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that they should believe on him who was to come after him; this was the achievement of the baptism. For to go around to each man's house, and approaching the doors to call him out and say, holding Christ, that "This is the Son of God," made the testimony suspect and was exceedingly laborious; and to take Him and enter into the synagogue again and point Him out, this likewise made the testimony suspect again; but when all the multitudes from every city poured out to the Jordan, and were spending time on the banks of the river, for Him to come also to be baptized, to receive the attestation from above through the voice of the Father, through the descent of the Spirit in the form of a dove, made John's testimony concerning Him to be beyond suspicion. For this reason, he says, "And I knew Him not," making his own testimony trustworthy. For since they were kinsmen of one another according to the flesh—for "Behold," he says, "Elizabeth your kinswoman, she also has conceived a son," the angel says to Mary concerning John's mother; and if the mothers were kinswomen, it is evident that the children were also; since, therefore, they were kinsmen, lest he should seem to testify to Christ on account of their kinship, the grace of the Spirit ordained that John should spend his entire youth in the wilderness, so that his testimony might not seem to be given out of friendship or some such arrangement, but that having learned from God, he might thus proclaim Him. For this reason he says, "And I knew Him not." From where, then, did you learn? "He who sent me," he says, "to baptize with water, He said to me." What did He say to you? "Upon whom you see the Spirit descending like a dove, and remaining on Him, this is He who baptizes with the Holy Spirit." Do you see that for this reason the Holy Spirit came, not as then first alighting, but to point out the One proclaimed, making Him known to all by His descent as if by a finger? For this reason, therefore, He came to the baptism. And for another reason, which He Himself states; what reason is this? When John said, "I have need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?" He Himself answered, saying, "Permit it to be so now; for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all righteous 49.369 ness." Did you see the right-mindedness of the servant? Did you see the humility of the Master? What is this, "To fulfill all righteousness"? Righteousness is called the fulfillment of all the commandments; as when it says, "They were both righteous, walking in the commandments of the Lord blameless." Since, therefore, it was necessary for all men to fulfill this righteousness, and no one completed or fulfilled it, Christ came and fulfilled this righteousness. 4. And what righteousness, he says, is there in being baptized? To obey the prophet was righteousness. Just as, therefore, He was circumcised, and offered sacrifice, and kept the sabbaths, and fulfilled the Jewish feasts, so also He added this that was lacking, to obey a prophet who was baptizing. For that it was the will of God that all should be baptized then, hear what John says: "He who sent me to baptize with water"; and again Christ, "The tax collectors and the crowd justified God, having been baptized with the baptism of John; but the Pharisees and the scribes rejected the counsel of God for themselves, not having been baptized by him." If, therefore, to obey God is righteousness, and God sent John to baptize the people, Christ fulfilled this also along with all the other legal requirements. Suppose, therefore, the commandments of the law to be two hundred denarii; this debt our race had to pay; we did not pay it; death held us accountable for these charges. Christ came and, finding us held, paid the debt, fulfilled the obligation, snatched away those who did not have

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εἰς τὸν ἐρχόμενον μετ' αὐτὸν ἵνα πιστεύσωσιν· τοῦτο ἦν τὸ κατόρθωμα τοῦ βαπτίσματος. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὴν ἑκάστου περιιέναι οἰκίαν, καὶ ταῖς θύραις προσιόντα καλεῖν ἔξω καὶ λέγειν κατέχοντα τὸν Χριστὸν, ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὕποπτον ἐποίει τὴν μαρτυρίαν καὶ σφόδρα ἐργῶδες ἦν· τὸ δὲ λαβόντα πάλιν εἰς τὴν συναγωγὴν εἰσελθεῖν καὶ δεικνύειν, καὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ ὁμοίως ὕποπτον ἐποίει τὴν μαρτυρίαν πάλιν· τὸ δὲ τῶν δήμων ἁπάντων ἐξ ἑκάστης πόλεως ἐκχυθέντων ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην, καὶ περὶ τὰς ὄχθας διατριβόντων τοῦ ποταμοῦ, ἐλθόντα καὶ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸ βαπτισθῆναι, δέξασθαι τὴν ἄνωθεν σύστασιν τὴν διὰ τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ Πατρὸς, τὴν διὰ τῆς ἐπιφοιτήσεως τοῦ Πνεύματος τῆς ἐν εἴδει περιστερᾶς, ἀνύποπτον ἐποίει γενέσθαι τὴν Ἰωάννου τὴν ἐπ' αὐτῷ μαρτυρίαν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο, Κἀγὼ, φησὶν, οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτὸν, ἀξιόπιστον τὴν ἑαυτοῦ καθιστῶν μαρτυρίαν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ συγγενεῖς ἦσαν ἀλλήλων κατὰ σάρκα Ἰδοὺ γὰρ, φησὶν, Ἐλισάβετ ἡ συγγενής σου, καὶ αὐτὴ συνειληφυῖα υἱὸν, τῇ Μαριάμ φησιν ὁ ἄγγελος περὶ τῆς μητρὸς Ἰωάννου· εἰ δὲ αἱ μητέρες συγγενεῖς ἦσαν, εὔδηλον ὅτι καὶ τὰ παιδία · ἐπεὶ οὖν συγγενεῖς ἦσαν, ἵνα μὴ διὰ τὴν συγγένειαν δόξῃ μαρτυρεῖν τῷ Χριστῷ, ᾠκονόμησεν ἡ τοῦ Πνεύματος χάρις πᾶσαν τὴν πρώτην ἡλικίαν ἐν ἐρήμῳ τὸν Ἰωάννην διάγειν, ἵνα μὴ διὰ φιλίαν ἢ ἐκ κατασκευῆς τινος τοιαύτης ἡ μαρτυρία γίνεσθαι δόξῃ, ἀλλ' ὡς παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ μαθὼν, οὕτως αὐτὸν καταγγείλῃ. ∆ιὰ τοῦτό φησι· Κἀγὼ οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτόν. Πόθεν οὖν ἔμαθες; Ὁ πέμψας με, φησὶ, βαπτίζειν ἐν ὕδατι, ἐκεῖνός μοι εἶπε. Τί σοι εἶπεν; Ἐφ' ὃν ἂν ἴδῃς τὸ Πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον ὡσεὶ περιστερὰν, καὶ μένον ἐπ' αὐτὸν, αὐτός ἐστιν ὁ βαπτίζων ἐν Πνεύματι ἁγίῳ. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο ἦλθε τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, οὐχ ὡς τότε πρῶτον ἐπιφοιτῆσαν, ἀλλ' ἵνα δείξῃ τὸν κηρυττόμενον, ὥσπερ δακτύλῳ τινὶ τῇ πτήσει πᾶσιν αὐτὸν γνώριμον ποιοῦν; ∆ιὰ τοῦτο τοίνυν ἦλθεν ἐπὶ τὸ βάπτισμα. Καὶ δι' ἑτέραν δὲ αἰτίαν, ἣν αὐτός φησι· ποίαν δὴ ταύτην; Τοῦ Ἰωάννου εἰπόντος, Ἐγὼ χρείαν ἔχω ὑπὸ σοῦ βαπτισθῆναι, καὶ σὺ ἔρχῃ πρός με; αὐτὸς ἀπεκρίνατο λέγων· Ἄφες ἄρτι· οὕτω γὰρ πρέπον ἐστὶν ἡμῖν πληρῶσαι πᾶσαν δικαιοσύ 49.369 νην. Εἶδες εὐγνωμοσύνην οἰκέτου; εἶδες ταπεινοφροσύνην ∆εσπότου; Τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ, Πληρῶσαι πᾶσαν δικαιοσύνην; ∆ικαιοσύνη λέγεται τῶν ἐντολῶν πασῶν ἡ πλήρωσις· ὥσπερ ὅταν λέγῃ· Ἦσαν ἀμφότεροι δίκαιοι πορευόμενοι ἐν ταῖς ἐντολαῖς τοῦ Κυρίου ἄμεμπτοι. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ἔδει πληρῶσαι τὴν δικαιοσύνην ταύτην τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἅπαντας, οὐδεὶς δὲ αὐτὴν ἀπήρτισεν οὐδὲ ἐπλήρωσεν, ἐλθὼν ὁ Χριστὸς πληροῖ τὴν δικαιοσύνην ταύτην. δʹ. Καὶ ποία δικαιοσύνη, φησὶ, τὸ βαπτισθῆναι; Τὸ τῷ προφήτῃ πεισθῆναι δικαιοσύνη ἦν. Ὥσπερ οὖν περιετέμνετο, καὶ θυσίαν ἀνήνεγκε, καὶ σάββατα ἐτήρησε, καὶ ἑορτὰς ἐπλήρωσεν Ἰουδαϊκὰς, οὕτω καὶ τοῦτο τὸ λειπόμενον προσέθηκε, τὸ πεισθῆναι προφήτῃ βαπτίζοντι. Ὅτι γὰρ Θεοῦ βούλημα ἦν τὸ βαπτίζεσθαι πάντας τότε, ἄκουσον τί φησιν ὁ Ἰωάννης· Ὁ πέμψας με βαπτίζειν ἐν ὕδατι· καὶ πάλιν ὁ Χριστὸς, Οἱ τελῶναι καὶ ὁ ὄχλος ἐδικαίωσαν τὸν Θεὸν, βαπτισθέντες τὸ βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου· οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς ἠθέτησαν τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ μὴ βαπτισθέντες ὑπ' αὐτοῦ. Εἰ τοίνυν τὸ τῷ Θεῷ πείθεσθαι δικαιοσύνη, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς ἔπεμψε τὸν Ἰωάννην, ὥστε βαπτίσαι τὸν λαὸν, μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων τῶν νομικῶν καὶ τοῦτο ἐπλήρωσεν ὁ Χριστός. Ὑπόθου τοίνυν διακόσια δηνάρια τοῦ νόμου τὰς ἐντολὰς εἶναι· τοῦτο τὸ χρέος ἔδει τὸ γένος τὸ ἡμέτερον καταβαλεῖν· οὐ κατεβάλομεν· κατεῖχεν ἡμᾶς ὁ θάνατος ὑπευθύνους ὄντας τοῖς ἐγκλήμασι τούτοις. Ἐλθὼν ὁ Χριστὸς καὶ εὑρὼν ἡμᾶς κατεχομένους, κατέβαλε τὸ χρέος, ἐπλήρωσε τὸ ὄφλημα, ἐξήρπασε τοὺς οὐκ ἔχοντας