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the loss of these things, and a complete, absolute deprivation of these things, and just as the integrity of the body is a good, the loss of one member is a partial evil, not something that exists, but a deprivation of what does exist. It is seen or conceived in what is, not as being, but as having ceased to be, for example, the eye and vision exist and are, but blindness is not a substance, but the loss of the pre-existing eye. It is considered in the constituted and existing body not as being, but as a deprivation of the pre-existing eye. And thus, in part, the addition of the deprivation of the members is called an addition of evil; for evil is not, but the non-existence of the things lost is spoken of and considered in the remaining body, not as being, but as not being, not as a state, but as a deprivation. So also vice, or sin, is a voluntary privation of the goods given by God to the rational nature; for in the case of irrational and inanimate things one cannot speak of 'voluntary', but only in the case of rational beings. Vice, therefore, is the misuse of the natural faculties. For if we use the faculties given by God to the soul for the purpose for which we received them, that is, according to the law of the Giver, it is good. But if we do not use them for the purpose for which we received them, but contrary to the law of the Giver, it is evil; and it is not the faculties themselves nor their use that is evil, but the evil manner of their use, which is contrary to the law of God the Giver. For if God is good, good also is His law, which is natural and which is from Him who is. But disobedience to this is a deprivation of the law that was given to us, for example desire and anger and action and energy and before these, thought, are not evil, but good, if we use them for the purpose for which we received them, according to the law of the Giver; but they are not evil in themselves, but the not using them according to the law of the Giver. For if we use food, drink, sleep and such things for the sustenance of life, each of these is good. And if we use desire and love towards God, who alone is by nature desirable, and towards our neighbor according to the law of God, it is good. And if we use sexual union with our own wives for the procreation of children according to the law given to nature by God, it is good; but if we use desire for what belongs to others contrary to the law of God, it is evil. For God said: "You shall not covet your neighbor's field, nor his wife, nor anything that is his." Fornication is not evil because of the union, but because it is union with one who belongs to another. Vainglory is not evil because of loving glory, but because of not loving the glory that is from God. Hatred and anger, if they are directed against those who hinder the salvation of the soul and the union with God through obedience to Him and who lead away from God, that is, against the devil and his servants, are good. For he says: "Did I not hate them that hate You, O Lord, and did I not pine away because of Your enemies? I have hated them with a perfect hatred; they have become enemies to me." And the holy martyrs were angry with the tyrants, being justly angered. And if I am angered against my own thought that separates me from God, it is good. If someone deprives me of salvation, it is good to be angered and to hate; but if he causes worldly grief and becomes an agent of benefit by depriving me of material things, I will love rather than hate. Murder is evil; for it belongs to God alone to separate the soul from the body, He who also bound them together; but if I kill when commanded by God, it is good; for everything that comes from the Good is good. It is evil, therefore, to desire to seize what is not ours, but God's. Condemnation is evil; for it belongs to God alone to judge, and it is evil to seize the prerogative of God, for those to whom it has not been given by God to judge. Vainglory and pride are evil; for exaltation and glory befit God alone. So that vice is nothing other than using the natural faculties contrary to nature and to the law, which is not a substance, but our own practice.

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τούτων ἀποβολή, παντελὴς δὲ παντελὴς τούτων στέρησις, καὶ ὥσπερ ἡ ὁλοκληρία τοῦ σώματος καλόν, ἡ δὲ ἑνὸς μέλους ἀποβολὴ μερικὸν κακὸν οὐχ ὑπάρχον, ἀλλ' ὑπάρχοντος στέρησις. Ὁρᾶται δὲ ἤτοι νοεῖται ἐν τῷ ὄντι οὐχ ὡς ὄν, ἀλλ' ὡς ἀπογενόμενον, οἷον ὁ ὀφθαλμὸς καὶ ἡ ὅρασις ὑπάρχει καὶ ἔστιν, ἡ δὲ τύφλωσις οὐκ ἔστιν οὐσία, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ὑπάρξαντος ὀφθαλμοῦ ἀπώλεια. Θεωρεῖται δὲ ἐν τῷ συνισταμένῳ καὶ ὄντι σώματι οὐχ ὡς ὄν, ἀλλ' ὡς ὑπάρξαντος ὀφθαλμοῦ στέρησις. Καὶ οὕτως κατὰ μέρος ἡ προσθήκη τῆς τῶν μελῶν στερήσεως προσθήκη κακοῦ λέγεται· οὐ γὰρ ἔστι τὸ κακόν, ἀλλὰ λέγεται καὶ θεωρεῖται ἐν τῷ ὑπολελειμμένῳ σώματι ἡ τῶν ἀποβληθέντων ἀνυπαρξία οὐχ ὡς ὄν, ἀλλ' ὡς μὴ ὄν, οὐχ ὡς ἕξις, ἀλλ' ὡς στέρησις. Οὕτω καὶ ἡ κακία ἤτοι ἁμαρτία ἑκούσιός ἐστι τῶν ἐκ θεοῦ δεδωρημένων τῇ λογικῇ φύσει ἀγαθῶν· ἐπὶ γὰρ τῶν ἀλόγων καὶ ἀψύχων οὐκ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν ἑκούσιον, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τῶν λογικῶν. Ἔστιν οὖν κακία ἡ τῶν φυσικῶν δυνάμεων παράχρησις. Εἰ γὰρ χρησόμεθα ταῖς παρὰ θεοῦ δεδωρημέναις τῇ ψυχῇ δυνάμεσιν, ἐφ' ᾧ ἐλάβομεν, τουτέστι κατὰ τὸν νόμον τοῦ δεδωκότος, καλόν. Εἰ δὲ οὔκ, ἐφ' ᾧ ἐλάβομεν, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὸν νόμον τοῦ δεδωκότος χρησόμεθα, κακόν· καὶ οὐκ αὐταὶ αἱ δυνάμεις οὐδὲ ἡ χρῆσις αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ κακή, ἀλλ' ὁ κακὸς τρόπος τῆς χρήσεως ὁ παρὰ τὸν νόμον τοῦ δεδωκότος θεοῦ. Εἰ γὰρ ἀγαθὸς ὁ θεός, ἀγαθὸς καὶ ὁ νόμος αὐτοῦ φυσικὸς καὶ ὢν ἐξ ὄντος. Ἡ δὲ τούτου παρακοὴ στέρησις τοῦ ὑπάρξαντος ἡμῖν νόμου, οἷον ἡ ἐπιθυμία καὶ ὁ θυμὸς καὶ ἡ πρᾶξις καὶ ἐνέργεια καὶ πρὸ τούτων ὁ λογισμὸς οὐ κακά, ἀλλὰ καλά, ἐάν, ἐφ' ᾧ ἐλάβομεν, χρησώμεθα κατὰ τὸν νόμον τοῦ δεδωκότος· κακὰ δὲ οὐκ αὐτά, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ κατὰ τὸν νόμον τοῦ δεδωκότος χρήσασθαι. Εἰ γὰρ πρὸς σύστασιν τῆς ζωῆς χρησόμεθα βρώσει, πόσει, ὕπνῳ καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις, καλὸν τούτων ἕκαστον. Καὶ εἰ τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ καὶ τῇ ἀγάπῃ χρησόμεθα πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τὸν μόνον φύσει ἐπιθυμητὸν καὶ πρὸς τὸν πλησίον κατὰ τὸν νόμον τοῦ θεοῦ καλόν. Καὶ εἰ τῇ μίξει χρησόμεθα ταῖς ἑαυτῶν γυναιξὶ πρὸς τεκνογονίαν κατὰ τὸν νόμον τὸν δοθέντα τῇ φύσει παρὰ θεοῦ, καλόν· εἰ δὲ χρησόμεθα τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ πρὸς τὰ ἀλλότρια παρὰ τὸν νόμον τοῦ θεοῦ, κακόν. Εἶπε γὰρ ὁ θεός· «Οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις τὸν ἀγρὸν τοῦ πλησίον σου οὐδὲ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ οὐδὲ ὅσα αὐτῷ ἐστιν.» Ἡ πορνεία οὐ διὰ τὴν συνάφειάν ἐστι κακή, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ τῇ ἀλλοτρίᾳ συναφθῆναι. Ἡ κενοδοξία, οὐ διὰ τὸ ἀγαπᾶν τὴν δόξαν κακή, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ μὴ τὴν ἐκ θεοῦ δόξαν ἀγαπᾶν. Τὸ μῖσος καὶ ὁ θυμός, εἰ μὲν κατὰ τῶν κωλυόντων τὴν σωτηρίαν τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ τὴν πρὸς θεὸν δι' ὑπακοῆς αὐτοῦ συνάφειαν καὶ ἀφιστώντων ἐκ θεοῦ, τουτέστι κατὰ τοῦ διαβόλου καὶ τῶν θεραπόντων αὐτοῦ, καλόν. Φησὶ γάρ· «Οὐχὶ τοὺς μισοῦντάς σε, κύριε, ἐμίσησα καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς σου ἐξετηκόμην; Τέλειον μῖσος ἐμίσουν αὐτούς, εἰς ἐχθροὺς ἐγένοντό μοι.» Καὶ οἱ ἅγιοι μάρτυρες ἐθυμοῦντο κατὰ τῶν τυράννων δικαίως θυμούμενοι. Καὶ ἐὰν κατὰ τοῦ οἰκείου λογισμοῦ θυμωθῶ χωρίζοντός με ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ, καλόν. Ἐάν τις ἀποστερῇ με τῆς σωτηρίας, καλὸν θυμωθῆναι καὶ μισῆσαι· ἐὰν δὲ λυπῇ κατὰ κόσμον καὶ ὠφελείας γίνηται πρόξενος ἀποστερῶν τῶν ὑλικῶν, ἀγαπήσω μᾶλλον ἤπερ μισήσω. Ὁ φόνος κακόν· μόνου γὰρ θεοῦ τὸ χωρίζειν τὴν ψυχὴν ἐκ τοῦ σώματος, τοῦ καὶ συνδήσαντος· εἰ δὲ φονεύσω ὑπὸ θεοῦ κελευόμενος, καλόν· πᾶν γὰρ τὸ ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἀγαθόν. Κακὸν οὖν τὸ ἐπιθυμεῖν ἁρπάζειν, ὃ οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμέτερον, ἀλλὰ τοῦ θεοῦ. Ἡ κατάκρισις κακή· θεοῦ γὰρ μόνου τὸ κρίνειν, καὶ κακὸν ἁρπάζειν τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀξίωμα, οἷς μὴ δέδοται παρὰ θεοῦ τὸ κρίνειν. Ἡ κενοδοξία καὶ ἡ ὑπερηφανεία κακή· θεῷ γὰρ μόνῳ πρέπει τὸ ἔπαρμα καὶ ἡ δόξα. Ὥστε οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν ἡ κακία εἰ μὴ τὸ παρὰ φύσιν καὶ τὸν νόμον κεχρῆσθαι ταῖς φυσικαῖς δυνάμεσιν, ὃ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐσία, ἀλλ' ἡμέτερον ἐπιτήδευμα.