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of those who proclaimed the word after them. But otherwise one would not even see the word refuted in his case, if one considers his zeal, and that after his death he does not cease preaching everywhere in the world. But consider how he extols the gift, and shows it to be great and much loftier than the former one; if indeed the old things concerned one nation, but this has drawn to itself land and sea. Consider this also for me, how the soul of Paul 60.399 is free from all flattery. For in discoursing with the Romans, who were seated as it were on a summit of the whole world, he gives them no more than the rest of the nations, nor, because they were then in power and reigned, does he say that they have any advantage in spiritual things; but, "Just as," he says, "we preach to all the nations, so also to you," numbering them with Scythians and Thracians. For if he did not wish to show this, it would have been superfluous to say, "Among whom are you also." He does this to take down their pride, and to empty the conceit of their mind, and to teach them equality with others. For this reason he added this very thing, saying: "Among whom are you also the called of Jesus Christ;" that is, "With whom you also are." And he did not say, "The others with you," but "He called you with the others." For if in Christ Jesus there is neither slave nor free, much more neither king nor commoner; for you also were called, and did not come of yourselves. To all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ. See how he continually uses the name of "called," saying, "a called apostle." "Among whom are you also called;" "To all that are in Rome, called." This he does not out of verbosity, but wishing to remind them of the benefit. For since it was likely that among the believers there were both ex-prefects and consuls, and poor men and commoners, casting out the inequality of ranks, he addresses all with one title. But if in the more necessary and spiritual things all things are set forth in common for slaves and free, such as the love from God, the call, the Gospel, the adoption as sons, the grace, the peace, the sanctification, all the other things, how would it not be of the utmost folly to separate those whom God has joined and made of equal honor in the greater things, because of earthly matters? For this very reason, this blessed man, having cast out this grievous disease from the very preambles, leads them to the mother of good things, humility. This also made servants better, learning that they would in no way be harmed by their servitude, having the true freedom; this also prepared masters to be moderate, being taught that their freedom is of no benefit to them, unless the things of faith come first. And that you may learn that he did this not to cause confusion and mix everything together, but that he also knows the best distinction, he did not simply write "to all that are in Rome," but with a specification, "To the beloved of God." For this is the best distinction, and shows whence comes sanctification. 4. Whence then is sanctification? From love. For having said, "To the beloved," he then added, "called to be saints," showing that from this is the source of all good things for us; and he calls all the faithful saints. Grace to you and peace. Oh, what an address bearing countless good things! Christ also commanded the apostles to say this as the first word when entering houses. For this reason Paul also everywhere begins his preambles from this, from grace and peace. For Christ did not put an end to a small war, but one that was manifold and of every kind and long-standing, and this not by our labors, but through his 60.400 grace. Since, therefore, love bestowed grace, and grace peace, putting them in the order of an address, he prays that they may remain continual and unshaken, so that another war may not be kindled again; and he beseeches the one who gave them to keep these things secure, saying thus: "Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ." Behold, here the "from" is common to the Father

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τῶν καταγγειλάντων τὸν λόγον τῶν μετ' ἐκείνους. Ἄλλως δὲ οὐδὲ ἐπ' αὐτοῦ τὸν λόγον ἐλεγχόμενον ἴδοι τις ἂν, εἰ τὴν προθυμίαν ἐννοήσει τὴν ἐκείνου, καὶ ὅτι μετὰ τελευτὴν οὐ παύεται πανταχοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης κηρύττων. Ἐννόησον δὲ πῶς ἐπαίρει τὴν δωρεὰν, καὶ δείκνυσι μεγάλην οὖσαν καὶ πολὺ τῆς προτέρας ὑψηλοτέραν· εἴ γε τὰ μὲν παλαιὰ περὶ ἔθνος ἓν ἐγίγνετο, αὕτη δὲ γῆν καὶ θάλασσαν ἐπεσπάσατο. Σκόπει δέ μοι κἀκεῖνο, πῶς κολακείας πάσης ἀπηλλαγμένη ἐστὶν ἡ τοῦ Παύλου 60.399 ψυχή. Ῥωμαίοις γὰρ διαλεγόμενος τοῖς ὥσπερ ἐν κορυφῇ τινι τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης καθημένοις, οὐδὲν πλέον αὐτοῖς δίδωσι τῶν λοιπῶν ἐθνῶν, οὐδὲ, ἐπειδὴ τότε ἐκράτουν καὶ ἐβασίλευον, καὶ ἐν τοῖς πνευματικοῖς φησί τι πλέον αὐτοὺς ἔχειν· ἀλλ', Ὥσπερ, φησὶ, τοῖς ἔθνεσι πᾶσι κηρύττομεν, οὕτω καὶ ὑμῖν, μετὰ Σκυθῶν καὶ Θρᾳκῶν αὐτοὺς ἀριθμῶν· ἐπεὶ εἰ μὴ τοῦτο ἐβούλετο δηλῶσαι, περιττὸν ἦν τὸ εἰπεῖν, Ἐν οἷς ἐστε καὶ ὑμεῖς. Ταῦτα δὲ ποιεῖ καθαιρῶν αὐτῶν τὸ φρόνημα, καὶ κενῶν τὸ φύσημα τῆς διανοίας, καὶ διδάσκων αὐτοὺς τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ἰσοτιμίαν. ∆ιὸ ἐπήγαγεν αὐτὸ τοῦτο λέγων· Ἐν οἷς ἐστε καὶ ὑμεῖς κλητοὶ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ· τουτέστι, Μεθ' ὧν ἐστε καὶ ὑμεῖς. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι Τοὺς ἄλλους μεθ' ὑμῶν, ἀλλ' Ὑμᾶς μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἐκάλεσεν. Εἰ γὰρ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ οὐκ ἔστι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, πολλῷ μᾶλλον οὐδὲ βασιλεὺς καὶ ἰδιώτης· καὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐκλήθητε, καὶ οὐκ ἀφ' ἑαυτῶν προσήλθετε. Πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν ἐν Ῥώμῃ ἀγαπητοῖς Θεοῦ, κλητοῖς ἁγίοις, χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ὅρα πῶς συνεχῶς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κλητοῦ τίθησι, Κλητὸς ἀπόστολος, λέγων. Ἐν οἷς ἐστε καὶ ὑμεῖς κλητοί· Πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν ἐν Ῥώμῃ κλητοῖς. Τοῦτο δὲ οὐ περιττολογῶν ποιεῖ, ἀλλὰ βουλόμενος αὐτοὺς τῆς εὐεργεσίας ἀναμνῆσαι. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἰκὸς ἦν ἐν τοῖς πιστεύουσι καὶ ἐξ ὑπάρχων εἶναι καὶ ὑπάτων, καὶ πένητας καὶ ἰδιώτας, ἐκβάλλων τὴν ἀνωμαλίαν τῶν ἀξιωμάτων, πᾶσι μίαν ἐπιστέλλει προσηγορίαν. Εἰ δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἀναγκαιοτέροις καὶ πνευματικοῖς κοινὰ δούλοις καὶ ἐλευθέροις ἅπαντα πρόκειται, οἷον ἡ ἀγάπη ἡ παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἡ κλῆσις, τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον, ἡ υἱοθεσία, ἡ χάρις, ἡ εἰρήνη, ὁ ἁγιασμὸς, τὰ ἄλλα πάντα, πῶς ἐσχάτης ἀνοίας οὐκ ἂν εἴη, οὓς ὁ Θεὸς συνῆψε καὶ ὁμοτίμους ἐποίησεν ἐν τοῖς μείζοσι, τούτους διαιρεῖν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ πραγμάτων; ∆ιά τοι τοῦτο ἀπὸ τῶν προοιμίων αὐτῶν τὴν χαλεπὴν ταύτην ἐκβαλὼν νόσον ὁ μακάριος οὗτος, εἰς τὴν μητέρα τῶν ἀγαθῶν αὐτοὺς ἐμβιβάζει, ταπεινοφροσύνην. Τοῦτο καὶ οἰκέτας βελτίους εἰργάζετο, μανθάνοντας ὡς οὐδὲν ἐκ τῆς δουλείας παραβλαβήσονται, τὴν ὄντως ἐλευθερίαν ἔχοντες· τοῦτο καὶ τοὺς δεσπότας παρεσκεύαζε μετριάζειν, παιδευομένους ὡς οὐδὲν αὐτοῖς ὄφελος τῆς ἐλευθερίας, ἂν μὴ τὰ τῆς πίστεως ᾖ προηγούμενα. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς, ὅτι οὐ σύγχυσιν ἐργαζόμενος τοῦτο ἐποίει καὶ πάντα μιγνὺς, ἀλλ' οἶδε καὶ διαίρεσιν ἀρίστην, οὐχ ἁπλῶς ἔγραψε πᾶσι τοῖς οὖσιν ἐν Ῥώμῃ, ἀλλὰ μετὰ διορισμοῦ, Τοῖς ἀγαπητοῖς τοῦ Θεοῦ. Αὕτη γὰρ ἡ ἀρίστη διάκρισις, καὶ δείκνυσι πόθεν ὁ ἁγιασμός. δʹ. Πόθεν οὖν ὁ ἁγιασμός; Ἀπὸ τῆς ἀγάπης. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Ἀγαπητοῖς, τότε ἐπήγαγε, Κλητοῖς ἁγίοις, δηλῶν ὅτι ἐντεῦθεν ἡμῖν ἡ πηγὴ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἁπάντων· ἁγίους δὲ τοὺς πιστοὺς καλεῖ πάντας. Χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη. Ὢ προσηγορίας μυρία φερούσης ἀγαθά! Τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς τοῖς ἀποστόλοις εἰς τὰς οἰκίας εἰσιοῦσι πρῶτον ῥῆμα φάσκειν ἐπέταττε. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἐντεῦθεν πανταχοῦ προοιμιάζεται, ἀπὸ τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς εἰρήνης. Οὐδὲ γὰρ μικρὸν κατέλυσεν ὁ Χριστὸς πόλεμον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ποικίλον καὶ παντοδαπὸν καὶ χρόνιον, καὶ τοῦτον οὐκ ἐκ τῶν ἡμετέρων πόνων, ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς αὐτοῦ 60.400 χάριτος. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ἡ μὲν ἀγάπη τὴν χάριν, ἡ δὲ χάρις τὴν εἰρήνην ἐδωρήσατο, ὡς ἐν τάξει προσηγορίας αὐτὰ θεὶς, ἐπεύχεται μένειν διηνεκῆ καὶ ἀκίνητα, ὥστε μὴ πάλιν ἕτερον ἀναῤῥιπισθῆναι πόλεμον· καὶ παρακαλεῖ τὸν δεδωκότα, πάγια ταῦτα διατηρεῖν, οὕτω λέγων· Χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν, καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ἰδοὺ ἐνταῦθα τὸ, ἀπὸ, κοινόν ἐστι Πατρὸς