Chapter V.

In the matter of their origins, as these are somewhat obscure and but little known to many among us, our investigations must go back to a remote antiquity, and our authorities be none other than books of heathen literature.  Various authors are extant who have published works on the subject. The origin of the games as given by them is this. Timæus tells us that immigrants from Asia, under the leadership of Tyrrhenus, who, in a contest about his native kingdom, had succumbed to his brother, settled down in Etruria. Well, among other superstitious observances under the name of religion, they set up in their new home public shows. The Romans, at their own request, obtain from them skilled performers—the proper seasons—the name too, for it is said they are called Ludi, from Lydi. And though Varro derives the name of Ludi from Ludus, that is, from play, as they called the Luperci also Ludii, because they ran about making sport; still that sporting of young men belongs, in his view, to festal days and temples, and objects of religious veneration. However, it is of little consequence the origin of the name, when it is certain that the thing springs from idolatry. The Liberalia, under the general designation of Ludi, clearly declared the glory of Father Bacchus; for to Bacchus these festivities were first consecrated by grateful peasants, in return for the boon he conferred on them, as they say, making known the pleasures of wine. Then the Consualia were called Ludi, and at first were in honour of Neptune, for Neptune has the name of Consus also. Thereafter Romulus dedicated the Equiria to Mars, though they claim the Consualia too for Romulus, on the ground that he consecrated them to Consus, the god, as they will have it, of counsel; of the counsel, forsooth, in which he planned the rape of the Sabine virgins for wives to his soldiers. An excellent counsel truly; and still I suppose reckoned just and righteous by the Romans themselves, I may not say by God. This goes also to taint the origin: you cannot surely hold that to be good which has sprung from sin, from shamelessness, from violence, from hatred, from a fratricidal founder, from a son of Mars. Even now, at the first turning-post in the circus, there is a subterranean altar to this same Consus, with an inscription to this effect:  “Consus, great in counsel, Mars, in battle mighty tutelar deities.” The priests of the state sacrifice at it on the nones of July; the priest of Romulus and the Vestals on the twelfth before the Kalends of September. In addition to this, Romulus instituted games in honor of Jupiter Feretrius on the Tarpeian Hill, according to the statement Piso has handed down to us, called both Tarpeian and Capitoline. After him Numa Pompilius instituted games to Mars and Robigo (for they have also invented a goddess of rust); then Tullus Hostilius; then Ancus Martius; and various others in succession did the like. As to the idols in whose honour these games were established, ample information is to be found in the pages of Suetonius Tranquillus.  But we need say no more to prove the accusation of idolatrous origin.

CAPUT V.

De originibus quidem ut secretioribus et ignotis penes plures nostrorum altius, nec aliunde investigandum fuit ; quam de instrumentis ethnicarum litterarum. Exstant auctores multi, qui super ista re commentarios ediderunt. Ab his ludorum origo sic traditur: Lydos ex Asia transvenas in Hetruria consedisse, ut Timaeus refert, duce Tyrrheno, 0636B qui fratri suo cesserat regni contentione: igitur in Hetruria, inter caeteros ritus superstitionum suarum spectacula quoque religionis nomine instituunt: inde Romani accersitos artifices mutuantur, tempus, enuntiationem, ut ludi a Lydis vocarentur. Sed etsi Varro ludos a ludo, id est a lusu interpretarur, sicut et Lupercos ludos appellabant, quod ludendo discurrant; tamen eum lusum juvenum et diebus festis, et templis, et religionibus reputat. Nihil jam de caussa vocabuli, cum rei caussa idololatria sit. Nam et cum promiscue ludi Liberalia vocarentur, honorem Liberi patris manifeste sonabant. Libero enim a rusticis primo fiebant ob beneficium quod ei adscribunt pro demonstrata gratia vini. Exinde ludi Consualia dicti, 0636C qui initio Neptunum honorabant. Eumdem enim et Consum vocabant . Dehinc Equiria Marti 0637A Romulus dixit: quanquam et Consualia Romulo defendunt, quod ea Conso dicaverit Deo, ut volunt, consilii: ejus scilicet, quo tunc Sabinarum virginum rapinam militibus suis in matrimonia excogitavit. Probum plane consilium, et nunc quoque apud ipsos Romanos justum et licitum, ne dixerim, penes Deum. Facit etenim ad originis maculam, ne bonum existimes, quod initium a malo accepit, ab impudentia, a violentia, ab odio , a fratricida institutore, a filio Martis: et nunc ara Conso illi in Circo defossa est ad primas metas sub terra, cum inscriptione hujusmodi, CONSUS CONSILIO, MARS DUELLO, LARES COMITIO POTENTES. Sacrificant apud eam nonis Juliis sacerdotes publici, XII. Kalen. Septembres flamen Quirinalis, et 0637B virgines. Dehinc idem Romulus Jovi Feretrio ludos instituit in Tarpeio, quos Tarpeios dictos et Capitolinos Piso tradidit. Post hunc Numa Pompilius Marti et Robigini fecit . Nam et Robiginis Deam finxerunt. Dehinc Tullus Hostilius. Dehinc Ancus Martius, et caeteri. Qui quotque per ordinem , et quibus idolis ludos instituerunt, positum est apud Suetonium Tranquillum, vel a quibus Tranquillus accepit. Sed haec satis erunt ad originis de idololatria reatum.