Chapter III.

10. There are in all, then, these eight sentences. For now in what remains He speaks in the way of direct address to those who were present, saying: “Blessed shall ye be when men shall revile you and persecute you.” But the former sentences He addressed in a general way: for He did not say, Blessed are ye poor in spirit, for yours is the kingdom of heaven; but He says, “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven:” nor, Blessed are ye meek, for ye shall inherit the earth; but, “Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.” And so the others up to the eighth sentence, where He says: “Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.” After that He now begins to speak in the way of direct address to those present, although what has been said before referred also to His present audience; and that which follows, and which seems to be spoken specially to those present, refers also to those who were absent, or who would afterwards come into existence.

For this reason the number of sentences before us is to be carefully considered. For the beatitudes begin with humility: “Blessed are the poor in spirit,” i.e. those not puffed up, while the soul submits itself to divine authority, fearing lest after this life it go away to punishment, although perhaps in this life it might seem to itself to be happy. Then it (the soul) comes to the knowledge of the divine Scriptures, where it must show itself meek in its piety, lest it should venture to condemn that which seems absurd to the unlearned, and should itself be rendered unteachable by obstinate disputations. After that, it now begins to know in what entanglements of this world it is held by reason of carnal custom and sins: and so in this third stage, in which there is knowledge, the loss of the highest good is mourned over, because it sticks fast in what is lowest. Then, in the fourth stage there is labour, where vehement exertion is put forth, in order that the mind may wrench itself away from those things in which, by reason of their pestilential sweetness, it is entangled: here therefore righteousness is hungered and thirsted after, and fortitude is very necessary; because what is retained with delight is not abandoned without pain. Then, at the fifth stage, to those persevering in labour, counsel for getting rid of it is given; for unless each one is assisted by a superior, in no way is he fit in his own case to extricate himself from so great entanglements of miseries. But it is a just counsel, that he who wishes to be assisted by a stronger should assist him who is weaker in that in which he himself is stronger: therefore “blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.” At the sixth stage there is purity of heart, able from a good conscience of good works to contemplate that highest good, which can be discerned by the pure and tranquil intellect alone. Lastly is the seventh, wisdom itself—i.e. the contemplation of the truth, tranquillizing the whole man, and assuming the likeness of God, which is thus summed up: “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God.” The eighth, as it were, returns to the starting-point, because it shows and commends what is complete and perfect:28    “In the eighth beatitude the other seven are only summed up under the idea of the righteousness of the kingdom in its relation to those who persecute it; while the ninth is a description of the eighth, with reference to the relation in which these righteous persons stand to Christ” (Lange).    Glorificantur; Vulgate honorificentur. The sounding of trumpet is referred by some to an alleged custom of the parties themselves calling the poor together by a trumpet, or even to the noise of the coins on the trumpet-shaped chests in the temple. Better, it is figurative of “self-laudation and display” (Meyer, Alford, Lange, etc.). therefore in the first and in the eighth the kingdom of heaven is named, “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven;” and, “Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven:” as it is now said, “Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword?”29    Rom. viii. 35.    Acts iii., iv. Seven in number, therefore, are the things which bring perfection: for the eighth brings into light and shows what is perfect, so that starting, as it were, from the beginning again, the others also are perfected by means of these stages.

CAPUT III.---10. Sunt autem omnes istae octo sententiae. Jam enim caetera compellans loquitur ad illos qui aderant, dicens: Beati eritis, cum vobis maledicent, et persequentur vos. Superiores autem sententias generaliter dirigebat: non enim dixit, Beati pauperes spiritu, quoniam vestrum est regnum coelorum; sed, quoniam ipsorum est, inquit, regnum coelorum: neque, Beati mites, quoniam vos possidebitis terram; sed, quoniam ipsi possidebunt terram. Et ita caeteras usque ad octavam sententiam, ubi ait: Beati qui persecutionem patiuntur propter justitiam; quoniam ipsorum est regnum coelorum. Inde jam incipit loqui praesentes compellans, cum et illa quae supra dicta sunt, ad eos etiam pertinerent, qui praesentes audiebant; et haec postea quae videntur praesentibus specialiter dici, pertineant etiam ad illos qui absentes vel post futuri erant. Quapropter iste sententiarum numerus diligenter considerandus est. Incipit enim beatitudo ab humilitate: Beati pauperes spiritu, id est, non inflati, dum se divinae auctoritati subdit anima, timens post hanc vitam ne pergat ad poenas, etiamsi forte in hac vita sibi beata esse videatur. Inde venit ad divinarum Scripturarum cognitionem, ubi oportet eam se mitem praebere pietate, ne id quod imperitis videtur absurdum vituperare audeat, et pervicacibus concertationibus efficiatur indocilis. Inde jam incipit scire quibus nodis saeculi hujus per carnalem consuetudinem ac peccata teneatur: itaque in hoc tertio gradu, in quo scientia est, lugetur amissio summi boni, quia inhaeretur extremis. In quarto autem 1234 gradu labor est, ubi vehementer incumbitur ut sese animus avellat ab eis quibus pestifera dulcedine innexus est: hic ergo esuritur et sititur justitia, et multum necessaria est fortitudo; quia non relinquitur sine dolore quod cum delectatione retinetur. Quinto autem gradu perseverantibus in labore datur evadendi consilium; quia nisi quisque adjuvetur a superiore, nullo modo sibi est idoneus ut sese tantis miseriarum implicamentis expediat: est autem justum consilium, ut qui se a potentiore adjuvari vult, adjuvet infirmiorem in quo est ipse potentior: itaque Beati misericordes; quia ipsorum miserebitur. Sexto gradu est cordis munditia, de bona conscientia bonorum operum valens ad contemplandum summum illud bonum, quod solo puro et sereno intellectu cerni potest. Postremo est septima ipsa sapientia, id est contemplatio veritatis, pacificans totum hominem, et suscipiens similitudinem Dei, quae ita concluditur: Beati pacifici; quoniam ipsi filii Dei vocabuntur. Octava tanquam ad caput redit; quia consummatum perfectumque ostendit et probat: itaque in prima et in octava nominatum est regnum coelorum, Beati pauperes spiritu; quoniam ipsorum est regnum coelorum; et, Beati qui persecutionem patiuntur propter justitiam; quoniam ipsorum est regnum coelorum: cum jam dicitur, Quis nos separabit a charitate Christi? tribulatio? an angustia? an persecutio? an fames? an nuditas? an periculum? an gladius (Rom. VIII, 35)? Septem sunt ergo quae perficiunt: nam octava clarificat, et quod perfectum est demonstrat, ut per hos gradus perficiantur et caeteri, tanquam a capite rursum exordiens.