Homily V.

Philippians ii. 1–4

“If there is therefore any comfort in Christ, if any consolation of love, if any fellowship of the Spirit, if any tender mercies and compassions, fulfil ye my joy, that ye be of the same mind, having the same love, being of one accord, of one mind; doing nothing through faction or through vainglory; but in lowliness of mind, each counting other better than himself; not looking each of you to his own things, but each of you also to the things of others.”

There is nothing better, there is nothing more affectionate, than a spiritual teacher; such an one surpasses the kindness of any natural father. Do but consider, how this blessed one entreats the Philippians concerning the things which were to their own advantage. What says he, in exhorting them concerning concord, that cause of all good things? See how earnestly, how vehemently, with how much sympathy he speaks, “If there be therefore any comfort in Christ,” that is, if ye have any comfort in Christ, as if he had said, If thou makest any account of me, if thou hast any care of me, if thou hast ever received good at my hands, do this. This mode of earnestness we use when we claim a matter which we prefer to everything else. For if we did not prefer it to everything, we should not wish to receive in it our recompense for all things, nor say that through it all is represented. We indeed remind men of our carnal claims; for example, if a father were to say, If thou hast any reverence for thy father, if any remembrance of my care in nourishing thee, if any affection towards me, if any memory of the honor thou hast received of me, if any of my kindness, be not at enmity with thy brother; that is, for all those things, this is what I ask in return.

But Paul does not so; he calls to our remembrance no carnal, but all of them spiritual benefits. That is, if ye wish to give me any comfort in my temptations, and encouragement in Christ, if any consolation of love, if ye wish to show any communion in the Spirit, if ye have any tender mercies and compassions, fulfil ye my joy. “If any tender mercies and compassions.” Paul speaks of the concord of his disciples as compassion towards himself, thus showing that the danger was extreme, if they were not of one mind. If I can obtain comfort from you, if I can obtain any consolation from our love, if I can communicate with you in the Spirit, if I can have fellowship with you in the Lord, if I can find mercy and compassion at your hands, show by your love the return of all this. All this have I gained, if ye love one another.

Ver. 2. “Fulfil ye my joy.”

That the exhortation might not seem to be made to people who were still deficient, see how he says not, “do me joy,” but “fulfil my joy”; that is, Ye have begun to plant it in me, ye have already given me some portion of peacefulness, but I desire to arrive at its fulness? Say, what wouldest thou? that we deliver thee from dangers? that we supply somewhat to thy need? Not so, but “that ye be of the same mind, having the same love,” in which ye have begun, “being of one accord, of one mind.” Just see, how often he repeats the same thing by reason of his great affection! “That ye be of the same mind,” or rather, “that ye be of one mind.” For this is more than “the same.”

“Having the same love.” That is, let it not be simply about faith alone, but also in all other things; for there is such a thing as to be of the same mind, and yet not to have love. “Having the same love,” that is, love and be loved alike; do not thou enjoy much love, and show less love, so as to be covetous even in this matter; but do not suffer it in thyself. “Of one accord,” he adds, that is, appropriating with one soul, the bodies of all, not in substance, for that is impossible, but in purpose and intention. Let all things proceed as from one soul. What means “of one accord”? He shows when he says “of one mind.” Let your mind be one, as if from one soul.

Ver. 3. “Doing nothing through faction.”

He finally demands this of them, and tells76    [Field here makes a conjectural alteration which is little better, and we follow the documents.—J.A.B.] them the way how this may be. “Doing nothing through faction or vainglory.” This, as I always say, is the cause of all evil. Hence come fightings and contentions. Hence come envyings and strifes. Hence it is that love waxes cold, when we love the praise of men, when we are slaves to the honor which is paid by the many, for it is not possible for a man to be the slave of praise, and also a true servant of God. How then shall we flee vainglory? for thou hast not yet told us the way. Listen then to what follows.

“But in lowliness of mind, each counting other better than himself.” Oh how full of true wisdom, how universal a gathering-word77    συγκρότημα. of our salvation is the lesson he has put forth! If thou deemest, he means, that another is greater than thyself, and persuadest thyself so, yea more, if thou not only sayest it, but art fully assured of it, then thou assignest him the honor, and if thou assignest him the honor, thou wilt not be displeased at seeing him honored by another. Do not then think him simply greater than thyself, but “better,” which is a very great superiority, and thou dost not think it strange nor be pained thereby, if thou seest him honored. Yea, though he treat thee with scorn, thou dost bear it nobly, for thou hast esteemed him greater than thyself. Though he revile thee, thou dost submit. Though he treat thee ill, thou bearest it in silence. For when once the soul is fully assured that he is greater, it falls not into anger when it is ill-treated by him, nor yet into envy, for no one would envy those who are very far above himself, for all things belong to his superiority.

Here then he instructs the one party to be thus minded. But when he too, who enjoys such honor from thee, is thus affected toward thee, consider what a double wall there is erected of gentle forbearance [comp. Philip. iv. 5.]; for when thou esteemest him thus worthy of honor, and he thee likewise, no painful thing can possibly arise; for if this conduct when shown by one is sufficient to destroy all strife, who shall break down the safeguard, when it is shown by both? Not even the Devil himself. The defense is threefold, and fourfold, yea manifold, for humanity is the cause of all good; and that you may learn this, listen to the prophet, saying, “Hadst thou desired sacrifice, I would have given it: Thou wilt not delight in burnt offerings. The sacrifice for God is a broken spirit, a broken and a contrite heart God will not despise.”78    [Quoted, of course, from the Sept., which here differs considerably from the Hebrew.—J.A.B.] (Ps. li. 16, 17.) Not simply humility, but intense humility. As in the case of bodily substances, that which is “broken” will not rise against that which is “solid,” but, how many ills soever it may suffer, will perish itself rather than attack the other, so too the soul, even if constantly suffering ill, will choose rather to die, than to avenge itself by attack.

How long shall we be puffed up thus ridiculously? For as we laugh, when we see children drawing themselves up, and looking haughty, or when we see them picking up stones and throwing them, thus too the haughtiness79    ἀπόνοια. of men belongs to a puerile intellect, and an unformed mind. “Why are earth and ashes proud?” (Ecclus. x. 9.) Art thou highminded, O man? and why? tell me what is the gain? Whence art thou highminded against those of thine own kind? Dost not thou share the same nature? the same life? Hast not thou received like honor from God? But thou art wise? Thou oughtest to be thankful, not to be puffed up. Haughtiness is the first act of ingratitude, for it denies80    Lit. “takes away,” i.e. takes the credit from the Giver. the gift of grace. He that is puffed up, is puffed up as if he had excelled by his own strength, and he who thinks he has thus excelled is ungrateful toward Him who bestowed that honor. Hast thou any good? Be thankful to Him who gave it. Listen to what Joseph said, and what Daniel. For when the king of Egypt sent for him, and in the presence of all his host asked him concerning that matter in which the Egyptians, who were most learned in these things, had forsaken the field, when he was on the point of carrying off everything from them, and of appearing wiser than the astrologers, the enchanters, the magicians, and all the wise men of those times, and that from captivity and servitude, and he but a youth (and his glory was thus greater, for it is not the same thing to shine when known, and contrary to expectation, so that its being unlooked for rendered him the more admirable); what then, when he came before Pharaoh? Was it “Yea, I know”? But what? When no one urged it on him, he said from his own excellent spirit, “Do not interpretations belong to God?”81    Gen. xl. 8. This he said to the baker and cupbearer in prison, but he also said to Pharaoh, “It is not in me: God shall give Pharaoh an answer of pence,” c. xli. 16. Behold he straightway glorified his Master, therefore he was glorified. And this also is no small thing. For that God had revealed it to him was a far greater thing than if he had himself excelled. For he showed that his words were worthy of credit, and it was a very great proof of his intimacy with God. There is no one thing so good as to be the intimate friend of God. “For if,” says the Scripture, “he [Abraham] was justified by works, he hath whereof to glory, but not toward God.” (Rom. iv. 2.) For if he who has been vouchsafed grace maketh his boast in God, that he is loved of Him, because his sins are forgiven, he too that worketh hath whereof to boast, but not before God, as the other (for it82    He may mean our “boasting” of “such” things as we do, or the fact that our goodness extends not to God. is a proof of our excessive weakness); he who has received wisdom of God, how much more admirable is he? He glorifies God and is glorified of Him, for He says, “Them that honor Me, I will honor.” (1 Sam. ii. 30.)

Again, listen to him who descended from Joseph, than whom no one was wiser. “Art thou wiser,”83    E.V. “Thou art,” but [Chrys. quotes the Sept.—J.A.B.] says he, “than Daniel?” (Ezek. xxviii. 3.) This Daniel then, when all the wise men that were in Babylon, and the astrologers moreover, the prophets, the magicians, the enchanters, yea when the whole of their wisdom was not only coming to be convicted, but to be wholly destroyed (for their being destroyed was a clear proof that they had deceived before), this Daniel coming forward, and preparing to solve the king’s question, does not take the honor to himself, but first ascribes the whole to God, and says, “But as for me, O king, it is not revealed to me for any wisdom that I have beyond all men.” (Dan. ii. 30.) And “the king worshiped him, and commanded that they should offer an oblation.” (Dan. ii. 46.) Seest thou his humility? seest thou his excellent spirit? seest thou this habit of lowliness? Listen also to the Apostles, saying at one time, "Why fasten ye your eyes on us, as though by our own power or godliness we had made this man to walk? (Acts iii. 12.) And again, “We are men of like passions with you.” (Acts xiv. 15.) Now if they thus refused the honors paid them, men who by reason of the humility and power of Christ wrought greater deeds than Christ (for He says, “He that believeth in Me shall do greater works than those that I do” (John xiv. 12, abr.)), shall not we wretched and miserable men do so, who cannot even beat away gnats,84    This hyperbolical expression may have a moral meaning with respect to petty annoyances, and in allusion to the fan used in the Holy Eucharist. Bingham xv. c. 3, § 6. much less devils? who have not power to benefit a single man, much less the whole world, and yet think so much of ourselves that the Devil himself is not like us?

There is nothing so foreign to a Christian soul as haughtiness. Haughtiness, I say, not boldness nor courage, for these are congenial. But these are one thing, and that another; so too humility is one thing, and meanness, flattery, and adulation another.

I will now, if you wish, give you examples of all these qualities. For these things which are contraries, seem in some way to be placed near together, as the tares to the wheat, and the thorns to the rose. But while babes might easily be deceived, they who are men in truth, and are skilled in spiritual husbandry, know how to separate what is really good from the bad. Let me then lay before you examples of these qualities from the Scriptures. What is flattery, and meanness, and adulation? Ziba flattered85    Compare 2 Sam. xix. 26. He means that Ziba had recourse to unworthy means of winning David’s favor. And that Ahitophel was ready to serve Absalom from selfish motives. David out of season, and falsely slandered his master. (2 Sam. xvi. 1–3.) Much more did Ahitophel flatter Absalom. (2 Sam. xvii. 1–4.) But David was not so, but he was humble. For the deceitful are flatterers, as when they say, “O king, live for ever.” (Dan. ii. 4.) Again, what flatterers the magicians are.

We shall find much to exemplify this in the case of Paul in the Acts. When he disputed with the Jews he did not flatter them, but was humble-minded (for he knew how to speak boldly), as when he says, “I, brethren, though I had done nothing against the people, or the customs of our fathers, yet was delivered prisoner from Jerusalem.” (Acts xxviii. 17.)

That these were the words of humility, listen how he rebukes them in what follows, “Well spake the Holy Ghost, By hearing ye shall hear, and shall in nowise understand, and seeing ye shall see, and in nowise perceive.” (Acts xxviii. 25; ib. 26.)

Seest thou his courage? Behold also the courage of John the Baptist, which he used before Herod; when he said, “It is not lawful for thee to have thy brother Philip’s wife.” (Mark vi. 18.) This was boldness, this was courage. Not so the words of Shimei, when he said, “Begone, thou man of blood” (2 Sam. xvi. 7.), and yet he too spake with boldness; but this is not courage, but audacity, and insolence, and an unbridled tongue. Jezebel too reproached Jehu, when she said, “The slayer of his master” (2 Kings ix. 31.), but this was audacity, not boldness. Elias too reproached, but this was boldness and courage; “I do not trouble Israel, but thou and thy father’s house.” (1 Kings xviii. 18.) Again, Elias spake with boldness to the whole people, saying, “How long will ye go lame on both your thighs?” (1 Kings xviii. 21, LXX.) Thus to rebuke was boldness and courage. This too the prophets did, but that other was audacity.

Would you see words both of humility and not of flattery,86    [All of Field’s mss. give “flattery” (instead of “freedom,” as the text of most editions), and he has inserted “not” by conjecture, as it is said below in the case of David.—J.A.B.] listen to Paul, saying, “But with me it is a very small thing that I should be judged of you, or of man’s judgment; yea, I judge not mine own self. For I know nothing against myself, yet am I not hereby justified.” (1 Cor. iv. 3, 4.) This is of a spirit that becomes a Christian; and again, “Dare any of you, having a matter against his neighbor, go to law before the unrighteous, and not before the saints”? (1 Cor. vi. 1.)

Would you see the flattery of the foolish Jews? listen to them, saying, “We have no king but Cæsar.” (John xix. 15.) Would you see humility? listen to Paul again, when he says, “For we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus as Lord, and ourselves as your servants for Jesus’ sake.” (2 Cor. iv. 5.) Would you see both flattery and audacity? “Audacity” (1 Sam. xxv. 10.) in the case of Nabal, and “flattery” (1 Sam. xxiii. 20.) in that of the Ziphites? For in their purpose they betrayed David. Would you see “wisdom” (1 Sam. xxvi. 5–12.) and not flattery, that of David, how he gat Saul into his power, and yet spared him? Would you see the flattery of those who murdered Mephibosheth,87    2 Sam. iv. 8. So some copies of LXX., for Ishbosheth. whom also David slew? In fine, and as it were in outline, to sum up all, audacity is shown when one is enraged, and insults another for no just cause, either to avenge himself, or in some unjust way is audacious; but boldness and courage are when we dare to face perils and deaths, and despise friendships and enmities for the sake of what is pleasing to God. Again, flattery and meanness are when one courts another not for any right end, but hunting after some of the things of this life; but humility, when one does this for the sake of things pleasing to God, and descends from his own proper station that he may perform something great and admirable. If we know these things, happy are we if we do them. For to know them is not enough. For Scripture says, “Not the hearers of a law, but the doers of a law shall be justified.” (Rom. ii. 13.) Yea, knowledge itself condemneth, when it is without action and deeds of virtue. Wherefore that we may escape the condemnation, let us follow after the practice, that we may obtain those good things that are promised to us, by the grace and love of our Lord Jesus Christ.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Εʹ. Εἴ τις οὖν παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ, εἴ τι παραμύ θιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία πνεύματος, εἴ τινα σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί: πληρώσατέ μου τὴν χαρὰν, ἵνα τὸ αὐτὸ φρονῆτε, τὴν αὐτὴν ἀγάπην ἔχοντες, σύμψυχοι, τὸ ἓν φρονοῦντες: μηδὲν κατ' ἐρίθειαν ἢ κενοδοξίαν, ἀλλὰ τῇ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ ἀλλήλους ἡγούμενοι ὑπερ έχοντας ἑαυτῶν: μὴ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ἕκαστος σκο πεῖτε, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ἑτέρων ἕκαστος. αʹ. Οὐδὲν ἄμεινον, οὐδὲν φιλοστοργότερον διδασκάλου πνευματικοῦ: παντὸς πατρὸς εὔνοιαν παρέρχεται φυσικοῦ. Ὅρα γοῦν, ὁ μακάριος οὗτος οἵαν τίθησιν ἱκετηρίαν πρὸς Φιλιππησίους ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐκείνοις συμφερόντων. Τί γάρ φησι, περὶ ὁμονοίας παρακαλῶν, τοῦ πάντων αἰτίου τῶν καλῶν; ὅρα πῶς λιπαρῶς, πῶς σφοδρῶς, πῶς μετὰ συμπαθείας πολλῆς. Εἴ τις οὖν παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ, φησί. Τουτέστιν, εἴ τινα ἔχετε παράκλησιν ἐν Χριστῷ: ὡς ἂν εἰ ἔλεγεν: Εἴ τινά μου λόγον ἔχεις, εἴ τίς σοι φροντὶς ἐμοῦ, εἴ ποτε εὖ ἔπαθές τι παρ' ἐμοῦ, τόδε ποίησον. Τούτῳ δὲ κεχρήμεθα τῆς διαθέσεως τῷ τρόπῳ, ὅταν ὑπὲρ πράγματος ἀξιῶμεν, ὃ πάντων προτίθεμεν: οὐ γὰρ, εἰ μὴ πάντων αὐτὸ προετίθεμεν, πάντων τὴν ἀμοιβὴν ἐν ἐκείνῳ λαβεῖν ἐβουλόμεθα, καὶ δι' ἐκείνου τὸ πᾶν ἐλέγομεν δείκνυσθαι. Ἡμεῖς μὲν οὖν σαρκικῶν δικαιωμάτων ὑπομιμνήσκομεν. Ὡς ἂν εἰ πατὴρ πρὸς υἱὸν ἔλεγεν: Εἴ τις οὖν σοι πατρὸς αἰδὼς, εἴ τις ἀνατροφῆς μνήμη, εἴ τις φιλοστοργίας τῆς πρὸς ἐμὲ, εἴ τις τιμῆς ἧς ἔτυχες παρ' ἐμοῦ, εἴ τις εὐνοίας, μὴ ἔσο τῷ ἀδελφῷ ἐχθρός: τουτέστιν, Ἀντὶ πάντων ἐκείνων ταύτην αἰτῶ τὴν ἀμοιβήν. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁ Παῦλος οὕτως: οὐδενὸς γὰρ σαρκικοῦ ὑπομιμνήσκει, ἀλλὰ πάντων πνευματικῶν. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν: Εἴ τινά μοι βούλεσθε παράκλησιν ἐν τοῖς πειρασμοῖς δοῦναι, καὶ προτροπὴν ἐν Χριστῷ, εἴ τινα παραμυθίαν ἀγάπης, εἴ τινα κοινωνίαν δεῖξαι τὴν ἐν πνεύματι, εἴ τινα ἔχετε σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοὺς, πληρώσατέ μου τὴν χαράν. Εἴ τινα σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί. Οἰκτιρμούς φησιν ἑαυτοῦ τῶν μαθητῶν τὴν ὁμόνοιαν ὁ Παῦλος, δεικνὺς ὡς ἐν τοῖς ἐσχάτοις ὁ κίνδυνος, ἐὰν μὴ ὁμονοῶσιν. Εἰ ἔστι, φησὶ, τυχεῖν παρακλήσεως παρ' ὑμῶν, εἰ ἔστι τυχεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγάπης ὑμῶν παραμυθίας τινὸς, εἰ ἔστιν ὑμῖν κοινωνῆσαι ἐν πνεύματι, εἰ ἔστι κοινωνῆσαι ὑμῖν ἐν Κυρίῳ, εἰ ἔστιν ἐλεηθῆναι παρ' ὑμῶν καὶ οἰκτειρηθῆναι, πάντων τούτων τὴν ἀντίδοσιν ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ δείξατε: πάντων τούτων ἔτυχον, ἐὰν ἀγαπᾶτε ἀλλήλους. Πληρώσατέ μου τὴν χαράν. Ὅρα, ἵνα μὴ δόξῃ ἡ παραίνεσις ὡς πρὸς ἐλλείποντας ἔτι γεγενῆσθαι, οὐκ εἶπε, Ποιήσατέ μοι, ἀλλὰ, Πληρώσατε: τουτέστιν, Ἤρξασθε φυτεύειν ἐν ἐμοί, ἤδη μοι μετεδώκατε τὸ εἰρηνεύειν, ἀλλ' εἰς τέλος ἐπιθυμῶ ἐλθεῖν. Τί βούλει, εἰπέ μοι, ἵνα σε κινδύνων ἀπαλλάξωμεν; ἵνα σοί τι χορηγήσωμεν; Οὐδὲν τούτων, φησὶν, ἀλλ', Ἵνα ὑμεῖς τὸ αὐτὸ φρονῆτε, τὴν αὐτὴν ἀγάπην ἔχοντες, ἐν ᾗ ἤρξασθε, σύμψυχοι, τὸ ἓν φρονοῦντες. Βαβαὶ, ποσάκις τὸ αὐτὸ λέγει ἀπὸ διαθέσεως πολλῆς! Ἵνα τὸ αὐτὸ φρονῆτε, φησὶ, μᾶλλον δὲ, ἵνα τὸ ἓν φρονῆτε. Τοῦτο γὰρ προϊὼν ἐδήλωσεν εἰπὼν, Τὸ ἓν φρονοῦντες: ὃ τοῦ, Τὸ αὐτὸ, μεῖζόν ἐστι. Τὴν αὐτὴν ἀγάπην ἔχοντες: τουτέστι, μὴ ἁπλῶς περὶ πίστιν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν. Ἔστι γὰρ καὶ τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν, καὶ μὴ ἀγάπην ἔχειν. Τὴν αὐτὴν ἀγάπην ἔχοντες: τουτέστιν, ὁμοίως καὶ φιλεῖν καὶ φιλεῖσθαι. Μὴ σὺ μὲν ἀπόλαυε τῆς πολλῆς, ἐλάττονα δὲ τοῖς ἄλλοις πάρεχε, ἵνα καὶ ἐν τούτῳ ᾖς πλεονέκτης. Εἰ γάρ τινες τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ σὺ μὴ ἀνέχου. Σύμψυχοι, φησί: τουτέστι, μιᾷ ψυχῇ τὰ πάντων οἰκειούμενοι σώματα, οὐ τῇ οὐσίᾳ (οὐ γάρ ἐστι δυνατὸν), ἀλλὰ τῇ προαιρέσει καὶ τῇ γνώμῃ: ὡς ἐκ μιᾶς ψυχῆς τὰ πάντα γινέσθω. Τί ἐστι, Σύμψυχοι; Ἐδήλωσεν εἰπὼν, Τὸ ἓν φρονοῦντες: ἓν ἔστω τὸ φρόνημα, ὥσπερ μιᾶς ψυχῆς. Μηδὲν κατὰ ἐρίθειαν. Ἀξιοῖ λοιπὸν καὶ τὸν τρόπον λέγει, πῶς ἂν τοῦτο γένοιτο: Μηδὲν κατὰ ἐρίθειαν, ἢ κενοδοξίαν, φησίν. Ὅπερ ἀεί φημι, ὅτι πάντων αἴτιον τῶν κακῶν τοῦτό ἐστιν: ἐντεῦθεν αἱ μάχαι καὶ αἱ ἔρεις, ἐντεῦθεν αἱ βασκανίαι καὶ φιλονεικίαι, ἐντεῦθεν τῆς ἀγάπης ἡ ψύξις, ὅταν τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων δόξης ἐρῶμεν, ὅταν δοῦλοι τῆς τῶν πολλῶν ὦμεν τιμῆς: οὐ γὰρ ἔνι δόξης ὄντα δοῦλον, εἶναι καὶ Θεοῦ δοῦλον γνήσιον. Πῶς οὖν τὴν κενοδοξίαν φύγωμεν, φησίν; οὐδέπω γὰρ εἶπας ὁδόν. Ἄκουε τῶν ἐπαγομένων: Ἀλλὰ τῇ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ, φησὶν, ἀλλήλους ἡγούμενοι ὑπερέχοντας ἑαυτῶν. Βαβαὶ, πῶς δόγμα φιλοσοφίας γέμον πάσης, καὶ ἡμῶν τῆς σωτηρίας συγκρότημα ἐξέθετο! Ἐὰν ὑπολάβῃς, φησὶν, ὅτι ὁ δεῖνά σου μείζων ἐστὶ, καὶ τοῦτο πείσῃς σαυτὸν, μᾶλλον δὲ οὐκ ἐὰν εἴπῃς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πληροφορηθῇς, ἀπονέμεις αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν τιμήν: εἰ δὲ σὺ ἀπονέμεις αὐτῷ τὴν τιμὴν, οὐκ ἀγανακτήσεις ὁρῶν αὐτὸν παρ' ἑτέρου τιμώμενον. Μὴ τοίνυν ἁπλῶς νόμιζε μείζονά σου εἶναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπερέχειν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ σφοδρᾶς ὑπερβολῆς, καὶ οὐ ξενισθήσῃ τιμώμενον ὁρῶν, οὐδὲ ἀλγήσεις: κἂν ὑβρίσῃ, οἴσεις γενναίως: μείζονα γάρ σου αὐτὸν νενόμικας: κἂν λοιδορῇ, πείθῃ, κἂν ποιήσῃ κακῶς, φέρεις σιγῇ. Ὅταν γὰρ ἅπαξ πληροφορηθῇ ἡ ψυχὴ, ὅτι μείζων ἐστὶν, οὐκ εἰς ὀργὴν ἐμπίπτει ἐν οἷς ἂν παρ' αὐτοῦ πάθῃ κακῶς, οὐκ εἰς βασκανίαν. Τοῖς γὰρ σφόδρα ὑπερέχουσιν οὐδεὶς ἂν φθονήσειε: τῆς γὰρ ὑπεροχῆς τὰ πάντα ἡγεῖται. βʹ. Ἐνταῦθα μὲν οὖν τοῦτον παιδεύει οὕτω διακεῖσθαι. Ὅταν δὲ κἀκεῖνος ὁ τοσαύτης ἀπολαύων τιμῆς παρὰ σοῦ, φησὶν, οὕτω πρὸς σὲ διακέηται, ἐννόησον πῶς τεῖχός ἐστι διπλοῦν ἐπιεικείας. Ὅταν γὰρ σὺ τέως ἄξιον τιμῆς ἔχῃς, κἀκεῖνος οὕτως, οὐδὲν οὐδέποτε ἔσται λυπηρόν. Εἰ γὰρ παρὰ τοῦ ἑνὸς τοῦτο γινόμενον ἀρκεῖ λῦσαι πᾶσαν ἐρεσχελίαν, ὅταν παρὰ ἀμφοτέρων ᾖ, τίς διακόψει ταύτην τὴν ἀσφάλειαν; Οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὁ διάβολος: τριπλοῦν γὰρ ἔσται, καὶ τετραπλοῦν, καὶ πολλαπλάσιον τὸ ὀχύρωμα. Πάντων γὰρ τῶν ἀγαθῶν αἰτία ἡ ταπεινοφροσύνη. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς, ἄκουε τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος, ὅτι Εἰ ἠθέλησας θυσίαν, ἔδωκα ἄν: ὁλοκαυτώματα οὐκ εὐδοκήσεις. Θυσία τῷ Θεῷ πνεῦμα συντετριμμένον: καρδίαν συντετριμμένην καὶ τεταπεινωμένην ὁ Θεὸς οὐκ ἐξουδενώσει. Οὐχ ἁπλῶς δὲ ταπεινοφροσύνην ἀπαιτεῖ, ἀλλ' ἐπίτασιν ταπεινοφροσύνης. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν σωμάτων τὸ συντετριμμένον οὐκ ἂν ἐπανασταίη ποτὲ τῷ στεῤῥῷ, ἀλλ' ὅσα ἂν πάθῃ δεινὰ, πρότερον αὐτὸ ἀπολεῖται, ἢ ἑτέρῳ ἐπεξελεύσεται: οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ψυχῆς, αἱρήσεται μᾶλλον κακῶς πάσχουσα διαπαντὸς καὶ ἀποθανεῖν, ἢ ἐπεξελθεῖν καὶ ἀμύνασθαι. Μέχρι τίνος φυσώμεθα φύσημα γέλωτος ἄξιον; Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὰ παιδία, ὅταν ὁρῶμεν ἀνατεινόμενα καὶ γαυρούμενα γελῶμεν, ἢ καὶ λίθον αἴροντα καὶ ῥιπτοῦντα πάλιν γελῶμεν: οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ ἀπόνοια ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη, παιδικῆς ὂν διανοίας καὶ ἀτελοῦς φρενὸς γέννημα. Τί γὰρ ὑπερηφανεύεται γῆ καὶ σποδός; Μέγα φρονεῖς, ἄνθρωπε; διὰ τί; τί τὸ κέρδος, εἰπέ μοι; πόθεν δὲ καὶ μέγα φρονεῖς κατὰ τῶν ὁμοφύλων; οὐχὶ τῆς αὐτῆς μετέχεις φύσεως; οὐχὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς; οὐχ ὁμοίως τετίμησαι παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ; Ἀλλὰ σοφὸς εἶ; Οὐκοῦν εὐχαριστεῖν, οὐ φυσᾶσθαι ὀφείλεις. Πρώτη ἀχαριστία, ἀπόνοια: ἀφαιρεῖται γὰρ τῆς εὐεργεσίας τὸ δῶρον. Ὁ γὰρ ἐπαιρόμενος, ὡς αὐτὸς κατορθώσας ἐπαίρεται: ὁ δὲ νομίζων κατωρθωκέναι, ἀχάριστός ἐστι περὶ τὸν δεδωκότα τὴν τιμήν. Ἔνεστί σοί τι ἀγαθόν; Εὐχαρίστει τῷ δεδωκότι. Ἄκουσον τί φησιν ὁ Ἰωσὴφ, τί δὲ ὁ Δανιήλ. Τοῦ γὰρ βασιλέως Αἰγύπτου μεταπεμψαμένου αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου, καὶ ἐπὶ πάσης τῆς στρατιᾶς πυνθανομένου ἐπὶ πράγματι, ἐφ' ᾧ πάντες παρεχώρησαν Αἰγύπτιοι οἱ περὶ ταῦτα μάλιστα δεινοὶ, μέλλων αὐτὸς κατὰ πᾶν ὑπεραίρειν, καὶ σοφώτερος φανήσεσθαι τῶν ἀστρολόγων, τῶν μάντεων, τῶν γοήτων, τῶν μάγων, πάντων τῶν φιλοσόφων τῶν τότε, ἀπὸ τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας καὶ δουλείας, παιδίον ὢν (καὶ γὰρ τότε μείζων ἡ δόξα: οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἴσον φαινόμενον λάμπειν, καὶ παρὰ προσδοκίαν: ὥστε καὶ τὸ παρ' ἐλπίδας ἐποίει αὐτὸν θαυμαστότερον): τί οὖν οὗτος παρελθὼν εἶπε τῷ Φαραώ; ὅτι Ναὶ, οἶδα; Οὐχ οὕτως: ἀλλὰ τί; Οὐδενὸς αὐτὸν ἐλέγχοντος, ἀπὸ πολλῆς τῆς εὐγνωμοσύνης τί φησιν; Οὐχὶ διὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡ διασάφησις αὐτῶν ἐστιν; Ὅρα: τὸν Δεσπότην εὐθέως ἐδόξασε: διὰ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὸς ἐδοξάσθη. Οὐ μικρὸν δὲ τοῦτο εἰς δόξης λόγον: τοῦ γὰρ αὐτὸν κατωρθωκέναι τὸ τὸν Θεὸν ἀποκαλύψαι μεῖζον πολλῷ. Ἄλλως δὲ καὶ τὰ λεγόμενα ἐντεῦθεν ἀξιόπιστα ἔδειξε, καὶ τοῦτο τῆς οἰκειώσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ τεκμήριον μέγιστον. Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτως ἀγαθὸν, ὡς τὸ οἰκειοῦσθαι τῷ Θεῷ. Εἰ γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα, φησὶν, ἀλλ' οὐ πρὸς τὸν Θεόν. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ χάριτος ἀξιωθεὶς καυχᾶται ἐπὶ τῷ Θεῷ, ὅτι ἀγαπᾶται, ἐπειδὴ συνεχωρήθη αὐτῷ, καὶ ἔχει καύχημα ὁ ἐργαζόμενος, ἀλλ' οὐ πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν, ὡς ἐκεῖνος: τῆς γὰρ πολλῆς ἀσθενείας τεκμήριον τοῦτο τῆς ἡμετέρας: ὁ καὶ σοφίαν λαβὼν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ, πόσῳ μᾶλλον ἂν εἴη θαυμαστός; Ἐδόξασε τὸν Θεὸν, καὶ ἐδοξάσθη ὑπ' αὐτοῦ: Τοὺς δοξάζοντάς με γὰρ, φησὶ, δοξάσω. Πάλιν ὁ ἀπόγονος ὁ τούτου, οὗ σοφώτερος οὐδεὶς (Μὴ γὰρ σοφώτερος εἶ, φησὶ, σὺ τοῦ Δανιήλ;), οὗτος δὴ ὁ Δανιὴλ τῶν ἐν Βαβυλῶνι πάντων σοφῶν, καὶ αὐτῶν πάλιν ἀστρολόγων, μάντεων, μάγων, γοήτων, πάσης φιλοσοφίας. οὐ μόνον ἐλεγχομένης, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀναιρουμένης (τὸ γὰρ ἀναιρεῖσθαι τεκμήριον ἦν τοῦ καὶ πρότερον αὐτοὺς ἠπατηκέναι), παρελθὼν καὶ μέλλων ἐπιλύεσθαι τὸ ἐρώτημα, οὐδὲ αὐτὸς καλλωπίζεται, ἀλλὰ πρότερον ἀνατίθησι τῷ Θεῷ τὸ πᾶν, καί φησιν: Ἐμοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἐν σοφίᾳ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ παρὰ πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἀπεκαλύφθη, ὦ βασιλεῦ. Καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεὺς, καὶ εἶπε μαναὰ σπεῖσαι. Ὁρᾷς ταπεινοφροσύνην; ὁρᾷς εὐγνωμοσύνην; ὁρᾷς ἄτυφον ἦθος; Ἄκουε καὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων λεγόντων, ποτὲ μὲν, Τί ἡμῖν ἀτενίζετε, ὡς ἰδίᾳ δυνάμει ἢ εὐσεβείᾳ πεποιηκόσι τοῦ περιπατεῖν αὐτόν; ποτὲ δὲ πάλιν, Ἡμεῖς ὁμοιοπαθεῖς ὑμῖν ἐσμεν ἄνθρωποι. Εἰ δὲ ἐκεῖνοι δεδομένας τιμὰς οὕτως ἀπεκρούοντο, ἄνθρωποι μείζονα τοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ τὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐργαζόμενοι, καὶ διὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ δύναμιν (Ὁ γὰρ πιστεύων ἐμοὶ, φησὶ, μείζονα ποιήσει ὧν ἐγὼ ποιῶ): πῶς οὐκ ἄθλιοι καὶ ταλαίπωροι, οἱ μηδὲ κώνωπας σοβῆσαι δυνάμενοι, μήτι γε δαίμονας; οἱ μηδὲ ἕνα ἄνθρωπον ὠφελῆσαι ἰσχύοντες, μήτι γε τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν, καὶ τοσοῦτον φρονοῦντες, ὅσον οὐδὲ αὐτὸς ὁ διάβολος; γʹ. Οὐδὲν οὕτω ψυχῆς ἀλλότριον Χριστιανῆς, ὡς ἀπόνοια: ἀπόνοιαν λέγω, οὐ παῤῥησίαν οὐδὲ ἀνδρείαν: ἐκεῖνα γὰρ οἰκεῖα. Ἕτερον γάρ τι τοῦτό ἐστι, καὶ ἕτερον ἐκεῖνο: ὥστε ἕτερον μὲν ταπεινοφροσύνη, ἕτερον δὲ ἀνελευθερία καὶ κολακεία καὶ θωπεία. Καὶ, εἰ βούλεσθε, πάντων τούτων ὑμῖν τὰ ὑποδείγματα παρέξω. Δοκεῖ γάρ πως παρυφεστάναι τὰ ἐναντία, ὥσπερ τῷ σίτῳ τὰ ζιζάνια, καὶ τῷ ῥόδῳ αἱ ἄκανθαι. Ἀλλὰ παῖδες μὲν εὐκόλως ἂν ἀπατηθεῖεν, οἱ δὲ ὄντως ἄνδρες, τῆς πνευματικῆς ὄντες γεωργίας ἔμπειροι ἴσασι τὰ ὄντως ἀγαθὰ ἀποκρίνειν τῶν κακῶν. Φέρε οὖν, ὑμῖν τὰ ὑποδείγματα αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τῶν Γραφῶν παραστήσωμεν. Τί ποτέ ἐστι κολακεία, καὶ ἀνελευθερία, καὶ θωπεία; Ὁ Σιβᾶ τὸν Δαυῒδ ἐκολάκευε παρὰ καιρὸν, καὶ τὸν δεσπότην διέβαλε τὸν ἑαυτοῦ: μᾶλλον δὲ ὁ Ἀχιτόφελ τὸν Ἀβεσσαλώμ. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁ Δαυῒδ τοιοῦτος, ἀλλὰ ταπεινόφρων. Κόλακες γάρ εἰσιν οἱ ὕπουλοι: οἷον, ὡς ὅταν λέγωσιν οἱ μάγοι, Βασιλεῦ, ζῆθι εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. Καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ Παύλου ἐν ταῖς Πράξεσι πολλὰ τοιαῦτα εὑρήσομεν, ὅταν Ἰουδαίοις διαλέγηται, οὐ κολακεύων, ἀλλὰ ταπεινοφρονῶν: οἶδε γὰρ καὶ παῤῥησιάζεσθαι: ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ, Ἄνδρες ἀδελφοὶ, οὐδὲν ἐναντίον ποιήσας τῷ λαῷ, ἢ τοῖς πατρῴοις ἔθεσι, δέσμιος ἐξ Ἱερουσαλὴμ παρεδόθην. Ὅτι γὰρ ταπεινοφροσύνης ἦν τὰ ῥήματα, ἄκουσον πῶς αὐτοῖς ἐπιτιμᾷ διὰ τῶν ἑξῆς οὕτω λέγων: Καλῶς εἶπε τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον: Ἀκοῇ ἀκούσετε, καὶ οὐ μὴ συνῆτε, καὶ βλέποντες βλέψετε, καὶ οὐ μὴ ἴδητε. Εἶδες ἀνδρείαν; Ὅρα καὶ Ἰωάννου τοῦ Βαπτιστοῦ τὴν ἀνδρείαν, ᾗ πρὸς τὸν Ἡρώδην ἐχρήσατο λέγων: Οὐκ ἔξεστί σοι ἔχειν τὴν γυναῖκα Φιλίππου τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου. Τοῦτο παῤῥησία, τοῦτο ἀνδρεία: ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐκεῖνο τὸ τοῦ Σεμεεὶ, ὅτε ἔλεγεν, Ἔξελθε, ὁ ἀνὴρ τῶν αἱμάτων: καίτοι κἀκεῖνος ἐπαῤῥησιάσατο. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔστι τοῦτο ἀνδρεία, ἀλλὰ θρασύτης καὶ ὕβρις καὶ γλῶττα ἀκόλαστος. Ὕβρισε καὶ Ἰεζάβελ τὸν Ἰηοῦ λέγουσα: Ὁ φονεὺς τοῦ κυρίου αὐτοῦ: ἀλλὰ θρασύτης ἦν, οὐ παῤῥησία. Ὕβρισε καὶ ὁ Ἠλίας, ἀλλὰ παῤῥησία καὶ ἀνδρεία ἦν: Οὐκ ἐγὼ γὰρ διαστρέφω τὸν λαὸν, ἀλλὰ σὺ καὶ ὁ οἶκος τοῦ πατρός σου. Ἐπαῤῥησιάσατο πάλιν πρὸς ὁλόκληρον δῆμον ὁ Ἠλίας, λέγων: Ἕως πότε χωλανεῖτε ἐπ' ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς ἰγνύαις ὑμῶν; Τοῦτο παῤῥησία καὶ ἀνδρεία, τὸ καθάψασθαι: τοῦτο καὶ οἱ προφῆται ἐποίουν: ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνο θρασύτητος ἦν. Θέλεις ἰδεῖν καὶ ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ ἐλευθερίας ῥήματα; ἄκουε Παύλου λέγοντος: Ἐμοὶ δὲ εἰς ἐλάχιστόν ἐστιν, ἵνα ὑφ' ὑμῶν ἀνακριθῶ, ἢ ὑπὸ ἀνθρωπίνης ἡμέρας: ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἐμαυτὸν ἀνακρίνω. Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐμαυτῷ σύνοιδα: ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐν τούτῳ δεδικαίωμαι. Τοῦτο φρονήματος Χριστιανῷ πρέποντος. Καὶ πάλιν, Τολμᾷ τις ὑμῶν πρὸς τὸν ἕτερον πρᾶγμα ἔχων κρίνεσθαι ἐπὶ τῶν ἀδίκων, καὶ οὐχὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἁγίων; Βούλει κολακείαν ἰδεῖν τῶν ἀνοήτων Ἰουδαίων; ἄκουε λεγόντων, Ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἔχομεν βασιλέα, εἰ μὴ Καίσαρα. Βούλει ταπεινοφροσύνην ἰδεῖν; ἄκουε πάλιν τοῦ Παύλου λέγοντος: Οὐ γὰρ ἑαυτοὺς κηρύσσομεν, ἀλλὰ Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν Κύριον, ἑαυτοὺς δὲ δούλους ὑμῶν διὰ Ἰησοῦν. Βούλει καὶ κολακείαν ἰδεῖν, καὶ θρασύτητα; θρασύτητα μὲν τὴν τοῦ Νάβαλ, κολακείαν δὲ τὴν τῶν Ζιφαίων; καὶ πῶς ὁ μὲν ὠνείδιζεν, οἱ δὲ προδεδώκασι τῇ γνώμῃ τὸν Δαυΐδ; Βούλει φιλοσοφίαν, καὶ οὐ κολακείαν ἰδεῖν τὴν τοῦ Δαυΐδ; πῶς εἷλε τὸν Σαοὺλ, καὶ ἐφείσατο; Βούλει κολακείαν ἰδεῖν τῶν ἀποκτεινάντων τὸν Μεμφιβοσθὲ, οὓς καὶ ἀνεῖλεν ὁ Δαυΐδ; Ἁπλῶς δὲ, καὶ ὡς ἐν ὑποτυπώσει, ἐν κεφαλαίῳ εἰπεῖν, θρασύτης μέν ἐστιν, ὅταν τις ὀργίζηται καὶ ὑβρίζῃ ἐπὶ μηδενὶ προσήκοντι, ἢ ἑαυτὸν ἐκδικῶν, ἢ ἀδίκως πως θρασυνόμενος: παῤῥησία δὲ καὶ ἀνδρεία, ὅταν κινδύνων καὶ θανάτων κατατολμᾷ, καὶ φιλίας καὶ ἀπεχθείας ὑπερορᾷ ὑπὲρ τῶν δοκούντων τῷ Θεῷ. Πάλιν κολακεία μέν ἐστι καὶ ἀνελευθερία, ὅταν τις θεραπεύῃ τινὰς ἐπὶ μηδενὶ τῶν δεόντων, ἀλλὰ θηρώμενός τι τῶν βιωτικῶν: ταπεινοφροσύνη δὲ, ὅταν τις ὑπὲρ τῶν τῷ Θεῷ δοκούντων τοῦτο ποιῇ, καὶ, ὥστε ἀνύσαι τι μέγα καὶ θαυμαστὸν, ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀξιώματος καταβῇ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ. Ἂν ταῦτα εἰδῶμεν, μακάριοί ἐσμεν, ἐὰν ποιῶμεν αὐτά. Οὐ γὰρ ἀρκεῖ τὸ εἰδέναι: Οὐ γὰρ οἱ ἀκροαταὶ τοῦ νόμου, φησὶν, ἀλλ' οἱ ποιηταὶ τοῦ νόμου δικαιωθήσονται: μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ κατακρίνει τὸ εἰδέναι, ὅταν χωρὶς τῆς πράξεως ᾖ καὶ τῶν κατορθωμάτων. Ἵνα οὖν τὴν κατάκρισιν φύγωμεν, μετέλθωμεν τὴν πρᾶξιν, ἵνα τύχωμεν τῶν ἐπηγγελμένων ἀγαθῶν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.