authors of this earthly philosophy, who bring forward nothing certain, let us approach the right path; for if I considered these to be sufficiently suitable guides to a good life, I would both follow them myself, and exhort others to follow them. But since they disagree among one another with great contention, and are for the most part at variance with themselves, it is evident that their path is by no means straightforward; since they have severally marked out distinct ways for themselves according to their own will, and have left great confusion to those who are seeking for the truth. But since the truth is revealed from heaven to us who have received the mystery of true religion, and since we follow God, the teacher of wisdom and the guide to truth, we call together all, without any distinction either of sex or of age, to heavenly pasture. For there is no more pleasant food for the soul than the knowledge of truth,3    [Pilate is answered at last out of the Roman court itself .]      Nomen. Another reading is numen, deity.   to the maintaining and explaining of which we have destined seven books, although the subject is one of almost boundless and immeasurable labour; so that if any one should wish to dilate upon and follow up these things to their full extent, he would have such an exuberant supply of subjects, that neither books would find any limit, nor speech any end. But on this account we will put together all things briefly, because those things which we are about to bring forward are so plain and lucid, that it seems to be more wonderful that the truth appears so obscure to men, and to those especially who are commonly esteemed wise, or because men will only need to be trained by us,—that is, to be recalled from the error in which they are entangled to a better course of life.  

And if, as I hope, we shall attain to this, we will send them to the very fountain of learning, which is most rich and abundant, by copious draughts of which they may appease the thirst conceived within, and quench their ardour. And all things will be easy, ready of accomplishment, and clear to them, if only they are not annoyed at applying patience in reading or hearing to the perception of the discipline of wisdom.4 [“How charming is divine philosophy! Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose.”—Milton, Comus.]     It was a custom among the heathen nations to crown the images of the gods with garlands of flowers.   For many, pertinaciously adhering to vain superstitions, harden themselves against the manifest truth, not so much deserving well of their religions, which they wrongly maintain, as they deserve ill of themselves; who, when they have a straight path, seek devious windings; who leave the level ground that they may glide over a precipice; who leave the light, that, blind and enfeebled, they may lie in darkness. We must provide for these, that they may not fight against themselves, and that they may be willing at length to be freed from inveterate errors. And this they will assuredly do if they shall at any time see for what purpose they were born; for this is the cause of their perverseness,—namely, ignorance of themselves: and if any one, having gained the knowledge of the truth, shall have shaken off this ignorance, he will know to what object his life is to be directed, and how it is to be spent. And I thus briefly define the sum of this knowledge, that neither is any religion to be undertaken without wisdom, nor any wisdom to be approved of without religion.  

CAPUT PRIMUM. De religione et sapientia.

De religione itaque nobis rebusque divinis instituitur disputatio. Nam si quidam maximi oratores professionis suae quasi veterani, decursis operibus actionum suarum, postremo se philosophiae tradiderunt, eamque sibi requiem laborum justissimam putaverunt; si animos suos in earum rerum, quae inveniri non poterant, inquisitione torquerent, ut non tam otium sibi, quam negotium quaesisse videantur, et quidem multo molestius, quam in quo fuerant 0115B ante versati: quanto justius ego me ad illam 0116A piam, veram, divinamque sapientiam, quasi ad portum aliquem tutissimum conferam, in qua omnia dictu prona sunt, auditu suavia, facilia intellectu, honesta susceptu? Et si quidam prudentes, et arbitri aequitatis, Institutiones civilis juris compositas ediderunt, quibus civium dissidentium lites contentionesque sopirent: quanto melius nos et rectius divinas Institutiones litteris persequemur; in quibus non de stillicidiis, aut aquis arcendis, aut de manu conserenda, sed de spe, de vita, de salute, de immortalitate, de Deo loquemur, ut superstitiones mortiferas, erroresque turpissimos sopiamus?

Quod opus nunc nominis tui auspicio inchoamus, Constantine, Imperator Maxime, qui primus Romanorum 0116B principum, repudiatis erroribus, majestatem 0117A Dei singularis ac veri et cognovisti et honorasti. Nam cum ille dies felicissimus orbi terrarum illuxisset, quo te Deus summus ad beatum imperii culmen evexit, salutarem universis et optabilem principatum praeclaro initio auspicatus es, cum eversam sublatamque justitiam reducens, teterrimum aliorum facinus 0117A expiasti: pro quo facto dabit tibi Deus felicitatem, virtutem, diuturnitatem: ut eadem justitia, qua juvenis exorsus es, gubernaculum reipublicae etiam senex teneas, tuisque liberis, ut ipse a patre accepisti, tutelam Romani nominis tradas. Nam malis, qui adhuc adversus justos in aliis terrarum partibus saeviunt, quanto serius, tanto vehementius idem omnipotens mercedem sceleris exsolvet: quia ut est erga pios indulgentissimus pater, sic adversus impios rectissimus 0117B judex. Cujus religionem cultumque divinum cupiens defendere, quem potius appellem, quem alloquar, nisi eum per quem rebus humanis justitia et sapientia restituta est?

Omissis ergo hujusce terrenae philosophiae auctoribus nihil certi afferentibus, aggrediamur viam rectam: quos equidem, si putarem satis idoneos ad bene vivendum duces esse, et ipse sequerer, et alios, ut sequerentur, hortarer. Sed cum inter se magna concertatione dissideant, secumque ipsi plerumque discordent, apparet eorum iter nequaquam esse directum: siquidem sibi quique, ut est libitum, proprias vias impresserunt, confusionemque magnam inquirentibus 0117C veritatem reliquerunt. Nobis autem, qui sacramentum 0118A verae religionis accepimus, cum sit veritas revelata divinitus, cum doctorem sapientiae ducemque veritatis Deum sequamur, universos sine ullo discrimine vel sexus vel aetatis ad coeleste pabulum convocamus. Nullus enim suavior animo cibus est, quam cognitio veritatis, cui asserendae atque illustrandae septem volumina destinavimus, quamvis ea res infiniti pene sit operis et immensi: ut si quis haec dilatare atque exequi plenissime velit, tanta illi rerum copia exuberet, ut nec libri modum nec finem reperiat oratio. Sed nos idcirco breviter omnia colligemus; quod ea quae allaturi sumus, tam clara sunt et lucida, ut magis mirum esse videatur tam obscuram videri hominibus veritatem, et iis praecipue, qui sapientes vulgo putantur, vel quod tantummodo 0118B instituendi nobis homines erunt, hoc est, ab errore quo sunt implicati, ad rectiorem viam revocandi.

Quod si fuerimus, ut spero, assecuti, mittemus eos ad ipsum doctrinae uberrimum ac plenissimum fontem, cujus haustu atque potu conceptam visceribus sitim sedent, ardoremque restinguant. Eruntque illis omnia facilia, prona, manifesta: modo ne pigeat ad percipiendam sapientiae disciplinam, legendi, vel audiendi patientiam commodare. Multi enim superstitionibus vanis pertinaciter inhaerentes, obdurant se contra manifestam veritatem, non tam de suis religionibus, quas prave asserunt, bene meriti, quam de se male: qui cum habeant iter rectum, devios sequuntur 0118C anfractus; planum deserunt, ut per praecipitium 0119A labantur; 0119A lucem relinquunt, ut in tenebris caeci ac debiles jaceant. His consulendum est ne contra se pugnent, velintque se tandem ab inveteratis erroribus liberari: quod utique facient, si, quare sint nati, aliquando perviderint. Haec enim pravitatis est causa, ignoratio sui; quam si quis, cognita veritate, discusserit, sciet quo referenda, et quemadmodum sibi vita degenda sit. Cujus scientiae summam breviter circumscribo: ut neque religio ulla sine sapientia suscipienda sit, nec ulla sine religione probanda sapientia.