Chapter IV.

Verse 1–3

“But I say, that so long as the heir is a child, he differeth nothing from a bond-servant, though he is lord of all; but is under guardians and stewards, until the term appointed of the father. So we also when we were children, were held in bondage under the rudiments of the world.”

The word “child” in this place denotes not age but understanding;94    [“This reference of νήπιος to mental immaturity is quite in opposition to the context.”—Meyer. “The heir in his nonage represents the Jewish people and the state of the world before Christ.”—Schaff. So Meyer: “The κληρονόμος νήπιος represents the Christians as a body regarded in their earlier pre-Christian condition.”—G.A.] meaning that God had from the beginning designed for us these gifts, but, as we yet continued childish, He let us be under the elements of the world, that is, new moons and sabbaths, for these days are regulated by the course of sun and moon.95    [This interpretation is rejected by Schaff, Meyer, Ellicott, Lightfoot et al. Schaff says: “‘Elements’ here represents the religion before Christ as an elementary religion full of external rites and ceremonies. * * Comp. v. 10, for a specimen.”—G.A.] If then also now they bring you under law they do nothing else but lead you backward now in the time of your perfect age and maturity. And see what is the consequence of observing days; the Lord, the Master of the house, the Sovereign Ruler, is thereby reduced to the rank of a servant.

Ver. 4, 5. “But when the fulness of the time came God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, under the Law that he might redeem them which were under the Law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.”

Here he states two objects and effects of the Incarnation, deliverance from evil and supply of good, things which none could compass but Christ. They are these; deliverance from the curse of the Law, and promotion to sonship. Fitly does he say, that we might “receive,” “[be paid,]” implying that it was due;96    [“The proposition here (ἀπό) simply means to receive from or at the hands of anyone.”—Meyer.—But Lightfoot holds that ἁπο λάβωμεν cannot be the same as λάβωμεν, the simple verb.—G.A.] for the promise was of old time made for these objects to Abraham, as the Apostle has himself shown at great length. And how does it appear that we have become sons? he has told us one mode, in that we have put on Christ who is the Son; and now he mentions another, in that we have received the Spirit of adoption.

Ver. 6, 7. “And because ye are sons, God sent forth the Spirit of His Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father. So that thou art no longer a bond-servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir through God.”

Had not we been first made sons, we could not have called Him Father. If then grace hath made us freemen instead of slaves, men instead of children, heirs and sons instead of aliens, is it not utter absurdity and stupidity to desert this grace, and to turn away backwards?

Ver. 8, 9. “Howbeit at that time not knowing God, ye were bondage to them which by nature are no gods.97    [“It is clear from the context that here the apostle is not speaking of the Jewish race alone but of the heathen world also before Christ. He distinctly refers to their previous idolatrous worship (v. 8.) and describes their adoption of Jewish ritualism as a ‘return’ to the weak and beggarly discipline of childhood. * * * Heathenism had been in respect to the ‘ritualistic’ element, which is the meeting-point of Judaism and heathenism, a disciplinary training like Judaism. They were made up of precepts and ordinances, as opposed to ‘grace’ and ‘promise,’ and in an imperfect way they might do the same work. They might by multiplying transgression and begetting a conviction of it prepare the way for liberty in Christ.”—Lightfoot.—G.A.] But now, that ye have come to know God, or rather to be known of God, how turn ye back again to the weak and beggarly rudiments whereunto ye desire to be in bondage over again.”

Here turning to the Gentile believers he says that it is an idolatry, this rigid observance of days, and now incurs a severe punishment. To enforce this, and inspire them with a deeper anxiety, he calls the elements “not by nature Gods.” And his meaning is,—Then indeed, as being benighted and bewildered, ye lay grovelling upon the earth, but now that ye have known God or rather are known of Him, how great and bitter will be the chastisement ye draw upon you, if, after such a treatment, ye relapse into the same disease. It was not by your own pains that ye found out God, but while ye continued in error, He drew you to Himself. He says “weak and beggarly rudiments,” in that they avail nothing towards the good things held out to us.

Ver. 10. “Ye observe days, and months, and seasons, and years.”

Hence is plain that their teachers were preaching to them not only circumcision, but also the feast-days and new-moons.

Ver. 11. “I am afraid of you, lest by any means I have bestowed labor upon you in vain.”

Observe the tender compassion of the Apostle; they were shaken and he trembles and fears. And hence he has put it so as thoroughly to shame them, “I have bestowed labor upon you,” saying, as it were, make not vain the labors which have cost me sweat and pain. By saying “I fear,” and subjoining the word “lest,” he both inspires alarm, and encourages good hope. He says not “I have labored in vain,” but “lest,” which is as much as to say, the wreck has not happened, but I see the storm big with it; so I am in fear, yet not in despair; ye have the power to set all right, and to return into your former calm. Then, as it were stretching out a hand to them thus tempest-tost,98    [“Paul in the following paragraph (ver. 12–20.) interrupts his argument for a moment by an affectionate appeal to the feelings of the Galatians.”—Schaff.—G.A.] he brings himself into the midst, saying,

Ver. 12. “I beseech you, brethren, be as I am; for I am as you are.”

This is addressed to his Jewish disciples, and he brings his own example forward, to induce them thereby to abandon their old customs. Though you had none other for a pattern, he says, to look at me only would have sufficed for such a change, and for your taking courage. Therefore gaze on me; I too was99    [“᾽Εγενόμην must be supplied in the second clause and not ἢμηνas Chrysostom would understand: Become as I, free from Judaism, for I also have become as you. For when I abandoned Judaism I became as a Gentile and put myself on the same footing with you.”—Meyer.—G.A.] once in your state of mind, especially so; I had a burning zeal for the Law; yet afterwards I feared not to abandon the Law, to withdraw from that rule of life. And this ye know full well how obstinately I clung hold of Judaism, and how with yet greater force I let it go. He does well to place this last in order: for most men, though they are given a thousand reasons, and those just ones, are more readily influenced by that which is like their own case, and more firmly hold to that which they see done by others.

Ver. 12. “Ye did me no wrong.”

Observe how he again addresses them by a title of honor, which was a reminder moreover of the doctrine of grace. Having chid them seriously, and brought things together from all quarters, and shown their violations of the Law, and hit them on many sides, he gives in and conciliates them speaking more tenderly. For as to do nothing but conciliate causes negligence, so to be constantly talked at with sharpness sours a man; so that it is proper to observe due proportion everywhere. See then how he excuses to them what he has said, and shows that it proceeded not simply because he did not like them, but from anxiety. After giving them a deep cut, he pours in this encouragement like oil; and, showing that his words were not words of hate or enmity, he reminds them of the love which they had evinced toward him, mixing his self-vindication with praises. Therefore he says, “ye did me no wrong.”

Ver. 13, 14. “But ye know that because of an infirmity of the flesh I preached the Gospel unto you the first time. And that which was a temptation in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected.”

Not to have injured one is indeed no great thing, for no man whatever would choose to hurt wantonly and without object to annoy another who had never injured him. But for you, not only have ye not injured me, but ye have shown me great and inexpressible kindness, and it is impossible that one who has been treated with such attention should speak thus from any malevolent motive. My language then cannot be caused by ill-will; it follows, that it proceeds from affection and solicitude.100    [“‘Ye did me no wrong’ probably means: I have no personal ground of complaint.”—Schaff and Lightfoot.—G.A.] “Ye did me no wrong; ye know that because of an infirmity of the flesh I preached the Gospel unto you.” What can be gentler than this holy soul, what sweeter, or more affectionate! And the words he had already used, arose not from an unreasoning anger, nor from a passionate emotion, but from much solicitude. And why do I say, ye have not injured me? Rather have ye evinced a great and sincere regard for me. For “ye know,” he says, “that because of an infirmity of the flesh I preached the Gospel unto you; and that which was a temptation to you in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected.” What does he mean? While I preached to you, I was driven about, I was scourged, I suffered a thousand deaths, yet ye thought no scorn of me; for this is meant by “that which was a temptation to you in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected.”101    [“‘On account of some weakness of the flesh,’ means he was compelled by reason of bodily weakness to make a stay there which did not form part of his plan, and during that forced sojourn he preached there.”—Meyer.—G.A.]   “He was detained there by some bodily infirmity or sickness and was thus induced to preach the Gospel.”—Schaff.—G.A.] Observe his spiritual skill; in the midst of his self-vindication, he again appeals to their feelings by showing what he had suffered for their sakes. This however, says he, did not at all offend you, nor did ye reject me on account of my sufferings and persecutions; or, as he now calls them, his infirmity and temptation.

Ver. 14. “But ye received me as an Angel of God.”

Was it not then absurd in them to receive him as an Angel of God, when he was persecuted and driven about, and then not to receive him when pressing on them what was fitting?

Ver. 15, 16. “Where then is that gratulation of yourselves? for I bear you witness, that, if possible, ye would have plucked out your eyes, and given them to me. So then am I become your enemy, because I tell you the truth?”

Here he shows perplexity and amazement, and desires to learn of themselves the reason of their change. Who, says he, hath deceived you, and caused a difference in your disposition towards me? Are ye not the same who attended and ministered to me, counting me more precious than your own eyes? what then has happened? whence this dislike? whence this suspicion? Is it because I have told you the truth? You ought on this very account to pay me increased honor and attention; instead of which “I am become your enemy, because I tell you the truth,”—for I can find no other reason but this. Observe too what humbleness of mind appears in his defence of himself; he proves not by his conduct to them, but by theirs to him that his language could not possibly have proceeded from unkind feeling. For he says not; How is it supposable that one, who has been scourged and driven about, and ill-treated a thousand things for your sakes, should now have schemes against you? But he argues from what they had reason to boast of, saying, How can one who has been honored by you, and received as an Angel, repay you by conduct the very opposite?

Ver. 17. “They zealously seek you in no good way; nay, they desire to shut you out that ye may seek them.”

It is a wholesome emulation102    [This word does not here mean “they vie with you,” as Chrysostom interprets it, but “they zealously seek you or pay court to you,” (1 Cor. xii. 31.).—G.A.] which leads to an imitation of virtue, but an evil one, which seduces from virtue him who is in the right path. And this is the object of those persons, who would deprive you of perfect knowledge,103    [“They desire to shut you out” (not from a state of true knowledge, as Chrysostom interprets) but “from other teachers,” anti-judaizing teachers, (according to Meyer) or from me (Paul) and so virtually from Christ Himself (according to Schaff) or from Christ (Lightfoot).—G.A.] and impart to you that which is mutilated and spurious, and this for no other purpose than that they may occupy the rank of teachers, and degrade you, who now stand higher than themselves, to the position of disciples. For this is the meaning of the words “that ye may seek them.” But I, says he, desire the reverse, that ye may become a model for them, and a pattern of a higher perfection: a thing which actually happened when I was present with you. Wherefore he adds,

Ver. 18. “But it is good to be zealously sought in a good matter at all times, and not only when I am present with you.”

Here he hints that his absence had been the cause of this, and that the true blessing was for disciples to hold right opinions not only in the presence but also in the absence of their master. But as they had not arrived at this point of perfection, he makes every effort to place them there.

Ver. 19. “My little children,104    [“A mode of address common in St. John but nowhere else found in St. Paul.”—Lightfoot. “It expresses Paul’s tenderness and their feebleness.”—Schaff.—G.A.] of whom I am again in travail until Christ be formed in you.”

Observe his perplexity and perturbation, “Brethren, I beseech you:” “My little children, of whom I am again in travail:” He resembles a mother trembling for her children. “Until Christ be formed in you.” Behold his paternal tenderness, behold this despondency worthy of an Apostle. Observe what a wail he utters, far more piercing than of a woman in travail;—Ye have defaced the likeness, ye have destroyed the kinship, ye have changed the form, ye need another regeneration and refashioning;105    [“I travailed with you once in bringing you to Christ. By your relapse you have renewed a mother’s pangs in me.”—Lightfoot.   “‘Until Christ be formed in you,’ is not an inversion of the metaphor he has begun with, but means, ‘till you have taken the form of Christ as the embryo develops into the child.’”— Lightfoot.—G.A.] nevertheless I call you children, abortions and monsters though ye be. However, he does not express himself in this way, but spares them, unwilling to strike, and to inflict wound upon wound. Wise physicians do not cure those who have fallen into a long sickness all at once, but little by little, lest they should faint and die. And so is it with this blessed man; for these pangs were more severe in proportion as the force of his affection was stronger. And the offense was of no trivial kind. And as I have ever said and ever will say, even a slight fault mars the appearance and distorts the figure of the whole.

Ver. 20. “Yea, I could wish to be present with you now, and to change my voice.”

Observe his warmth, his inability to refrain himself, and to conceal these his feelings; such is the nature of love; nor is he satisfied with words, but desires to be present with them, and so, as he says, to change his voice, that is, to change to lamentation, to shed tears, to turn every thing into mourning. For he could not by letter show his tears or cries of grief, and therefore he ardently desires to be present with them.

Ver. 20. “For I am perplexed about you.” I know not, says he, what to say, or what to think. How is it, that ye who by dangers, which ye endured for the faith’s sake, and by miracles, which ye performed through faith, had ascended to the highest heaven, should suddenly be brought to such a depth of degradation as to be drawn aside to circumcision or sabbaths, and should rely wholly upon Judaizers? Hence in the beginning he says, “I marvel that ye are so quickly removing,” and here, “I am perplexed about you,” as if he said, What am I to speak? What am I to utter? What am I to think? I am bitterly perplexed. And so he must needs weep, as the prophets do when in perplexity; for not only admonition but mourning also is a form in which solicitous attention is often manifested. And what he said in his speech to those at Miletus, “By the space of three years I ceased not to warn every one…with tears,” he says here also, “and to change my voice.” (Acts xx. 31.) When we find ourselves overcome by perplexity and helplessness which come contrary to expectation, we are driven to tears; and so Paul admonished them sharply, and endeavored to shame them, then in turn soothed them, and lastly he wept. And this weeping is not only a reproof but a blandishment; it does not exasperate like reproof, nor relax like indulgent treatment, but is a mixed remedy, and of great efficacy in the way of exhortation. Having thus softened and powerfully engaged their hearts by his tears, he again advances to the contest,106    [The digression which contains his “affectionate appeal” (see note above) ends with verse 20, after which he resumes—G.A.] and lays down a larger proposition, proving that the Law itself was opposed to its being kept. Before, he produced the example of Abraham, but now (what is more cogent) he brings forward the Law itself enjoining them not to keep itself, but to leave off. So that, says he, you must abandon the Law, if you would obey it, for this is its own wish: this however he does not say expressly, but enforces it in another mode, mixing up with it an account of facts.

Ver. 21. “Tell me,” he says, “ye that desire to be under the Law, do ye not hear the Law?”107    [“The Apostle resumes his argument for the superiority of the Gospel over the Law and illustrates the difference of the two by an allegorical interpretation of the history of Hagar and Sarah.”—Schaff.—G.A.]

He says rightly, “ye that desire,” for the matter was not one of a proper and orderly succession of things but of their own unseasonable contentiousness. It is the Book of Creation which he here calls the Law, which name he often gives to the whole Old Testament.

Ver. 22. “For it is written, (Gen. xv. 16.) that Abraham had two sons, one by the hand-maid and the other by the freewoman.”

He returns again to Abraham, not in the way of repetition, but, inasmuch as the Patriarch’s fame was great among the Jews, to show that the types had their origin from thence, and that present events were pictured aforetime in him. Having previously shown that the Galatians were sons of Abraham, now, in that the Patriarch’s sons were not of equal dignity, one being by a bondwoman, the other by a free-woman, he shows that they were not only his sons, but sons in the same sense as he that was freeborn and noble. Such is the power of Faith.

Ver. 23. “Howbeit the son by the handmaid is born after the flesh; but the son by the freewoman is born through promise.”

What is the meaning of “after the flesh?” Having said that Faith united us to Abraham, and it having seemed incredible to his hearers, that those who were not begotten by Abraham should be called his sons, he proves that this paradox had actually happened long ago; for that Isaac, born not according to the order of nature, nor the law of marriage, nor the power of the flesh, was yet truly his own son. He was the issue of bodies that were dead, and of a womb that was dead; his conception was not by the flesh, nor his birth by the seed, for the womb was dead both through age and barrenness, but the Word of God fashioned Him. Not so in the case of the bondman; He came by virtue of the laws of nature, and after the manner of marriage. Nevertheless, he that was not according to the flesh was more honorable than he that was born after the flesh. Therefore let it not disturb you that ye are not born after the flesh; for from the very reason that ye are not so born, are ye most of all Abraham’s kindred. The being born after the flesh renders one not more honorable, but less so, for a birth not after the flesh is more marvellous and more spiritual. And this is plain from the case of those who were born of old time; Ishmael, for instance, who was born according to the flesh, was not only a bondman, but was cast out of his father’s house; but Isaac, who was born according to the promise, being a true son and free, was lord of all.

Ver. 24. “Which things contain an allegory.”108    [“The story of Hagar and Sarah has another (namely a figurative, typical) meaning besides (not instead of) the literal or historical. Paul does not deny the fact but makes it the bearer of a general idea which was more fully expressed in two covenants. He uses allegorical here in a sense similar to the word “typical” in 1 Cor. x. 11.”—Schaff.—G.A.]   [See on this difficult passage Schaff’s Excursus in Com. and Lightfoot’s Excursus xiii. Com. p. 368.—G.A.]

Contrary to usage, he calls a type an allegory; his meaning is as follows; this history not only declares that which appears on the face of it, but announces somewhat farther, whence it is called an allegory. And what hath it announced? no less than all the things now present.

Ver. 24. “For these women,” he says, “are two covenants; one from mount Sinai, bearing children unto bondage, which is Hagar.”

“These:” who? the mothers of those children, Sarah and Hagar; and what are they? Two covenants, two laws. As the names of the women were given in the history, he abides by this designation of the two races, showing how much follows from the very names. How from the names?

Ver. 25. “Now this Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia:”

The bond-woman was called Hagar, and “Hagar” is the word for Mount Sinai in the language of that country.109    [So Meyer: “In Arabia the name Hagar (τὸ ῞Αγαρ) signifies Mt. Sinai.” But Schaff says: “It cannot be satisfactorily proven that the name Hagar was an Arabic designation for Mt. Sinai, as the testimonies of Chrysostom and the traveler Harant are isolated and unconfirmed. The shorter reading, ‘For Sinai is a mountain in Arabia’ (το γὰρ Σινᾶ ὄρος ἐστίν ἐν τῇ ᾽Αραβί& 139·) given by the Sinaitic and other mss. and preferred by Lachmann, Tischendorf and Lightfoot (Excursus p. 361 of Com.) is quite intelligible and easily gives rise to the longer reading.”—G.A.] So that it is necessary that all who are born of the Old Covenant should be bondmen, for that mountain where the Old Covenant was delivered hath a name in common with the bondwoman. And it includes Jerusalem, for this is the meaning of,

Ver. 25. “And answereth to Jerusalem that now is.”

That is, it borders on, and is contiguous to it.110    [“This interpretation of Chrysostom is hardly the right one. The subject of συνστοιχεῖ is Hagar and not Mt. Sinai—a view which runs counter to the context. It means that Hagar belongs to the same category with the present Jerusalem, is like it in that she was a bondwoman as Jerusalem with its children is also in bondage.” Meyer.—G.A.]

Ver. 25. “For she is in bondage with her children.”

What follows from hence? Not only that she was in bondage and brought forth bondmen, but that this Covenant is so too, whereof the bondwoman was a type. For Jerusalem is adjacent to the mountain of the same name with the bondwoman, and in this mountain the Covenant was delivered. Now where is the type of Sarah?

Ver. 26. “But Jerusalem that is above is free.”

Those therefore, who are born of her are not bondmen. Thus the type of the Jerusalem below was Hagar, as is plain from the mountain being so called; but of that which is above is the Church. Nevertheless he is not content with these types, but adds the testimony of Isaiah to what he has spoken. Having said that Jerusalem which is above “is our Mother,” and having given that name to the Church, he cites the suffrage of the Prophet in his favor,

Ver. 27. “Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not, break forth and cry, thou that travailest not, for more are the children of the desolate than of her which hath the husband.” (Isa. liv. 1.)

Who is this who before was “barren,” and “desolate?” Clearly it is the Church of the Gentiles,111    [“Against this view of Chrysostom it may be urged that ἣτις ἐστὶ μήτηρ ἡμῶν (which is our mother) is proved by (γὰρ). The passage of the O.T. quoted in v. 27 and the ἡμῶν includes ‘all’ Christians.”—Meyer. (See his long and good note in loc.)—G.A.] that was before deprived of the knowledge of God? Who, “she which hath the husband?” plainly the Synagogue. Yet the barren woman surpassed her in the number of her children, for the other embraces one nation, but the children of the Church have filled the country of the Greeks and of the Barbarians, the earth and sea, the whole habitable world. Observe how Sarah by acts, and the Prophet by words, have described the events about to befal us. Observe too, that he whom Isaiah called barren, Paul hath proved to have many children, which also happened typically in the case of Sarah. For she too, although barren, became the mother of a numerous progeny. This however does not suffice Paul, but he carefully follows out the mode whereby the barren woman became a mother, that in this particular likewise the type might harmonize with the truth. Wherefore he adds

Ver. 28. “Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are children of promise.”

It is not merely that the Church was barren like Sarah, or became a mother of many children like her, but she bore them in the way Sarah did. As it was not nature but the promise of God which rendered Sarah a mother, [for the word of God which said, “At the time appointed I will return unto thee, and Sarah shall have a son,” (Gen. xviii. 14.) this entered into the womb and formed the babe,] so also in our regeneration it is not nature, but the Words of God spoken by the Priest,112    [“Chrysostom assumes the prevailing conception of a real priesthood and sacrifice, baptismal regeneration, etc.”—Schaff, Prolegomena, p. 8.—G.A.] (the faithful know them,) which in the Bath of water as in a sort of womb, form and regenerate him who is baptized.

Wherefore if we are sons of the barren woman, then are we free. But what kind of freedom, it might be objected, is this, when the Jews seize and scourge the believers, and those who have this pretence of liberty are persecuted? for these things then occurred, in the persecution of the faithful. Neither let this disturb you, he replies, this also is anticipated in the type, for Isaac, who was free, was persecuted by Ishmael the bondman. Wherefore he adds,

Ver. 29, 30. “But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now. Howbeit what saith the Scripture? (Gen. xxi. 10.) Cast out the handmaid and her son: for the son of the handmaid shall not inherit with the son of the freewoman.”

What! does all this consolation consist in showing that freemen are persecuted by bond-men? By no means, he says, I do not stop here, listen to what follows, and then, if you be not pusillanimous under persecution, you will be sufficiently comforted. And what is it that follows? “Cast out the son of the handmaid, for he shall not inherit with the son of the freewoman.” Behold the reward of tyranny for a season, and of reckleness out of season! the son is cast out of his father’s house, and becomes, together with his mother, an exile and a wanderer. And consider too the wisdom of the remark; for he says not that he was cast forth merely because he persecuted, but that he should not be heir. For this punishment was not exacted from him on account of his temporary persecution, (for that would have been of little moment, and nothing to the point,) but he was not suffered to participate in the inheritance provided for the son. And this proves that, putting the persecution aside, this very thing had been typified from the beginning, and did not originate in the persecution, but in the purpose of God. Nor does he say, “the son of Abraham shall not be heir,” but, “the son of the handmaid,” distinguishing him by his inferior descent. Now Sarah was barren, and so is the Gentile Church;113    [See note above on this interpretation.—G.A.] observe how the type is preserved in every particular, as the former, through all the by-gone years, conceived not, and in extreme old age became a mother, so the latter, when the fulness of time is come, brings forth. And this the prophets have proclaimed, saying, “Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth and cry, thou that travailest not; for more are the children of the desolate than of her which hath the husband.” And hereby they intend the Church; for she knew not God, but as soon as she knew Him, she surpassed the fruitful synagogue.114    [“Before the emergence of the Christian people of God, the heavenly Jerusalem was still unpeopled, childless, στεῖρα, ‘barren,’ οὐ τίκτουσα ‘not bearing,’ and so like Sarah before she became the mother of Isaac. But with the emergence of the Christian people of God this heavenly Jerusalem has become a fruitful mother richer in children than the Jerusalem that now is.”—Meyer.—G.A.]

Ver. 31. “Wherefore, brethren, we are not children of a handmaid but of the freewoman.”

He turns and discusses this on all sides, desiring to prove that what had taken place was no novelty, but had been before typified many ages ago. How then can it be otherwise than absurd for those who had been set apart so long and who had obtained freedom, willingly to subject themselves to the yoke of bondage?

Next he states another inducement to them to abide in his doctrine.

ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟΝ Δʹ. Λέγω δὲ, ἐφ' ὅσον χρόνον ὁ κληρονόμος νήπιός ἐστιν, οὐδὲν διαφέρει δούλου, κύριος πάντων ὤν: ἀλλ' ὑπὸ ἐπιτρόπους καὶ οἰκονόμους ἐστὶν ἄχρι τῆς προθεσμίας τοῦ πατρός. Οὕτω καὶ ἡμεῖς, ὅταν ἦμεν νήπιοι, ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου ἦμεν δεδουλωμένοι. αʹ. Νήπιον ἐνταῦθα οὐ τὴν ἡλικίαν φησὶν, ἀλλὰ τὴν γνώμην, δεικνὺς ὅτι ὁ μὲν Θεὸς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐβούλετο ταῦτα χαρίσασθαι: ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἔτι νηπιωδέστερον διεκείμεθα, ἀφῆκεν ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου εἶναι, τουτέστι, νουμηνίας καὶ σάββατα: αὗται γὰρ ἡμῖν αἱ ἡμέραι ἀπὸ δρόμου σελήνης καὶ ἡλίου γίνονται. Εἰ τοίνυν καὶ νῦν ὑμᾶς ὑπὸ νόμον ἄγουσιν, οὐδὲν ἕτερον ποιοῦσιν, ἀλλ' ἢ καὶ ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ, τῆς τελείας ἡλικίας εἰς τοὐπίσω πάλιν ὑμᾶς ἀπάγουσιν. Ὁρᾷς ὅσον ἐστὶ παρατήρησις ἡμερῶν; τὸν κύριον, τὸν οἰκοδεσπότην, τὸν πάντων κρατοῦντα ἐν ὑπηρέτου καθίστησι τάξει. Ὅτε δὲ ἦλθε τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου, ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν Υἱὸν αὑτοῦ γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικὸς, γενόμενον ὑπὸ νόμον, ἵνα τοὺς ὑπὸ νόμον ἐξαγοράσῃ, ἵνα τὴν υἱοθεσίαν ἀπολάβωμεν. Δύο τίθησιν ἐνταῦθα αἰτίας καὶ κατορθώματα τῆς σαρκώσεως, καὶ κακῶν ἀπαλλαγὴν, καὶ ἀγαθῶν χορηγίαν, ἅπερ οὐδενὶ δυνατὸν ἦν, ἢ αὐτῷ κατορθῶσαι μόνῳ. Τίνα δὲ ταῦτα ἦν; Ἀπαλλαγῆναι τῆς ἀρᾶς τοῦ νόμου, καὶ εἰς υἱοθεσίαν ἀχθῆναι. Ἵνα γὰρ τοὺς ὑπὸ νόμον ἐξαγοράσῃ, φησὶ, καὶ ἵνα τὴν υἱοθεσίαν ἀπολάβωμεν. Καλῶς εἶπεν, Ἀπολάβωμεν, δεικνὺς ὀφειλομένην. Ἄνωθεν γὰρ ἐπηγγείλατο, καθὼς διὰ πολλῶν καὶ αὐτὸς ἔδειξε πρὸς τὸν Ἀβραὰμ ὑπὲρ τούτων ἐπαγγελίας γενομένας. Καὶ πόθεν δῆλον, ὅτι γεγόναμεν υἱοὶ, φησίν; Εἶπε τρόπον ἕνα, ὅτι τὸν Χριστὸν ἐνεδυσάμεθα τὸν ὄντα Υἱόν: λέγει καὶ δεύτερον, ὅτι τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς υἱοθεσίας ἐλάβομεν. Ὅτι δέ ἐστε υἱοὶ, ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ Υἱοῦ αὑτοῦ εἰς τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν, κράζον: Ἀββᾶ ὁ Πατήρ. Ὥστε οὐκέτι εἶ δοῦλος, ἀλλὰ υἱός: εἰ δὲ υἱὸς, καὶ κληρονόμος Θεοῦ διὰ Χριστοῦ. Οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἠδυνήθημεν καλέσαι Πατέρα, εἰ μὴ πρότερον υἱοὶ κατέστημεν. Εἰ τοίνυν ἀντὶ δούλων ἐλευθέρους, ἀντὶ νηπίων τελείους, ἀντὶ ἀλλοτρίων κληρονόμους ἐποίησε καὶ υἱοὺς ἡ χάρις, πῶς οὐκ ἄτοπον καὶ ἐσχάτης ἀγνωμοσύνης ἀφιέναι μὲν ταύτην, ὑποστρέψαι δὲ εἰς τοὐπίσω; Ἀλλὰ τότε μὲν οὐκ εἰδότες Θεὸν, ἐδουλεύσατε τοῖς μὴ φύσει οὖσι θεοῖς: νῦν δὲ γνόντες Θεὸν, μᾶλλον δὲ γνωσθέντες ὑπὸ Θεοῦ, πῶς ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα, οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε; Ἐνταῦθα πρὸς τοὺς ἐξ ἐθνῶν πιστεύσαντας ἀποτεινόμενός φησιν, ὅτι καὶ εἰδωλολατρεία τὸ τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, ἡ τῆς τῶν ἡμερῶν παρατηρήσεως φυλακὴ, καὶ ὅτι μείζονα φέρει τὴν κόλασιν νῦν. Διὸ καὶ θεοὺς οὐ φύσει τὰ στοιχεῖα ἐκάλεσε, ταῦτα αὐτὰ κατασκευάσαι βουλόμενος, καὶ εἰς μείζονα ἀγωνίαν αὐτοὺς ἐμβαλεῖν. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, ὅτι Τότε μὲν ἐσκοτισμένοι καὶ ἐν τῇ πλάνῃ διάγοντες χαμαὶ ἐσύρεσθε: νῦν δὲ, ὅτε ἔγνωτε τὸν Θεὸν, μᾶλλον δὲ ἐγνώσθητε παρ' αὐτοῦ, πῶς οὐ μείζονα καὶ χαλεπωτέραν ἐπισπάσεσθε κόλασιν, μετὰ τοσαύτην ἐπιμέλειαν τὰ αὐτὰ νοσοῦντες πάλιν; Οὐδὲ γὰρ ὑμεῖς κάμνοντες εὕρετε τὸν Θεὸν, ἀλλ' ὑμεῖς μὲν ἐν τῇ πλάνῃ διετρίβετε, αὐτὸς δὲ ὑμᾶς ἐπεσπάσατο. Ἀσθενῆ δὲ στοιχεῖα καλεῖ καὶ πτωχὰ, τῷ μηδεμίαν δύναμιν ἔχειν εἰς τὰ προκείμενα ἀγαθά. Ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε καὶ μῆνας καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἐνιαυτούς. Ἐκ τούτων δῆλον, ὅτι οὐ μόνον περιτομὴν αὐτοῖς ἐκήρυττον ἐκεῖνοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἑορτὰς καὶ τὰς νουμηνίας. Φοβοῦμαι ὑμᾶς, μή πως εἰκῆ κεκοπίακα εἰς ὑμᾶς. Εἶδες σπλάγχνα ἀποστολικά; ἐκεῖνοι ἐσαλεύοντο, καὶ οὗτος τρέμει καὶ δέδοικε. Διὸ καὶ σφόδρα ἐντρεπτικῶς αὐτὸ τέθεικεν εἰπών: Κεκοπίακα εἰς ὑμᾶς: ὡς ἂν εἰ ἔλεγε: Μὴ κενώσητέ μου τοὺς τοιούτους ἱδρῶτας. Εἰπὼν δὲ, Φοβοῦμαι, καὶ τὸ, Μή πως, προσθεὶς, καὶ εἰς ἀγῶνα αὐτοὺς ἐνέβαλε, καὶ εἰς ἐλπίδας ἤγαγε χρηστάς. Οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν, Εἰκῆ ἐκοπίασα, ἀλλὰ, Μή πως. Οὐδέπω, φησὶ, τοῦτο ἐξέβη τὸ ναυάγιον, ἀλλ' ἔτι τὸν χειμῶνα τοῦτο ὠδίνοντα βλέπω. Διὰ τοῦτο δέδοικα, οὐ μὴν ἀπέγνωκα: κύριοι γὰρ ὑμεῖς τὸ πᾶν διορθῶσαι, καὶ εἰς τὴν προτέραν ἐπανελθεῖν γαλήνην. Εἶτα, ὥσπερ χειμαζομένοις χεῖρα ὀρέγων, ἑαυτὸν εἰς μέσον ἄγει, λέγων: Γίνεσθε ὡς ἐγὼ, ὅτι κἀγὼ ὡς ὑμεῖς. Ταῦτα πρὸς τοὺς ἐξ Ἰουδαίων. Διὸ καὶ ἑαυτὸν εἰς μέσον ἄγει, πείθων κἀντεῦθεν αὐτοὺς ἀποστῆναι τῶν παλαιῶν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ μηδένα ἕτερον εἴχετε εἰς ὑπόδειγμα, ἤρκει εἰς ἐμὲ μόνον ἰδεῖν ταύτης ἕνεκεν τῆς μεταβολῆς, καὶ θαῤῥῆσαι ῥαδίως. Διαβλέψατε τοίνυν: καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα κἀγὼ ἔπασχον πάλαι, καὶ σφόδρα καὶ περιεκαιόμην τοῦ νόμου, ἀλλ' ὅμως ὕστερον οὐκ ἐφοβήθην ἀφεῖναι τὸν νόμον, οὐδὲ μεταστῆναι τῆς πολιτείας ἐκείνης. Καὶ ταῦτα ὑμεῖς ἴστε σαφῶς, πῶς μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς πολλῆς ἀντειχόμην τοῦ Ἰουδαϊσμοῦ, καὶ πῶς μετὰ μείζονος αὐτὸν σφοδρότητος εἴασα μετὰ ταῦτα. Καὶ καλῶς αὐτὸ τέθεικεν ὕστερον. Οἱ γὰρ πολλοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, κἂν μυρίους εὕρωσι λογισμοὺς, καὶ δικαίους, ἀπὸ τοῦ ὁμογενοῦς μᾶλλον ἐφέλκονται, καὶ ὅταν ἴδωσι τὰ αὐτὰ πράττοντα, μᾶλλον ἔχονται τῶν αὐτῶν. Ἀδελφοὶ, δέομαι ὑμῶν, οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε. Ὅρα πῶς πάλιν τῷ τῆς τιμῆς ὀνόματι προσαγορεύει: τὸ δ' αὐτὸ καὶ τῆς χάριτος ὑπόμνησις ἦν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ σφόδρα καθήψατο αὐτῶν, καὶ πανταχόθεν συνέκρινε τὰ πράγματα, καὶ ἔδειξε παρανομοῦντας καὶ πολλαχόθεν αὐτοὺς ἔβαλε, πάλιν ἀνίησι καὶ θεραπεύει, προσηνεστέροις κεχρημένος λόγοις. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ διαπαντὸς θεραπεύειν, ἐκλύει, οὕτω τὸ συνεστραμμένως ἀεὶ διελέγχεσθαι, τραχύτερον ποιεῖ. Διὰ τοῦτο πανταχοῦ τῇ συμμετρίᾳ κεχρῆσθαι καλόν. Ὅρα τοίνυν πῶς αὐτοῖς ὑπὲρ τῶν εἰρημένων ἀπολογεῖται, δεικνὺς ὡς οὐχ ἁπλῶς ἀπεχθανόμενος αὐτοῖς, ἀλλὰ κηδόμενος εἴρηκεν ἅπερ εἴρηκεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ βαθυτέραν ἔδωκε τὴν τομὴν, ὥσπερ ἔλαιον λοιπὸν τὴν παράκλησιν ταύτην ἐνίησι. Καὶ δηλῶν ὅτι οὐ μίσους, οὐδὲ ἔχθρας ἦν τὰ εἰρημένα, ἀναμιμνήσκει τῆς ἀγάπης αὐτοὺς, ἣν ἐνεδείξατο περὶ αὐτοὺς, καὶ μετ' ἐγκωμίων τὴν ἀπολογίαν τίθησι. βʹ. Διό φησι: Δέομαι ὑμῶν, οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε. Οἴδατε δὲ, ὅτι δι' ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκός μου εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν: καὶ τὸν πειρασμόν μου τὸν ἐν σαρκί μου οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε. Ἀλλ' οὔπω τοῦτο μέγα τὸ μὴ ἀδικῆσαι: καίτοι γε οὐδὲ ὁ τυχὼν ἄνθρωπος τὸν οὐκ ἀδικήσαντα βλάψαι ἠθέλησεν ἂν, καὶ εἰκῆ λυπῆσαι καὶ μάτην. Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἠδικήσατε, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλὴν καὶ ἄφατον ἐπεδείξασθε εὔνοιαν: καὶ οὐχ οἷόν τε τὸν τοιαύτης ἀπολαύσαντα θεραπείας, ἐκ κακονοίας ταῦτα λέγειν. Οὐ τοίνυν δι' ἀπέχθειαν ταῦτα λέγω: λείπεται διὰ φιλοστοργίαν καὶ κηδεμονίαν. Δέομαι ὑμῶν, οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε. Οἴδατε δὲ, ὅτι δι' ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκός μου εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν. Οὐδὲν προσηνέστερον τῆς ἁγίας ἐκείνης ψυχῆς, οὐδὲν γλυκύτερον καὶ φιλοστοργότερον. Οὐ τοίνυν οὐδὲ τὰ πρότερα ἀλόγου θυμοῦ, οὐδὲ πάθους ψυχῆς ἦν, ἀλλὰ κηδεμονίας πολλῆς. Καὶ τί λέγω, οὐκ ἠδικήσατε; πολλὴν μὲν οὖν καὶ γνησίαν σπουδὴν περὶ ἡμᾶς ἐπεδείξατε. Οἴδατε γὰρ, φησὶν, ὅτι δι' ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν, καὶ τὸν πειρασμόν μου τὸν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε οὐδὲ διεπτύσατε. Τί ποτέ ἐστιν, ὃ λέγει; Ἠλαυνόμην, φησὶν, ἐμαστιγούμην, μυρίους θανάτους ὑπέμενον κηρύττων ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐδὲ οὕτω κατεφρονήσατέ μου. Τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τὸ, Τὸν πειρασμόν μου τὸν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου οὐκ ἐξουθενήσατε οὐδὲ διεπτύσατε. Εἶδες σύνεσιν πνευματικήν; Καὶ γὰρ ἐν τάξει ἀπολογίας πάλιν αὐτοὺς ἐντρέπει, δεικνὺς ὅσα ἔπαθε δι' αὐτούς. Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐδὲν τοῦτο ὑμᾶς ἐσκανδάλισε, φησὶν, οὐδὲ διεπτύσατέ με διὰ τὰ πάθη καὶ τοὺς διωγμούς: ἀσθένειαν γὰρ καὶ πειρασμὸν ταῦτα καλεῖ. Ἀλλ' ὡς ἄγγελον Θεοῦ ἐδέξασθέ με. Πῶς οὖν οὐκ ἄτοπον διωκόμενον μὲν καὶ ἐλαυνόμενον, ὡς ἄγγελον Θεοῦ δέχεσθαι, παραινοῦντα δὲ τὰ δέοντα μὴ δέχεσθαι; Τίς οὖν ἦν ὁ μακαρισμὸς ὑμῶν; Μαρτυρῶ γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι, εἰ δυνατὸν, τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν ἐξορύξαντες ἂν ἐδώκατε ἐμοί. Ὥστε ἐχθρὸς ὑμῶν γέγονα ἀληθεύων ὑμῖν; Ἐνταῦθα διαπορεῖ καὶ ἐκπλήττεται, καὶ παρ' αὐτῶν ζητεῖ τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς μεταβολῆς μαθεῖν. Τίς γὰρ ὑμᾶς ἐξηπάτησε, φησὶ, καὶ ἔπεισεν ἑτέρως διατεθῆναι πρὸς ἡμᾶς: οὐχ ὑμεῖς ἐστε οἱ περιέποντες καὶ θεραπεύοντες, καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τιμιώτερον ἄγοντες; τί τοίνυν γέγονε; πόθεν ἡ ἔχθρα, πόθεν ἡ ὑποψία; ὅτι τἀληθῆ πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἶπον; Διὰ τοῦτο μὲν οὖν μειζόνως ἐχρῆν τιμᾷν καὶ θεραπεύειν: νυνὶ δὲ ἐχθρὸς ὑμῶν γέγονα ἀληθεύων ὑμῖν. Ἐγὼ γὰρ, φησὶν, οὐκ οἶδα ἄλλην αἰτίαν, ἢ τὰ ἀληθῆ λέγειν ὑμῖν. Καὶ ὅρα μεθ' ὅσης ἀπολογεῖται ταπεινοφροσύνης. Οὐ γὰρ ἀφ' ὧν περὶ αὐτοὺς ἐπεδείξατο, ἀλλ' ἀφ' ὧν αὐτοὶ περὶ αὐτὸν, δείκνυσιν ἀδύνατον εἶναι ἐκ κακονοίας ταῦτα λέγεσθαι. Οὐδὲ γὰρ εἶπεν οὕτω: Καὶ πῶς ἐγχωρεῖ τὸν μαστιζόμενον, τὸν ἐλαυνόμενον, τὸν μυρία παθόντα δι' ὑμᾶς, νῦν ἐπιβουλεύειν ὑμῖν; ἀλλ' ἀφ' ὧν εἶχον ἐναβρύνεσθαι ἐκεῖνοι, ἀπὸ τούτων συλλογίζεται λέγων: πῶς ἐγχωρεῖ τὸν τιμηθέντα παρ' ὑμῶν, τὸν ὡς ἄγγελον δεχθέντα τοῖς ἐναντίοις ἀμείψασθαι; Ζηλοῦσιν ὑμᾶς οὐκ ἀληθῶς, ἀλλ' ἐκκλεῖσαι ὑμᾶς θέλουσιν, ἵνα αὐτοὺς ζηλοῦτε. Ἔστι γὰρ καὶ ζῆλος ἀγαθὸς, ὅταν τις οὕτω ζηλοῖ, ὥστε μιμήσασθαι τὴν ἀρετήν: ἔστι καὶ ζῆλος πονηρὸς, ὥστε ἐκβάλλειν τῆς ἀρετῆς τὸν κατορθοῦντα: ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτοὶ νῦν ἐπιχειροῦσι, τῆς μὲν τελείας γνώσεως ἐκβάλλειν θέλοντες, εἰς δὲ τὴν ἠκρωτηριασμένην καὶ νόθον ἀγαγεῖν, δι' οὐδὲν ἕτερον, ἀλλ' ἵνα αὐτοὶ μὲν ἐν τάξει κάθωνται διδασκάλων, ὑμᾶς δὲ τοὺς νῦν ὑψηλοτέρους αὐτῶν ὄντας ἐν τάξει καταστήσωσι μαθητῶν. Τοῦτο γὰρ ἐδήλωσεν εἰπών: Ἵνα αὐτοὺς ζηλοῦτε. Ἐγὼ δὲ τοὐναντίον βούλομαι, φησὶν, ὑμᾶς αὐτῶν καλλίονας, καὶ ὑπόδειγμα γίνεσθαι τῶν τελειοτέρων. Ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐγένετο, ὅτε πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἤμην: διὸ καὶ ἐπάγει λέγων: Καλὸν δὲ τὸ ζηλοῦσθαι ἐν καλῷ πάντοτε, καὶ μὴ μόνον ἐν τῷ παρεῖναί με πρὸς ὑμᾶς. Ἐνταῦθα γὰρ αἰνίττεται, ὅτι ἡ ἀπουσία αὐτοῦ ταῦτα εἰργάσατο, καὶ ὅτι τὸ μὲν μακάριον τοῦτό ἐστι, μὴ παρόντος τοῦ διδασκάλου μόνον, τοὺς μαθητὰς τὴν δέουσαν ἔχειν γνώμην, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπόντος: ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐκεῖνοι οὐδέπω ἦσαν πρὸς τοῦτο τελειότητος ἀφιγμένοι, πάντα ποιεῖται, ὥστε εἰς τοῦτο αὐτοὺς ἐμβιβάσαι. Τεκνία μου, οὓς πάλιν ὠδίνω, ἄχρις οὗ μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν. Ὅρα ταραττόμενον, ὅρα θορυβούμενον. Ἀδελφοί μου, δέομαι ὑμῶν: Τεκνία μου, οὓς πάλιν ὠδίνω. Μητέρα μιμεῖται περιτρέμουσαν τοῖς παιδίοις. Ἄχρις οὗ μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν. Εἶδες σπλάγχνα πατρικά; εἶδες ἀθυμίαν ἀποστόλῳ πρέπουσαν; εἶδες οἵαν ἀφῆκεν ὀλολυγὴν πολὺ τῶν τικτουσῶν πικροτέραν; Διεφθείρατε, φησὶ, τὴν εἰκόνα, ἀπωλέσατε τὴν συγγένειαν, τὴν μορφὴν ἠλλοιώσατε: ἀναγεννήσεως ἑτέρας ὑμῖν δεῖ καὶ ἀναπλάσεως: ἀλλ' ὅμως ἔτι τεκνία καλῶ τὰ ἀμβλωθρίδια, τὰ ἐκτρώματα. Ἀλλ' οὕτω μὲν οὐ λέγει, ἑτέρως δέ: φείδεται γὰρ, καὶ οὐ βούλεται πλῆξαι, οὐδὲ τραύματα ἐπιθεῖναι τραύμασιν: ἀλλ' ὥσπερ οἱ σοφοὶ τῶν ἰατρῶν τοὺς εἰς μακρὰν καταπεσόντας νόσον, οὐχ ὑφ' ἓν θεραπεύουσιν, ἀλλὰ διαλιμπάνοντες, ὥστε μὴ ὀλιγοψυχοῦντας ἀπολέσθαι, οὕτω καὶ ὁ μακάριος οὗτος. Καὶ γὰρ αἱ ὠδῖνες αὗται τῶν σωματικῶν δριμύτεραι ὅσῳ καὶ ἡ φιλοστοργία μείζων, καὶ τὸ ἁμαρτηθὲν οὐ τὸ τυχὸν ἦν. γʹ. Ὅπερ γὰρ ἀεὶ λέγω, καὶ λέγων οὐ παύσομαι, καὶ τὸ μικρὸν παραβαθὲν ὁλόκληρον τὴν ὄψιν ἠφάνισε, καὶ τὴν μορφὴν ἐλυμήνατο. Ἤθελον παρεῖναι πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἄρτι, καὶ ἀλλάξαι τὴν φωνήν μου. Σκόπει μοι τὸν ἀκαρτέρητον, τὸν θερμὸν, τὸν οὐ δυνάμενον στέγειν τὰ τοιαῦτα. Τοιοῦτον γὰρ ἡ ἀγάπη: οὐκ ἀρκεῖται τοῖς ῥήμασιν, ἀλλ' ἐπιζητεῖ καὶ τὴν παρουσίαν. Ὥστε ἀλλάξαι τὴν φωνήν μου, φησί. Τουτέστιν, ἀλλάξαι τὸν ὀλοφυρμὸν, ποιῆσαι καὶ δάκρυα, καὶ πάντα εἰς θρῆνον ἐπισπάσασθαι. Διὰ γὰρ ἐπιστολῆς οὐκ ἐνῆν δάκρυα δεῖξαι οὐδὲ ὀλολυγμόν: διὸ καίεται τὴν παρουσίαν ἐπιζητῶν. Ὅτι ἀποροῦμαι ἐν ὑμῖν. Οὐκ ἔχω γὰρ, φησὶ, τί εἴπω, οὐκ ἔχω τί λογίσωμαι. Πόθεν οἱ πρὸς αὐτὴν ἀναβάντες τῶν οὐρανῶν τὴν κορυφὴν, καὶ διὰ τῶν κινδύνων, οὓς ὑπεμείνατε ὑπὲρ τῆς πίστεως, καὶ διὰ τῶν σημείων, ὧν ἐπεδείξασθε διὰ τῆς πίστεως, νῦν ἀθρόον οὕτως εἰς τοσαύτην εὐτέλειαν κατηνέχθητε, ὡς εἰς περιτομὴν καὶ σάββατα σύρεσθαι, καὶ τῶν Ἰουδαϊζόντων ἐκκρέμασθαι; Διὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἀρχόμενος ἔλεγε: Θαυμάζω ὅτι οὕτω ταχέως μετατίθεσθε: καὶ ἐνταῦθα: Ἀποροῦμαι ἐν ὑμῖν: ὡς ἂν εἰ ἔλεγε: Τί εἴπω τί λαλήσω; τί ἐννοήσω; ἀπορῶ: διὸ καὶ ὀλολύζειν ἀνάγκη: ὅπερ ἐν τοῖς ἀπόροις ποιοῦσι καὶ οἱ προφῆται. Εἶδος δὲ καὶ τοῦτο θεραπείας οὐ μικρὸν, τὸ μὴ μόνον συμβουλεύειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ θρηνεῖν. Τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ Μιλησίοις διαλεγόμενος ἔλεγε: Τριετίαν μετὰ δακρύων νουθετῶν ὑμᾶς οὐ διέλειπον. Τοῦτο καὶ ἐνταῦθά φησι λέγων: Ἀλλάξαι τὴν φωνήν μου. Καὶ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ἀπορίαις καὶ ταῖς ἀμηχανίαις ταῖς παρ' ἐλπίδα συμβαινούσαις νικώμενοι, λοιπὸν ἐπὶ τὰ δάκρυα καταφερόμεθα. Ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν ἐπέπληξε καὶ ἐνέτρεψε, καὶ ἐθεράπευσε πάλιν, εἶτα ὠλοφύρατο: ὁ δὲ ὀλοφυρμὸς οὐκ ἐπιπλήξεως μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ κολακείας ἐστίν. Οὔτε γὰρ τραχύνει, ὥσπερ ἐπίπληξις, οὔτε χαλᾷ, καθάπερ ἡ θεραπεία, ἀλλ' ἔστι μεμιγμένον φάρμακον, καὶ πολλὴν ἔχει τὴν ἰσχὺν πρὸς παραίνεσιν. Ἐπειδὴ οὖν ὠλοφύρατο καὶ ἐμάλαξεν αὐτῶν τὴν διάνοιαν, καὶ ἐπεσπάσατο μειζόνως, πάλιν εἰς τοὺς ἀγῶνας ἐμβαίνει, κεφάλαιον τιθεὶς μεῖζον, δεικνὺς ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ νόμος οὐ βούλεται ἑαυτὸν φυλάττεσθαι. Τότε μὲν οὖν ἐκ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ τὸ παράδειγμα εἰσήγαγε, νῦν δὲ αὐτὸν εἰσάγει τὸν νόμον παραινοῦντα μὴ φυλάττειν αὐτὸν, ἀλλὰ ἀναχωρεῖν, ὅπερ ἦν ἰσχυρότερον. Ὥστε εἰ βούλεσθε πείθεσθαι τῷ νόμῳ, φησὶν, ἀπόστητε αὐτοῦ: τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτὸς βούλεται. Ἀλλ' οὕτω μὲν οὐ λέγει: ἑτέρως δὲ αὐτὸ κατασκευάζει, καὶ ἱστορίαν ἀναμιγνύς. Λέγετε γάρ μοι, φησὶν, οἱ ὑπὸ νόμον θέλοντες εἶναι, τὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε; Καλῶς εἶπεν, Οἱ θέλοντες: οὐ γὰρ τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων ἀκολουθίας, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐκείνων ἀκαίρου φιλονεικίας τὸ πρᾶγμα ἦν. Νόμον δὲ ἐνταῦθα τὸ βιβλίον τῆς κτίσεως καλεῖ, ὅπερ πολλάκις ποιεῖ, τὴν Παλαιὰν ἅπασαν οὕτως ὀνομάζων. Γέγραπται γὰρ, ὅτι Ἀβραὰμ δύο υἱοὺς ἔσχεν, ἕνα ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης, καὶ ἕνα ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας. Πάλιν ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀβραὰμ ἄνεισιν, οὐ ταυτολογῶν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ πολλὴ τοῦ πατριάρχου παρὰ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ἡ δόξα ἦν, δείκνυσιν ὅτι ἐκεῖθεν οἱ τύποι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔλαβον, καὶ τὰ παρόντα ἐν αὐτῷ προεζωγραφεῖτο. Καὶ πρῶτον δείξας υἱοὺς ὄντας τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ, ἐπειδὴ οὐ τῆς αὐτῆς ἀξίας ἦσαν οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πατριάρχου, ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς δούλης, ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας, δείκνυσι λοιπὸν, ὅτι οὐ μόνον υἱοὶ, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὕτως υἱοὶ, ὡς ὁ ἐλεύθερος καὶ εὐγενής. Τοσαύτη τῆς πίστεως ἡ δύναμις. Ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται: ὁ δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας κατ' ἐπαγγελίαν. Τί ἐστι, Κατὰ σάρκα; Ἐπειδὴ ἔλεγεν, ὅτι ἡ πίστις ἡμᾶς συνάπτει τῷ Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ ἐδόκει τοῖς ἀκούουσιν ἀπίθανον εἶναι, εἰ τοὺς μὴ γενομένους ἐξ ἐκείνου, τούτους φησὶν υἱοὺς εἶναι ἐκείνου, δείκνυσιν ὅτι τὸ παράδοξον τοῦτο ἄνωθεν γέγονεν. Ὁ γὰρ Ἰσαὰκ οὐ κατὰ φύσεως ἀκολουθίαν, οὐδὲ κατὰ γάμων νόμον, οὐδὲ κατὰ σαρκὸς δύναμιν γενόμενος, καὶ υἱὸς καὶ γνήσιος ἦν, ἀπὸ νεκρῶν σωμάτων φὺς, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς μήτρας ἐκείνης. Οὐ γὰρ ἡ σὰρξ τὴν κύησιν, οὐδὲ τὸ σπέρμα τὸν τόκον εἰργάσαντο: νεκρὰ γὰρ ἡ μήτρα, καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ διὰ τὴν πήρωσιν, ἀλλ' ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ λόγος αὐτὸν ἔπλασεν. Ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ δούλου οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνος τοῖς τῆς φύσεως δεσμοῖς, καὶ τῇ τοῦ γάμου συνηθείᾳ τίκτεται. Ἀλλ' ὅμως ὁ μὴ κατὰ σάρκα τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα γεννηθέντος τιμιώτερος ἦν. Μὴ θορυβείτω τοίνυν ὑμᾶς τὸ μὴ κατὰ σάρκα γεγεννῆσθαι: διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο μάλιστα αὐτοῦ συγγενεῖς ὑμεῖς, ὅτι οὐ κατὰ σάρκα ἐγεννήθητε. Οὐ γὰρ τιμιωτέρους τοῦτο τὸ κατὰ σάρκα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀτιμοτέρους ἐργάζεται: θαυμαστότερος γὰρ ὁ τόκος ὁ μὴ κατὰ σάρκα καὶ πνευματικώτερος: καὶ δῆλον ἐκ τῶν ἄνωθεν τεχθέντων. Ἐτέχθη γὰρ κατὰ σάρκα ὁ Ἰσμαὴλ, ἀλλὰ δοῦλος ἦν, καὶ οὐ τοῦτο μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐξεβάλλετο τῆς πατρῴας οἰκίας: ὁ δὲ κατ' ἐπαγγελίαν τεχθεὶς ὁ Ἰσαὰκ, ἅτε υἱὸς ὢν καὶ ἐλεύθερος, κύριος ἦν πάντων. Ἅτινά ἐστιν ἀλληγορούμενα. Καταχρηστικῶς τὸν τύπον ἀλληγορίαν ἐκάλεσεν. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοῦτό ἐστιν: Ἡ μὲν ἱστορία αὕτη οὐ τοῦτο μόνον παραδηλοῖ, ὅπερ φαίνεται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλα τινὰ ἀναγορεύει: διὸ καὶ ἀλληγορία κέκληται. Τί δὲ ἀνηγόρευσεν; Οὐδὲν ἕτερον, ἢ τὰ παρόντα πάντα. Αὗται γάρ εἰσιν αἱ δύο διαθῆκαι, φησὶ, μία μὲν ἀπὸ ὄρους Σινᾶ εἰς δουλείαν γεννῶσα, ἥτις ἐστὶν Ἄγαρ. Αὗται: τίνες; Τῶν παιδίων ἐκείνων αἱ μητέρες, ἡ Σάῤῥα καὶ ἡ Ἄγαρ. Τί εἰσι δύο Διαθῆκαι; Δύο νόμοι. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ γυναικῶν ὀνόματα ἦν ἐν τῇ ἱστορίᾳ, ἐνέμεινεν ἐν τῇ προσηγορίᾳ τοῦ γένους, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων πολλὴν δεικνὺς τὴν ἀκολουθίαν. Πῶς δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων; Τὸ γὰρ Ἄγαρ Σινᾶ ὄρος ἐστὶ, φησὶν, ἐν τῇ Ἀραβίᾳ. Ἄγαρ ἐλέγετο ἡ δούλη: τὸ δὲ Σινᾶ ὄρος οὕτω μεθερμηνεύεται τῇ ἐπιχωρίῳ αὐτῶν γλώττῃ. δʹ. Ὥστε τοὺς ἐκ τῆς Παλαιᾶς τικτομένους πάντας ἀνάγκη δούλους εἶναι. Τὸ γὰρ ὄρος ἐκεῖνο, ἔνθα ἡ Παλαιὰ Διαθήκη ἐδόθη, ὁμώνυμον ὂν τῇ δούλῃ παραλαμβάνει καὶ τὴν Ἱερουσαλήμ: τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι: Συστοιχεῖ δὲ τῇ νῦν Ἱερουσαλήμ. Τουτέστι, γειτνιάζει, ἅπτεται. Δουλεύει δὲ μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς. Τί οὖν ἀπὸ τούτου; Ὅτι οὐ μόνον ἐκείνη δούλη ἦν, καὶ δούλους ἔτικτεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὕτη, τουτέστιν, ἡ Διαθήκη, ἧς τύπος ἡ δούλη. Καὶ γὰρ ἡ Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἐκ γειτόνων κεῖται τῷ ὄρει τῷ ὁμωνύμῳ τῇ δούλῃ: ἐν τούτῳ δὲ τῷ ὄρει καὶ ἡ Διαθήκη δέδοται. Ποῦ οὖν καὶ τῆς Σάῤῥας ὁ τύπος; Ἡ δὲ ἄνω Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἐλευθέρα ἐστίν. Οὐκοῦν καὶ οἱ ἐξ αὐτῆς τικτόμενοι οὐ δοῦλοι. Τῆς μὲν Ἱερουσαλὴμ τῆς κάτω τύπος ἦν Ἄγαρ, καὶ δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ οὕτω καλουμένου, τῆς δὲ ἄνω ἡ Ἐκκλησία. Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐκ ἀρκεῖται τοῖς τύποις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν Ἡσαΐαν προστίθησι μαρτυροῦντα τοῖς εἰρημένοις: εἰπὼν γὰρ, Ἡ ἄνω Ἱερουσαλὴμ μήτηρ ἡμῶν ἐστι, καὶ τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν οὕτω καλέσας, παρίστησι τὸν προφήτην τὰ αὐτὰ αὐτῷ ψηφιζόμενον: Εὐφράνθητι γὰρ, φησὶ, στεῖρα ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα, ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα. Τίς οὖν ἡ στεῖρα, καὶ τίς ἡ ἔρημος πρὸ τούτου; οὐκ εὔδηλον ὅτι ἡ ἐξ ἐθνῶν Ἐκκλησία, τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ γνώσεως ἀπεστερημένη; Τίς δὲ ἡ τὸν ἄνδρα ἔχουσα; οὐκ εὔδηλον ὅτι ἡ συναγωγή; Ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐνίκησεν αὐτὴν τῇ πολυπαιδίᾳ ἡ στεῖρα. Ἐκείνη μὲν γὰρ ἓν ἔθνος ἔχει: τὰ δὲ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τέκνα τὴν Ἑλλάδα, τὴν βάρβαρον, τὴν γῆν, τὴν θάλατταν, τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν ἐνέπλησεν. Εἶδες πῶς διὰ μὲν πραγμάτων ἡ Σάῤῥα, διὰ δὲ ῥημάτων ὁ προφήτης τὰ μέλλοντα ἡμῖν ὑπέγραψαν; Σκόπει δέ: Στεῖραν ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Ἡσαΐας, καὶ ταύτην ἔδειξε πολύπαιδα γενομένην. Τοῦτο τυπικῶς καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς Σάῤῥας συνέβη: καὶ γὰρ καὶ αὕτη στεῖρα οὖσα, πλήθους ἐκγόνων ἐγένετο μήτηρ. Τῷ Παύλῳ δὲ οὐδὲ ταῦτα ἀπόχρη, ἀλλὰ καὶ πῶς ἐγένετο μήτηρ ἡ στεῖρα περιεργάζεται, ἵνα καὶ ἐντεῦθεν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ προσαγάγῃ τὸν τύπον. Διὸ καὶ ἐπάγει λέγων: Ἡμεῖς δὲ, ἀδελφοὶ, κατὰ Ἰσαὰκ ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα ἐσμέν. Οὐ γὰρ μόνον στεῖρα ἦν ἡ Ἐκκλησία, ὥσπερ ἡ Σάῤῥα, οὐδὲ μόνον πολύπαις ἐγένετο, ὥσπερ ἐκείνη, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὕτως ἐγέννησεν, ὥσπερ ἡ Σάῤῥα. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐκείνην μητέρα οὐχ ἡ φύσις εἰργάσατο, ἀλλ' ἡ ἐπαγγελία τοῦ Θεοῦ (ὁ γὰρ εἰρηκὼς, Κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον ἐλεύσομαι, καὶ ἔσται τῇ Σάῤῥᾳ υἱὸς, οὗτος εἰσελθὼν εἰς τὴν νηδὺν, τὸ βρέφος διέπλασεν): οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀναγεννήσεως τῆς ἡμετέρας φύσις μὲν οὐδεμία, τὰ δὲ ῥήματα τοῦ Θεοῦ διὰ τοῦ ἱερέως λεγόμενα, ἅπερ ἴσασιν οἱ πιστοὶ, ταῦτα ἐν τῇ κολυμβήθρᾳ τῶν ὑδάτων, καθάπερ ἐν νηδύϊ τινὶ, διαπλάττει καὶ ἀναγεννᾷ τὸν βαπτιζόμενον. Οὐκοῦν εἰ τῆς στείρας ἐσμὲν παῖδες, καὶ ἐλεύθεροί ἐσμεν. Καὶ ποία αὕτη ἐλευθερία, εἴποι τις ἂν, ὅταν οἱ μὲν Ἰουδαῖοι κατέχωσι καὶ μαστίζωσι τοὺς πιστεύσαντας, οἱ δὲ δοκοῦντες ἐλεύθεροι εἶναι διώκωνται; ταῦτα γὰρ τότε συνέβαινε, τῶν πιστῶν διωκομένων. Ἀλλὰ μηδὲ τοῦτο ὑμᾶς θορυβείτω, φησί: καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο προέλαβεν ἐν τῷ τύπῳ: ὁ γὰρ Ἰσαὰκ ἐλεύθερος ὢν, ὑπὸ τοῦ δούλου Ἰσμαὴλ ἐδιώκετο. Διὸ καὶ ἐπάγει λέγων: Ἀλλ' ὥσπερ τότε ὁ κατὰ σάρκα γεννηθεὶς ἐδίωκε τὸν κατὰ πνεῦμα, οὕτω καὶ νῦν. Ἀλλὰ τί λέγει ἡ Γραφή; Ἔκβαλε τὸν υἱὸν τῆς παιδίσκης οὐ γὰρ μὴ κληρονομήσει ὁ υἱὸς τῆς παιδίσκης μετὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τῆς ἐλευθέρας. Τί οὖν; αὕτη ἡ παράκλησις πᾶσα τὸ δειχθῆναι τοὺς ἐλευθέρους ὑπὸ τῶν δούλων διώκεσθαι; Οὐχὶ, φησίν: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ἵσταμαι, ἀλλ' ἄκουσον καὶ τῶν ἑξῆς, καὶ τότε λήψῃ παραμυθίαν ἱκανὴν, οὐ μικροψυχῶν τοῖς διωγμοῖς. Τίνα οὖν τὰ ἑξῆς; Ἔκβαλε τὸν υἱὸν τῆς παιδίσκης: οὐ γὰρ μὴ κληρονομήσει μετὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τῆς ἐλευθέρας. Εἶδες τὰ ἐπίχειρα τῆς προσκαίρου τυραννίδος, καὶ τῆς ἀπονοίας τῆς ἀκαίρου, Ἐκπίπτει τῶν πατρῴων ὁ παῖς, καὶ γίνεται φυγὰς καὶ πλάνος μετὰ τῆς μητρός. Σὺ δέ μοι σκόπει τὴν σοφίαν τῶν εἰρημένων. Οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν, ἐπειδὴ ἐδίωκε, διὰ τοῦτο ἐξεβάλλετο, μόνον, ἀλλ', ἵνα μὴ κληρονομήσῃ. Οὐ γὰρ τοῦ προσκαίρου διωγμοῦ τιμωρίαν αὐτὸν ἀπῄτει ταύτην (τοῦτο γὰρ μικρὸν, καὶ οὐδὲν πρὸς ἐκεῖνο): ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀφῆκε γενέσθαι κοινωνὸν τῶν ἡτοιμασμένων τῷ παιδὶ, δεικνὺς ὅτι καὶ τοῦ διωγμοῦ χωρὶς τοῦτο ἄνωθεν αὐτὸ διατετυπωμένον ἦν, οὐκ ἀπὸ τοῦ διωγμοῦ τὴν ἀρχὴν λαβὸν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ γνώμης. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, Οὐ μὴ κληρονομήσει ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ, ἀλλ', Ὁ υἱὸς τῆς παιδίσκης, ἀπὸ τοῦ φαυλοτέρου γένους αὐτὸν καλῶν. Ἀλλ' ἡ Σάῤῥα στεῖρα ἦν: καὶ γὰρ ἡ ἐξ ἐθνῶν Ἐκκλησία τοιαύτη. Ὁρᾷς διὰ πάντων τὸν τύπον τηρούμενον; Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν ὅλοις τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν ἔτεσιν ἐκείνη μὴ τίκτουσα, πρὸς ἐσχάτῳ γήρᾳ γίνεται μήτηρ. οὕτω καὶ αὕτη, ὅτε ἦλθε τὸ πλήρωμα, τίκτει. Τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ προφῆται προανεφώνουν λέγοντες, Εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα, ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον, ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα: τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν οὕτω καλοῦντες. Οὐ γὰρ ἦν ἐπεγνωκυῖα τὸν Θεόν: ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐπιγνοῦσα, τὴν πολύπαιδα ἐνίκησε συναγωγήν. Ἄρα, ἀδελφοὶ, οὐκ ἐσμὲν παιδίσκης τέκνα, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθέρας. Ταῦτα πάντα κινεῖ καὶ στρέφει, δεῖξαι βουλόμενος, ὅτι τὸ γενόμενον οὐ πρόσφατον ἦν, ἀλλ' ἄνωθεν καὶ πρὸ πολλῶν διετυποῦτο χρόνων. Πῶς οὖν οὐκ ἄτοπον πρὸ τοσούτων χρόνων ἀφορισθέντας καὶ ἐλευθερίας τυχόντας, ἑκόντας ἑαυτοὺς εἰς τὸν τῆς δουλείας ὑπάγειν ζυγόν; Εἶτα καὶ ἄλλην αἰτίαν τίθησι τὴν πείθουσαν αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν δογμάτων μένειν.