Chap. V.—The Opinion of the Stoics Concerning God; Of His Anger and Kindness.

The Stoics and some others are supposed to have entertained much better sentiments respecting the divine nature, who say that there is kindness in God, but not anger. A very pleasing and popular speech, that God is not subject to such littleness of mind as to imagine that He is injured by any one, since it is impossible for Him to be injured; so that that serene and holy majesty is excited, disturbed, and maddened, which is the part of human frailty. For they say that anger is a commotion and perturbation of the mind, which is inconsistent with God. Since, when it falls upon the mind of any one, as a violent tempest it excites such waves that it changes the condition of the mind, the eyes gleam, the countenance trembles, the tongue stammers, the teeth chatter, the countenance is alternately stained now with redness spread over it, now with white paleness. But if anger is unbecoming to a man, provided he be of wisdom and authority, how much more is so foul a change unbecoming to God! And if man, when he has authority and power, inflicts widespread injury through anger, sheds blood, overthrows cities, destroys communities, reduces provinces to desolation, how much more is it to be believed that God, since He has power over the whole human race, and over the universe itself, would have been about to destroy all things if He were angry.  

Therefore they think that so great and so pernicious an evil ought to be absent from Him. And if anger and excitement are absent from Him, because it is disfiguring and injurious, and He inflicts injury on no one, they think that nothing else remains, except that He is mild, calm, propitious, beneficent, the preserver. For thus at length He may be called the common Father of all, and the best and greatest, which His divine and heavenly nature demands. For if among men it appears praiseworthy to do good rather than to injure, to restore to life16    Vivificare.   rather than to kill, to save rather than to destroy, and innocence is not undeservedly numbered among the virtues,—and he who does these things is loved, esteemed, honoured, and celebrated with all blessings and vows,—in short, on account of his deserts and benefits is judged to be most like to God; how much more right is it that God Himself, who excels in divine and perfect virtues, and who is removed from all earthly taint, should conciliate17    Promereri.   the whole race of man by divine and heavenly benefits! Those things are spoken speciously and in a popular manner, and they allure many to believe them; but they who entertain these sentiments approach nearer indeed to the truth, but they partly fail, not sufficiently considering the nature of the case. For if God is not angry with the impious and the unrighteous, it is clear that He does not love the pious and the righteous. Therefore the error of those is more consistent who take away at once both anger and kindness. For in opposite matters it is necessary to be moved to both sides or to neither. Thus, he who loves the good also hates the wicked, and he who does not hate the wicked does not love the good; because the loving of the good arises from the hatred of the wicked, and the hating of the wicked has its rise from the love of the good. There is no one who loves life without a hatred of death, nor who is desirous of light, but he who avoids darkness. These things are so connected by nature, that the one cannot exist without the other.  

If any master has in his household a good and a bad servant, it is evident that he does not hate them both, or confer upon both benefits and honours; for if he does this, he is both unjust and foolish. But he addresses the one who is good with friendly words, and honours him and sets him over his house and household, and all his affairs; but punishes the bad one with reproaches, with stripes, with nakedness, with hunger, with thirst, with fetters: so that the latter may be an example to others to keep them from sinning, and the former to conciliate them; so that fear may restrain some, and honour may excite others. He, therefore, who loves also hates, and he who hates also loves; for there are those who ought to be loved, and there are those who ought to be hated. And as he who loves confers good things on those whom he loves, so he who hates inflicts evils upon those whom he hates; which argument, because it is true, can in no way be refuted. Therefore the opinion of those is vain and false, who, when they attribute the one to God, take away the other, not less than the opinion of those who take away both. But the latter, 18    The Stoics. [Encountered first by St. Paul, Acts xvii. 18.]   as we have shown, in part do not err, but retain that which is the better of the two; whereas the former, 19    The Epicureans. [Ibid.]   led on by the accurate method of their reasoning, fall into the greatest error, because they have assumed premises which are altogether false. For they ought not to have reasoned thus: Because God is not liable to anger, therefore He is not moved by kindness; but in this manner: Because God is moved by kindness, therefore He is also liable to anger. For if it had been certain and undoubted that God is not liable to anger, then the other point would necessarily be arrived at. But since the question as to whether God is angry is more open to doubt, while it is almost perfectly plain that He is kind, it is absurd to wish to subvert that which is certain by means of an uncertainty, since it is easier to confirm uncertain things by means of those which are certain.  

CAPUT V. De Deo stoicorum sententia; de Ira et gratia ejus.

Existimantur stoici, et alii nonnulli, aliquanto 0089A melius de Divinitate sensisse, qui aiunt, gratiam in Deo esse, iram non esse. Favorabilis admodum, ac popularis oratio, non cadere in Deum hanc animi pusillitatem, ut ab ullo se laesum putet, qui laedi non potest; ut quieta illa, et sancta majestas concitetur, perturbetur, insaniat, quod est terrenae fragilitatis. Iram enim, commotionem mentis esse ac perturbationem, quae sit a Deo aliena. Quod si hominem quoque, qui modo sit sapiens et gravis, ira non deceat (si quidem, cum in animum cujusquam incidit, velut saeva tempestas tantos excitet fluctus, ut statum mentis immutet, ardescant oculi, os tremat, lingua titubet, dentes concrepent, alternis vultum maculet nunc suffusus rubor, nunc pallor albescens): quanto magis Deum non deceat tam foeda mutatio? Et si 0089B homo, qui habet imperium ac potestatem, late noceat per iram, sanguinem fundat, urbes subvertat, populos deleat, provincias ad solitudinem redigat; quanto magis Deum, qui habeat totius generis humani, et ipsius mundi potestatem, perditurum fuisse universa credibile sit, si irasceretur?

Abesse igitur ab eo tam magnum, tam perniciosum malum oportere. Et si absit ab eo ira, et concitatio, quia et deformis, et noxia est, nec cuiquam malefaciat, nihil aliud superesse, nisi ut sit lenis, tranquillus, propitius, beneficus, conservator. Ita enim demum et communis omnium pater, et optimus 0090A maximus dici poterit, quod expetit divina coelestisque natura. Nam si inter homines laudabile videtur prodesse potius quam nocere, vivificare quam occidere, salvare, quam perdere, nec immerito innocentia inter virtutes numeratur et qui haec fecerit, diligitur, praefertur, ornatur, benedictis omnibus votisque celebratur, denique ob merita et beneficia Deo simillimus judicatur; quanto magis ipsum Deum par est, divinis perfectisque virtutibus praecellentem, atque ab omni terrena labe summotum, divinis et coelestibus beneficiis omne genus hominum promereri? Speciose ista, populariterque dicuntur, et multos illiciunt ad credendum: sed qui haec sentiunt, ad veritatem quidem propius accedunt; sed in parte labuntur, naturam rei parum considerantes. Nam si 0090B Deus non irascitur impiis et injustis, nec pios utique justosque diligit. Ergo constantior est error illorum, qui et iram simul, et gratiam tollunt. In rebus enim diversis, aut in utramque partem moveri necesse est, aut in neutram. Ita qui bonos diligit, et malos odit, et qui malos non odit, nec bonos diligit: quia et diligere bonos, ex odio malorum venit; et malos odisse, ex bonorum charitate descendit. Nemo est qui amet vitam sine odio mortis, nec appetat lucem, nisi qui tenebras fugit. Adeo natura ista connexa sunt, ut alterum sine altero fieri nequeat.

Si quis Dominus habens in familia servos, bonum 0091A ac malum, non utique aut ambos odit, aut ambos beneficiis et honore prosequitur; quod si faciet, et iniquus et stultus est: sed bonum et alloquitur amice, et ornat, et domi ac familiae suisque omnibus rebus praeficit; malum vero maledictis, verberibus, nuditate, fame, siti, compedibus punit, ut et hic exemplo caeteris sit ad non peccandum, et ille ad promerendum, ut alios metus coerceat, alios honor provocet. Qui ergo diligit, et odit; qui odit, et diligit; sunt enim, qui diligi debeant, sunt qui odio haberi. Et sicut is, qui diligit, confert bona in eos, quos diligit: ita qui odit, irrogat mala iis, quos odio habet; quod argumentum, quia verum est, dissolvi nullo pacto potest. Vano ergo et falsa est sententia eorum, qui cum alterum Deo tribuant, alterum detrahunt, 0091B non minus, quam illorum qui utrumque detrahunt. Sed illi, ut ostendimus, ex parte non errant, sed id quod melius est ex duobus retinent. Ii vero, quos ratio et veritas argumenti hujus inducit, falsa omnino sententia suscepta, in maximum errorem cadunt. Non enim sic oportebat eos argumentari: Quia Deus non irascitur, ergo nec gratia commovetur; sed ita, Quia Deus gratia movetur, ergo et irascitur. Si enim certum et indubitatum fuisset, non irasci Deum, tunc ad illud alterum veniri esset necesse. Cum autem magis sit ambiguum de ira, pene manifestum de 0092A gratia; absurdum est, ex incerto certum velle subvertere, cum sit promptius, de certis incerta firmare.