CHAP. II. ----That the Divine Scripture is closed up and sealed. From the Commentary on the 1st Psalm.

1. The Divine words say that the Divine Scriptures have been closed up and sealed with the key of David, and perhaps with the seal which is described as "the stamp of a seal, a hallowed offering to the Lord" 126----that is, with the power of God, Who gave the Scriptures, the seal being the emblem of power. Now John interprets the closing up and sealing in the Apocalypse, when he says:127 "And to the angel of the church in Philadelphia write; These things saith he that is holy, he that is true, he that hath the key of David, he that openeth, and none shall shut, and that shutteth, and none openeth: I know thy works: behold I have set before thee a door opened, which none can shut." And a little farther on:128 "And I saw in the right hand of him that sat on the throne a book written within and without, close sealed with seven seals. And I saw another, a strong angel, proclaiming with a great voice, Who is worthy to open the book, and to loose the seals thereof? And no one in the heaven, or on the earth, or under the earth, was able to open the book, or to look thereon. And I wept because no one was found worthy to open the book, or to look thereon: and one of the elders saith unto me, Weep not: behold, the Lion that is of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the book and the seven seals thereof."

2. As regards the sealing up only, Esaias thus speaks:129 "And all these sayings shall be to you as the words of this book which is sealed, which men deliver to One that is learned, saying, Read this: and he saith, I cannot read it, for it is sealed: and the book shall be delivered into the hands of a man that is not learned, saying, Read this: and he saith, I am not learned." For we must consider these things to be spoken not only of the Apocalypse of John and Esaias, but also of all Divine Scripture, which is beyond question full of riddles, and parables, and dark sayings, and various other obscurities, hard to be understood by men, whose ears can catch no more than the faint echoes of the Divine words. This was what the Saviour wished to teach us when He said, inasmuch as the key was with the Scribes and Pharisees who did not strive to find the way to open the Scriptures, "Woe unto you lawyers! for ye took away the key of knowledge: ye entered not in yourselves, and them that were entering in ye hindered." 130

Then, after topics of a different kind, Origen proceeds:----

3. Now that we are going to begin our interpretation of the Psalms, let us preface our remarks with a very pleasing tradition respecting all Divine Scripture in general, which has been handed down to us by the Jew. That great scholar used to say that inspired Scripture taken as a whole was on account of its obscurity like many locked-up rooms in one house. Before each room he supposed a key to be placed, but not the one belonging to it; and that the keys were so dispersed all round the rooms, not fitting the locks of the several rooms before which they were placed. It would be a troublesome piece of work to discover the keys to suit the rooms they were meant for. It was, he said, just so with the understanding of the Scriptures, because they are so obscure; the only way to begin to understand them was, he said, by means of other passages containing the explanation dispersed throughout them. The Apostle, I think, suggested such a way of coming to a knowlege of the Divine words when He said, "Which things also we speak, not in words which man's wisdom teacheth, but which the Spirit teacheth; comparing spiritual things with spiritual." 131

Much farther on, comparing the blessings addressed to individuals with those addressed to more than one,132 he says:----

4. If the words of the Lord are pure words, as silver tried in a furnace, approved of the whole earth, purified seven times; 133 it is just as true that the Holy Spirit has dictated them, through the ministers of the Word,134 with the most scrupulous accuracy, lest the parallel meaning which the wisdom of God had constantly in view over the whole range of inspired Scripture, even to the mere letter, should escape us. And perhaps this is why the Saviour says, "One jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass away from the law, till all things be accomplished." 135 For if we study Creation we see that the Divine skill is shown not only in heaven, in the sun, moon, and stars, being everywhere evidenced in those bodies, but also upon earth no less in commoner matter: so that the bodies of the smallest living creatures are not scornfully treated by the Creator, much less the souls existing in them, each having some peculiar gift, something to ensure the safety of the irrational creature. And as for plants, neither are they overlooked, for the Creator is immanent in every one, as regards roots, and leaves, appropriate fruits, and varying qualities. So, too, we conceive of all that has been recorded by the inspiration of the Holy Ghost, believing that the sacred foreknowledge 136 has through the Scriptures supplied superhuman wisdom to the race of man, having, so to speak, sown the seeds of saving truths, traces of the wisdom of God, in every letter as far as possible.

5. In truth, any one who has once accepted these Scriptures as coming from the Creator of the world, must be convinced that whatever difficulties confront those who investigate the story of creation, similar difficulties will also be found in the study of the Scriptures. There are, I say, in creation as well as in Scripture, certain problems which we men solve with difficulty, or even not at all; and we must not therefore blame the Maker of the universe because, say, we cannot discover why basilisks and other venomous creatures were created. In the contemplation of Nature it is an act of piety if a man who is conscious of human weakness, and recognises the impossibility of understanding the principles of the Divine skill, though pondered with all diligence, will ascribe to God the knowledge of these things. He will hereafter, should we be deemed worthy, reveal to us all the mysteries which now engage our reverent attention. Similarly, we should see that the Divine Scriptures also contain many mysteries of which it is hard for us to give an account. Anyway, let those who, after forsaking the Creator of the world and betaking themselves to a god of their own invention, make these professions, solve the difficulties we put before them; or, at least, after such strange impiety, let them see how they can with a good conscience uphold their speculations on the matters under investigation and the problems presented to them. For if the problems no less remain, though our opponents have forsaken the Godhead, would it not be far greater piety to be content with our conception of God, the Creator being contemplated through the works of creation, and to refrain from uttering godless and unholy opinions respecting so great a God?

[1] Ὅτι κέκλεισται καὶ ἐσφράγισται ἡ θεία γραφή. ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰς τὸν αʹ ψαλμὸν τόμου. Κεκλεῖσθαι καὶ ἐσφραγίσθαι τὰς θείας γραφὰς οἱ θεῖοί φασι λόγοι, τῇ κλειδὶ τοῦ Δαυεὶδ, τάχα δὲ καὶ σφραγῖδι, περὶ ἧς εἴρηται τό: Ἐκτύπωμα σφραγῖδος, ἁγίασμα κυρίῳ: τουτέστι τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ δεδωκότος αὐτὰς θεοῦ, τῇ ὑπὸ τῆς σφραγῖδος δηλουμένῃ. περὶ μὲν οὖν τοῦ κεκλεῖσθαι καὶ ἐσφραγίσθαι ὁ Ἰωάννης ἀναδιδάσκει ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει λέγων: Καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Φιλαδελφίᾳ ἐκκλησίας γράψον: τάδε λέγει ὁ ἅγιος, ὁ ἀληθινὸς, ὁ ἔχων τὴν κλεῖν τοῦ Δαυεὶδ, ὁ ἀνοίγων καὶ οὐδεὶς κλείσει, καὶ κλείων καὶ οὐδεὶς ἀνοίξει: οἶδά σου τὰ ἔργα: ἰδοὺ δέδωκα ἐνώπιόν σου θύραν ἠνεῳγμένην, ἣν οὐδεὶς δύναται κλεῖσαι αὐτήν. καὶ μετ' ὀλίγα: Καὶ εἶδον ἐπὶ τὴν δεξιὰν τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τὸν θρόνον βιβλίον γεγραμμένον ἔσωθεν καὶ ἔξωθεν, κατεσφραγισμένον σφραγῖσιν ἑπτά. καὶ εἶδον ἄλλον ἄγγελον ἰσχυρὸν κηρύσσοντα ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ: τίς ἄξιος ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον καὶ λῦσαι τὰς σφραγῖδας αὐτοῦ; καὶ οὐδεὶς ἠδύνατο ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ οὔτε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὔτε ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον οὔτε βλέπειν αὐτό. καὶ ἔκλαιον ὅτι οὐδεὶς ἄξιος εὑρέθη ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον οὔτε βλέπειν αὐτό. καὶ εἷς τῶν πρεσβυτέρων λέγει μοι: μὴ κλαῖε: ἰδοὺ ἐνίκησεν ὁ λέων ἐκ τῆς φυλῆς Ἰούδα, ἡ ῥίζα Δαυεὶδ, ἀνοῖξαι τὸ βιβλίον καὶ τὰς ἑπτὰ σφραγῖδας αὐτοῦ.
[2] Περὶ δὲ τοῦ ἐσφραγίσθαι μόνον ὁ Ἠσαΐας οὕτως: Καὶ ἔσται ὑμῖν τὰ ῥήματα πάντα ταῦτα ὡς οἱ λόγοι τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου τοῦ ἐσφραγισμένου, ὃ ἐὰν δῶσιν αὐτὸ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐπισταμένῳ γράμματα λέγοντες: ἀνάγνωθι ταῦτα, καὶ ἐρεῖ: οὐ δύναμαι ἀναγνῶναι, ἐσφράγισται γάρ: καὶ δοθήσεται τὸ βιβλίον τοῦτο εἰς χεῖρας ἀνθρώπου μὴ ἐπισταμένου γράμματα, καὶ ἐρεῖ αὐτῷ: ἀνάγνωθι τοῦτο, καὶ ἐρεῖ: οὐκ ἐπίσταμαι γράμματα. ταῦτα γὰρ οὐ μόνον περὶ τῆς ἀποκαλύψεως Ἰωάννου καὶ τοῦ Ἠσαΐου νομιστέον λέγεσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ πάσης θείας γραφῆς, ὁμολογουμένως παρὰ τοῖς κἂν μετρίως ἐπαΐειν λόγων θείων δυναμένοις πεπληρωμένης αἰνιγμάτων καὶ παραβολῶν σκοτεινῶν τε λόγων καὶ ἄλλων ποικίλων εἰδῶν ἀσαφείας, δυσλήπτων τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει. ὅπερ διδάξαι βουλόμενος καὶ ὁ σωτήρ φησιν, ὡς τῆς κλειδὸς οὔσης παρὰ τοῖς γραμματεῦσι καὶ Φαρισαίοις οὐκ ἀγωνιζομένοις τὴν ὁδὸν εὑρεῖν τοῦ ἀνοῖξαι, τό: Οὐαὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς νομικοῖς, ὅτι ἤρατε τὴν κλεῖδα τῆς γνώσεως: αὐτοὶ οὐκ εἰσήλθετε, καὶ τοὺς εἰσερχομένους οὐκ ἀφίετε εἰσελθεῖν.
[3] καὶ μεθ' ἕτερα: Μέλλοντες δὲ ἄρχεσθαι τῆς ἑρμηνείας τῶν ψαλμῶν, χαριεστάτην παράδοσιν ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἑβραίου ἡμῖν καθολικῶς περὶ πάσης θείας γραφῆς παραδεδομένην προτάξωμεν. ἔφασκε γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ἐοικέναι τὴν ὅλην θεόπνευστον γραφὴν, διὰ τὴν ἐν αὐτῇ ἀσάφειαν, πολλοῖς οἴκοις ἐν οἰκίᾳ μιᾷ κεκλεισμένοις: ἑκάστῳ δὲ οἴκῳ παρακεῖσθαι κλεῖν οὐ τὴν κατάλληλον αὐτῷ: καὶ οὕτω διεσκεδάσθαι τὰς κλεῖς περὶ τοὺς οἴκους, οὐχ ἁρμοζούσας καθ' ἑκάστην ἐκείνοις οἷς παράκεινται: ἔργον δὲ εἶναι μέγιστον εὑρίσκειν τε τὰς κλεῖς καὶ ἐφαρμόζειν αὐτὰς τοῖς οἴκοις, οὓς ἀνοῖξαι δύνανται: νοεῖσθαι τοίνυν καὶ τὰς γραφὰς οὔσας ἀσαφεῖς, οὐκ ἄλλοθεν τὰς ἀφορμὰς τοῦ νοεῖσθαι λαμβανούσας ἢ παρ' ἀλλήλων ἐχουσῶν ἐν αὐταῖς διεσπαρμένον τὸ ἐξηγητικόν. ἡγοῦμαι γοῦν καὶ τὸν ἀπόστολον τὴν τοιαύτην ἔφοδον τοῦ συνιέναι τοὺς θείους λόγους ὑποβάλλοντα λέγειν: Ἃ καὶ λαλοῦμεν οὐκ ἐν διδακτοῖς ἀνθρωπίνης σοφίας λόγοις, ἀλλ' ἐν διδακτοῖς πνεύματος, πνευματικοῖς πνευματικὰ συγκρίνοντες.
[4] καὶ μετὰ πολλὰ συγκρίνων τοὺς ἑνικῶς κειμένους μακαρισμοὺς πρὸς τοὺς πληθυντικῶς εἰρημένους, Φησίν: Εἰ δὲ Τὰ λόγια κυρίου λόγια ἁγνὰ, ἀργύριον πεπυρωμένον, δοκίμιον τῇ γῇ, κεκαθαρισμένον ἑπταπλασίως: καὶ μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας ἐξητασμένως τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα ὑποβέβληκεν αὐτὰ διὰ τῶν ὑπηρετῶν τοῦ λόγου, μήποτε καὶ ἡμᾶς διαφεύγῃ ἡ ἀναλογία, [καθ' ἣν] ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἔφθασε γραφὴν θεόπνευστον ἡ σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ μέχρι τοῦ τυχόντος γράμματος: καὶ τάχα καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ὁ σωτήρ φησι: Ἰῶτα ἓν ἢ μία κεραία οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου, ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται. ὃν τρόπον γὰρ ἐπὶ τῆς κοσμοποιΐας ἡ θεία τέχνη οὐ μόνον ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἡλίῳ καὶ σελήνῃ καὶ ἄστροις φαίνεται δι' ὅλων τῶν σωμάτων ἐκείνων πεφοιτηκυῖα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς ἐν ὕλῃ εὐτελεστέρᾳ τὸ αὐτὸ πεποίηκεν, ὡς μὴ ὑπερηφανεῖσθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ τεχνίτου μήτε τὰ σώματα τῶν ἐλαχίστων ζώων, πολλῷ δὲ πλέον καὶ τὰς ἐνυπαρχούσας ψυχὰς ἐν αὐτοῖς, ἑκάστης ἰδίωμά τι λαβούσης ἐν αὐτῇ, ὡς ἐν ἀλόγῳ σωτήριον: μήτε τὰ τῆς γῆς βλαστήματα, ἑκάστῳ ἐνυπάρχοντος τοῦ τεχνικοῦ περὶ τὰς ῥίζας καὶ τὰ φύλλα καὶ τοὺς ἐνδεχομένους καρποὺς καὶ τὰς διαφορὰς τῶν ποιοτήτων: οὕτως ἡμεῖς ὑπολαμβάνομεν περὶ πάντων τῶν ἐξ ἐπιπνοίας τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος ἀναγεγραμμένων, ὡς τῆς ἐπιδιδούσης τὴν ὑπεράνθρωπον σοφίαν ἱερᾶς προνοίας διὰ τῶν γραμμάτων τῷ γένει τῶν ἀνθρώπων, λόγια σωτήρια ἐνεσπαρκυίας, ὡς ἔστιν εἰπεῖν, ἑκάστῳ γράμματι κατὰ τὸ ἐνδεχόμενον ἴχνη τῆς σοφίας.
[5] Χρὴ μέντοι γε τὸν ἅπαξ παραδεξάμενον τοῦ κτίσαντος τὸν κόσμον εἶναι ταύτας τὰς γραφὰς πεπεῖσθαι, ὅτι ὅσα περὶ τῆς κτίσεως ἀπαντᾷ τοῖς ζητοῦσι τὸν περὶ αὐτῆς λόγον, ταῦτα καὶ περὶ τῶν γραφῶν. ἔστι δέ γε καὶ ἐν τῇ κτίσει τινὰ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει δυσεύρετα ἢ καὶ ἀνεύρετα: καὶ οὐ διὰ τοῦτο κατηγορητέον τοῦ ποιητοῦ τῶν ὅλων, φέρε εἰπεῖν, ἐπεὶ οὐχ εὑρίσκομεν αἰτίαν βασιλίσκων κτίσεως καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἰοβόλων θηρίων: ἐνθάδε γὰρ ὅσιον, τὸν αἰσθανόμενον τῆς ἀσθενείας τοῦ γένους ἡμῶν, καὶ ὅτι τέχνης θεοῦ λόγους μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας τεθεωρημένους ἐκλαβεῖν ἡμῖν ἀμήχανον, θεῷ ἀνατιθέναι τὴν τούτων γνῶσιν, ὕστερον ἡμῖν, ἐὰν ἄξιοι κριθῶμεν, φανερώσοντι ταῦτα περὶ ὧν νῦν εὐσεβῶς ἐπεστήσαμεν. οὕτω τοίνυν καὶ ἐν ταῖς θείαις γραφαῖς χρὴ ὁρᾷν, ὅτι πολλὰ ἀπόκειται ἐν αὐταῖς δυσαπόδοτα ἡμῖν. οἱ γοῦν ἐπαγγελλόμενοι μετὰ τὸ ἀποστῆναι τοῦ κτίσαντος τὸν κόσμον καὶ ᾧ ἀνέπλασαν ὡς θεῷ προστρέχειν λυέτωσαν τὰς προσαγομένας ὑφ' ἡμῶν αὐτοῖς ἀπορίας, ἢ τὸ ἑαυτῶν γε συνειδὸς πειθέτωσαν μετὰ τὸ τηλικοῦτον τόλμημα τῆς ἀσεβείας ἀναπεπαῦσθαι συμφώνως ταῖς παρ' αὐτοῖς ὑποθέσεσι περὶ τῶν ζητουμένων καὶ περὶ τῶν προσαγομένων αὐτοῖς ἀπορημάτων. εἰ γὰρ κἀκεῖ οὐδὲν ἧττον τὰ ἀπορήματα μένει, ἀποστάντων τῆς θεότητος: πόσῳ ὁσιώτερον ἦν μένοντας ἐπὶ τῆς ἐννοίας τῆς περὶ θεοῦ, ἀπὸ τῶν κτισμάτων τοῦ γενεσιουργοῦ θεωρουμένου, μηδὲν ἄθεον καὶ ἀνόσιον περὶ τοῦ τηλικούτου ἀποφαίνεσθαι θεοῦ;