it is accomplished by choice, then that which is from God comes to pass, and this is the giving of grace for grace from God. 12 But the law was given through Moses, but not by him, but by God. For the law is of God, according to what is written: «The law of the Lord is perfect, converting souls». Yet even if the law is given through Moses, nevertheless «Grace and truth came through Jesus Christ», with grace, through the remission of sins, preventing the punishment from the law against sinners; and with truth surpassing the shadows and the types. But pay attention also to what will be said. Since both the law and the prophets extended until John, so that he became the end of the old scripture, after which the coming of the Savior happened, very harmoniously was it said, «He who comes after me has become before me». For since the descent of the Savior was proclaimed beforehand by the law and the prophets, He is said to have come after. But even if He did come after, nevertheless, having fulfilled the law and the prophets by revealing their divine nature, He has become before, and being shown to be the cause of all that God-breathed scripture, which extended until John the Baptist. 13 Since contemplation is twofold, both of the senses and of the intellect, the one is perceptive of bodies, the other of incorporeal things. Wherefore we also say that the things subject to the mind and contemplated by it are invisible, not because they are not seen, but because they are not by nature able to be seen. For nothing of a bodily nature is invisible, even if at some time, being outside of vision, it is not seen. For not being seen does not signify the invisible, but not being naturally disposed to it. Wherefore ‘not being seen’ and ‘invisible’ are not convertible terms. For not being seen follows from being invisible. For many bodies, although being visible, are not seen, either being covered or by not being where one happens to be. This distinction being correct, one must understand what has been said as concerning the invisible. For not even the highest powers see God, not because of their own weakness, but because of the incorporeality of God. But neither is He visible to the mind simply, but to that which has been freed from all ignorance and evil and matter. «Blessed, for He says, are the pure in heart, «for they shall see God». And by heart He means the mind. Whoever, having become pure in the aforesaid manner and perfected in virtue, approaches God in so far as is possible. These things being so, the mind that is still subject to generation, and for this reason also to time, does not see God as it ought. Wherefore he did not say simply: «No one has seen God», but with the addition of «at any time», signifying something temporal, so that what is said is of this sort: As long as «at any time» can be said, as signifying something subject [to time], the mind is engaged in the life of matter. Therefore it is not able to see God by an application of thought. And we, from the theological concepts concerning Him and from what we have, dimly understand Him as much as is possible; but God Himself, not through any such thing, but by intimacy with Himself has understanding of Himself, being Himself both the understanding and that which is understood. Wherefore only the Son knows Him, being understood by the Father and understanding the Father. 14 Suitably to His being the only-begotten God and Son of the Father, bosoms were named. For since all things concerning the Godhead are unnameable, these are declared to us, being human, through human words, the evangelist has fittingly written of intimacy with the Father to be signified by things we know: «who is in the bosom of the Father». For just as it is written concerning all those who are saved and who receive the promises of God, that they will be in the bosoms of Abraham, meaning nothing else than that he is called the father of the faithful; so also the Son of God is said to be in the bosoms of the one who begot Him. And just as faithful men are in the bosoms of the faithful Abraham, so also the Son is in the bosoms. But one must understand the bosom of the Father just as the other things spoken humanly concerning God. But if it is said concerning the prophets or patriarchs or angels that they have seen God, the divine scripture does not say things contrary to itself. For no one
προαιρετικῶς κατορθωθῇ αὐτή, τηνικαῦτα τὸ ἐκ θεοῦ παραγίνεται, καὶ τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ δίδοσθαι παρὰ θεοῦ χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος. 12 ∆ιὰ Μωσέως δὲ ὁ νόμος ἐδόθη ἀλλ' οὐχ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ. θεοῦ γὰρ ὁ νόμος κατὰ τὸ γεγραμμένον· «Ὁ νόμος Κυ «ρίου ἄμωμος, ἐπιστρέφων ψυχάς». πλὴν εἰ καὶ διὰ Μωσέως ὁ νόμος δίδοται, ἀλλά γε «Ἡ χάρις καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ «ἐγένετο», τῆς χάριτος δι' ἀφέσεως ἁμαρτημάτων κωλυούσης τὴν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου κατὰ τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν κόλασιν· καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ὑπερβαινούσης τὰς σκιὰς καὶ τοὺς τύπους. ἐπίστησον δὲ καὶ τοῖς λεχθησομένοις. ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται μέχρις Ἰωάννου παρείλκυσαν, ὡς αὐτὸν πέρας γεγονέναι τῆς παλαιᾶς γραφῆς, μεθ' ἣν ἡ ἐπιδημία τοῦ σωτῆρος γέγονε, πάνυ συνᾳδόντως τὸ «Ὁ ὀπίσω «μου ἐρχόμενος ἔμπροσθέν μου γέγονεν» εἴρηται. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ προ ανεφωνεῖτο ἡ τοῦ σωτῆρος κάθοδος ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προ φητῶν, ἐλθὼν ὀπίσω ἐληλυθέναι λέγεται. ἀλλ' εἰ καὶ ὀπίσω ἐλή λυθεν, ἀλλ' οὖν πληρώσας νόμον καὶ προφήτας τῷ τὸ ἔνθεον αὐτῶν πεφανερωκέναι ἔμπροσθεν γέγονε, καὶ δηλωθεὶς αἴτιος εἶναι πάσης ἐκείνης τῆς θεοπνεύστου γραφῆς, παρελκυσάσης ἕως τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ Ἰωάννου. 13 ∆ιττοῦ τοῦ θεωρεῖν ὄντος, αἰσθητικοῦ τε καὶ νοητικοῦ, τὸ μὲν τῶν σωμάτων τὸ δὲ τῶν ἀσωμάτων ἐστὶν ἀντιληπτικόν. διὸ καὶ τὰ ὑποκείμενα τῷ νῷ καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ τούτου θεωρούμενα ἀόρατά φαμεν, οὐ τῷ μὴ ὁρᾶσθαι ἀλλὰ τῷ μὴ πεφυκέναι βλέπεσθαι. οὐδὲν γὰρ τῶν σωμάτων ἀόρατον, κἂν ἔξω ποτὲ τυγχάνον τῆς ὄψεως μὴ ὁρᾶται. οὐ γὰρ τὸ μὴ ὁρᾶσθαι σημαίνει τὸ ἀόρατον, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ πεφυκέναι πρὸς τοῦτο. διὸ οὐδὲ ἀντιστρέφει πρὸς ἑαυτὸ τὸ μὴ ὁρᾶσθαι καὶ τὸ ἀόρατον. τῷ μὲν γὰρ ἀοράτῳ ἀκολουθεῖ τὸ μὴ ὁρᾶσθαι τὸ ἀόρατον. πολλὰ γὰρ τῶν σωμάτων, καίτοι ὄντα ὁρατά, οὐχ ὁρᾶται, ἤτοι σκεπαζόμενα ἢ τῷ μὴ εἶναι ἔνθα ταῦτα τυγχάνει. ταύτης τῆς διαστολῆς ὀρθῶς ἐχούσης ἐκλαμβάνειν δεῖ τὸ εἰρημένον ὡς περὶ ἀοράτου. οὐδὲ γὰρ αἱ ἀνωτάτω δυνάμεις θεὸν ὁρῶσιν, οὐ διὰ τὴν σφῶν ἀσθένειαν ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ἀσωματότητα. ἀλλ' οὐδὲ νῷ ὁρατός ἐστιν ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ τῷ πάσης ἀγνοίας καὶ κακίας καὶ ὕλης ἀπηλλαγμένῳ. «Μακάριοι, γάρ φησιν, οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ, «ὅτι αὐτοὶ τὸν θεὸν ὄψονται». καρδίαν δὲ τὸν νοῦν ὀνομάζει. ὅστις καθαρὸς τῷ εἰρημένῳ τρόπῳ γεγονὼς τελειωθεὶς κατ' ἀρετὴν προσβάλλει θεῷ καθ' ὃ ἐφικτόν. τούτων οὕτως ἐχόντων ὁ νοῦς ὁ ἔτι ὑποκείμενος γενέσει, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο καὶ χρόνῳ, οὐχ ὁρᾷ τὸν θεὸν ὡς δεῖ. διὸ οὐ καθάπαξ εἴρηκεν· «Θεὸν οὐδεὶς ἑώρακεν», ἀλλὰ μετὰ προσθήκης τῆς «Πώποτε», σημαινούσης χρονικόν τι, ἵν' ᾖ τὸ λεγόμενον τοιοῦτον· ὅσον χρόνον τὸ «Πώποτε» δύναται λέγεσθαι, ὡς σημαῖνόν τι ὑποκείμενον, ὁ νοῦς ἐμπέπραται τῇ ἐνύλῳ ζωῇ. διὸ ἰδεῖν τὸν θεὸν οὐ δύναται κατὰ προσβολὴν νοήσεως. καὶ ἡμεῖς μὲν ἐκ τῶν περὶ αὐτοῦ θεολογουμένων ἐννοιῶν καὶ ὧν ἔχομεν ἀμυδρῶς αὐτὸν νοοῦμεν ὡς οἷόν τε· αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ θεὸς οὐ διά τινος τοιούτου ἀλλ' οἰκειότητι τῇ πρὸς ἑαυτὸν νόησιν ἔχει περὶ ἑαυτοῦ, αὐτὸς ὢν καὶ ἡ νόησις καὶ τὸ νοούμενον. διὸ μόνος ἐπίσταται αὐτὸν ὁ υἱὸς ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς νοούμενος καὶ νοῶν τὸν πατέρα. 14 Καταλλήλως δὲ τῷ μονογενῆ θεὸν καὶ υἱὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι πατρὸς ὠνομάσθησαν κόλποι. ἐπεὶ γὰρ τὰ περὶ τῆς θεότητος πάντα ἀκατ ονόμαστα δηλοῦται ἡμῖν ταῦτα ἀνθρώποις οὖσι διὰ λέξεων ἀν θρωπίνων, εἰκότως ἀφ' ὧν ἴσμεν σημαίνεσθαι τὴν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα οἰκειότητα γέγραφεν ὁ εὐαγγελιστής· «Ὁ ὢν εἰς τὸν κόλπον τοῦ «πατρός». ὡς γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν σωζομένων πάντων καὶ τὰς ἐπαγγελίας τοῦ θεοῦ λαμβανόντων γράφεται ὅτι γενήσονται εἰς τοὺς κόλπους τοῦ Ἀβραάμ, οὐκ ἄλλο τι ἢ ὅτι πατὴρ πιστῶν χρηματίζει· οὕτω καὶ ὁ θεοῦ υἱὸς ὢν ἐν κόλποις τοῦ γεννήσαντος λέγεται. καὶ ὥσπερ ἄνθρωποι πιστοὶ ἐν κόλποις πιστοῦ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γίνονται, οὕτως καὶ ὁ υἱὸς ὢν ἐν κόλποις. κόλπον δὲ πατρὸς ἀκούειν δεῖ ὡς καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ λεγόμενα ἀνθρωπίνως περὶ θεοῦ. εἰ δὲ περὶ τῶν προ φητῶν ἢ πατριαρχῶν ἢ ἀγγέλων λέγεται ὡς θεὸν ἑωρακότων, οὐκ ἀντικείμενα ἑαυτῇ φησιν ἡ θεία γραφή. θεὸν γὰρ οὐδεὶς