Chapter VI.

But you will perhaps seek to know the cause of this error of judgment; for it is to this point that the train of our discussion tends. Again, then, we shall be justified in expecting to find some starting-point which will throw light on this inquiry also. An argument such as the following we have received by tradition from the Fathers; and this argument is no mere mythical narrative, but one that naturally invites our credence. Of all existing things there is a twofold manner of apprehension, the consideration of them being divided between what appertains to intellect and what appertains to the senses; and besides these there is nothing to be detected in the nature of existing things, as extending beyond this division. Now these two worlds have been separated from each other by a wide interval, so that the sensible is not included in those qualities which mark the intellectual, nor this last in those qualities which distinguish the sensible, but each receives its formal character from qualities opposite to those of the other. The world of thought is bodiless, impalpable, and figureless; but the sensible is, by its very name, bounded by those perceptions which come through the organs of sense. But as in the sensible world itself, though there is a considerable mutual opposition of its various elements, yet a certain harmony maintained in those opposites has been devised by the wisdom that rules the Universe, and thus there is produced a concord of the whole creation with itself, and the natural contrariety does not break the chain of agreement; in like manner, owing to the Divine wisdom, there is an admixture and interpenetration of the sensible with the intellectual department, in order that all things may equally have a share in the beautiful, and no single one of existing things be without its share in that superior world. For this reason the corresponding locality of the intellectual world is a subtitle and mobile essence, which, in accordance with its supramundane habitation, has in its peculiar nature large affinity with the intellectual part. Now, by a provision of the supreme Mind there is an intermixture of the intellectual with the sensible world, in order that nothing in creation may be thrown aside24    1 Tim. iv. 4; “rejected” (R.V.), better than “refused” (A.V.). as worthless, as says the Apostle, or be left without its portion of the Divine fellowship. On this account it is that the commixture of the intellectual and sensible in man is effected by the Divine Being, as the description of the cosmogony instructs us. It tells us that God, taking dust of the ground, formed the man, and by an inspiration from Himself He planted life in the work of His hand, that thus the earthy might be raised up to the Divine, and so one certain grace of equal value might pervade the whole creation, the lower nature being mingled with the supramundane. Since, then, the intellectual nature had a previous existence, and to each of the angelic powers a certain operation was assigned, for the organization of the whole, by the authority that presides over all things, there was a certain power ordained to hold together and sway the earthly region25    This is not making the Devil the Demiurge, but only the “angel of the Earth.” And as the celestial regions and atmosphere of the earth were assigned to “angelic powers,” so the Earth itself and her nations were assigned to subordinate angels. Origen had already developed, or rather christianized, this doctrine. Speaking of the Confusion of Tongues, he says, “And so each (nation) had to be handed over to the keeping of angels more or less severe, and of this character or of that, according as each had moved a greater or less distance from the East, and had prepared more or less bricks for stone, and more or less slime for mortar; and had built up more or less. This was that they might be punished for their boldness. These angels who had already created for each nation its peculiar tongue, were to lead their charges into various parts according to their deserts: one for instance to some burning clime, another to one which would chastise the dwellers in it with its freezing:…those who retained the original speech through not having moved from the East are the only ones that became ‘the portion of the Lord.’…They, too, alone are to be considered as having been under a ruler who did not take them in hand to be punished as the others were’ (c.Cels. v. 30–1)., constituted for this purpose by the power that administers the Universe. Upon that there was fashioned that thing moulded of earth, an “image” copied from the superior Power. Now this living being was man. In him, by an ineffable influence, the godlike beauty of the intellectual nature was mingled. He to whom the administration of the earth has been consigned takes it ill and thinks it not to be borne, if, of that nature which has been subjected to him, any being shall be exhibited bearing likeness to his transcendent dignity. But the question, how one who had been created for no evil purpose by Him who framed the system of the Universe in goodness fell away, nevertheless, into this passion of envy, it is not a part of my present business minutely to discuss; though it would not be difficult, and it would not take long, to offer an account to those who are amenable to persuasion. For the distinctive difference between virtue and vice is not to be contemplated as that between two actually subsisting phenomena; but as there is a logical opposition between that which is and that which is not, and it is not possible to say that, as regards subsistency, that which is not is distinguished from that which is, but we say that nonentity is only logically opposed to entity, in the same way also the word vice is opposed to the word virtue, not as being any existence in itself, but only as becoming thinkable by the absence of the better. As we say that blindness is logically opposed to sight, not that blindness has of itself a natural existence, being only a deprivation of a preceding faculty, so also we say that vice is to be regarded as the deprivation of goodness, just as a shadow which supervenes at the passage of the solar ray. Since, then, the uncreated nature is incapable of admitting of such movement as is implied in turning or change or alteration, while everything that subsists through creation has connection with change, inasmuch as the subsistence itself of the creation had its rise in change, that which was not passing by the Divine power into that which is; and since the above-mentioned power was created too, and could choose by a spontaneous movement whatever he liked, when he had closed his eyes to the good and the ungrudging like one who in the sunshine lets his eyelids down upon his eyes and sees only darkness, in this way that being also, by his very unwillingness to perceive the good, became cognisant of the contrary to goodness. Now this is Envy. Well, it is undeniable that the beginning of any matter is the cause of everything else that by consequence follows upon it, as, for instance, upon health there follows a good habit of body, activity, and a pleasurable life, but upon sickness, weakness, want of energy, and life passed in distaste of everything; and so, in all other instances, things follow by consequence their proper beginnings. As, then, freedom from the agitation of the passions is the beginning and groundwork of a life in accordance with virtue, so the bias to vice generated by that Envy is the constituted road to all these evils which have been since displayed. For when once he, who by his apostacy from goodness had begotten in himself this Envy, had received this bias to evil26    “We affirm that it is not easy, or perhaps possible, even for a philosopher to know the origin of evil without its being made known to him by an inspiration of God, whence it comes, and how it shall vanish. Ignorance of God is itself in the list of evils; ignorance of His way of healing and of serving Him aright is itself the greatest evil: we affirm that no one whatever can possibly know the origin of evil, who does not see that the standard of piety recognized by the average of established laws is itself an evil. No one, either, can know it who has not grasped the truth about the Being who is called the Devil; what he was at the first, and how he became such as he is.”—Origen (c. Cels. iv. 65)., like a rock, torn asunder from a mountain ridge, which is driven down headlong by its own weight, in like manner he, dragged away from his original natural propension to goodness and gravitating with all his weight in the direction of vice, was deliberately forced and borne away as by a kind of gravitation to the utmost limit of iniquity; and as for that intellectual power which he had received from his Creator to co-operate with the better endowments, this he made his assisting instrument in the discovery of contrivances for the purposes of vice, while by his crafty skill he deceives and circumvents man, persuading him to become his own murderer with his own hands. For seeing that man by the commission of the Divine blessing had been elevated to a lofty pre-eminence (for he was appointed king over the earth and all things on it; he was beautiful in his form, being created an image of the archetypal beauty; he was without passion in his nature, for he was an imitation of the unimpassioned; he was full of frankness, delighting in a face-to-face manifestation of the personal Deity),—all this was to the adversary the fuel to his passion of envy. Yet could he not by any exercise of strength or dint of force accomplish his purpose, for the strength of God’s blessing over-mastered his own force. His plan, therefore, is to withdraw man from this enabling strength, that thus he may be easily captured by him and open to his treachery. As in a lamp when the flame has caught the wick and a person is unable to blow it out, he mixes water with the oil and by this devices will dull the flame, in the same way the enemy, by craftily mixing up badness in man’s will, has produced a kind of extinguishment and dulness in the blessing, on the failure of which that which is opposed necessarily enters. For to life is opposed death, to strength weakness, to blessing curse, to frankness shame, and to all that is good whatever can be conceived as opposite. Thus it is that humanity is in its present evil condition, since that beginning introduced the occasions for such an ending.

[6] Ζητεῖς δὲ καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τυχὸν τῆς κατὰ τὴν βουλὴν διαμαρτίας: εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ ἡ ἀκολουθία τὸν λόγον φέρει. οὐκοῦν πάλιν ἀρχή τις ἡμῖν κατὰ τὸ εὔλογον εὑρεθήσεται, ἣ καὶ τοῦτο σαφηνίσει τὸ ζήτημα. τοιοῦτόν τινα λόγον παρὰ τῶν πατέρων διεδεξάμεθα: ἔστι δὲ ὁ λόγος οὐ μυθώδης διήγησις, ἀλλ' ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς φύσεως ἡμῶν τὸ πιστὸν ἐπαγόμενος. διπλῆ τίς ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν ἡ κατανόησις, εἰς τὸ νοητόν τε καὶ αἰσθητὸν τῆς θεωρίας διῃρημένης. καὶ οὐδὲν ἂν παρὰ ταῦτα καταληφθείη ἐν τῇ τῶν ὄντων φύσει τῆς διαιρέσεως ταύτης ἔξω φερόμενον. διῄρηται δὲ ταῦτα πρὸς ἄλληλα πολλῷ τῷ μέσῳ, ὡς μήτε τὴν αἰσθητὴν ἐν τοῖς νοητοῖς εἶναι γνωρίσμασι, μήτε ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς ἐκείνην, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῶν ἐναντίων ἑκατέραν χαρακτηρίζεσθαι. ἡ μὲν γὰρ νοητὴ φύσις ἀσώματόν τι χρῆμά ἐστι καὶ ἀναφὲς καὶ ἀνείδεον: ἡ δὲ αἰσθητὴ κατ' αὐτὸ τὸ ὄνομα ἐντός ἐστι τῆς διὰ τῶν αἰσθητηρίων κατανοήσεως. ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ αἰσθητῷ κόσμῳ, πολλῆς πρὸς ἄλληλα τῶν στοιχείων οὔσης ἐναντιώσεως, ἐπινενόηταί τις ἁρμονία διὰ τῶν ἐναντίων ἁρμοζομένη παρὰ τῆς τοῦ παντὸς ἐπιστατούσης σοφίας, καὶ οὕτως πάσης γίνεται πρὸς ἑαυτὴν συμφωνία τῆς κτίσεως, οὐδαμοῦ τῆς φυσικῆς ἐναντιότητος τὸν τῆς συμπνοίας εἱρμὸν διαλυούσης: κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ τοῦ αἰσθητοῦ πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν γίνεταί τις κατὰ θείαν σοφίαν μίξις τε καὶ ἀνάκρασις, ὡς ἂν πάντα τοῦ καλοῦ κατὰ τὸ ἴσον μετέχοι καὶ μηδὲν τῶν ὄντων ἀμοιροίη τῆς τοῦ κρείττονος φύσεως. διὰ τοῦτο τὸ μὲν κατάλληλον τῇ νοητῇ φύσει χωρίον ἡ λεπτὴ καὶ εὐκίνητός ἐστιν οὐσία, κατὰ τὴν ὑπερκόσμιον λῆξιν πολλὴν ἔχουσα τῷ ἰδιάζοντι τῆς φύσεως πρὸς τὸ νοητὸν τὴν συγγένειαν, προμηθείᾳ δὲ κρείττονι πρὸς τὴν αἰσθητὴν κτίσιν γίνεταί τις τοῦ νοητοῦ συνανάκρασις, ὡς ἂν μηδὲν ἀπόβλητον εἴη τῆς κτίσεως, καθώς φησιν ὁ ἀπόστολος, μηδὲ τῆς θείας κοινωνίας ἀπόκληρον. τούτου χάριν ἐκ νοητοῦ τε καὶ αἰσθητοῦ τὸ κατὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον μίγμα παρὰ τῆς θείας ἀναδείκνυται φύσεως, καθὼς διδάσκει τῆς κοσμογονίας ὁ λόγος: Λαβὼν γὰρ ὁ θεός, φησιν, χοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἔπλασε καὶ διὰ τῆς ἰδίας ἐμπνεύσεως τῷ πλάσματι τὴν ζωὴν ἐνεφύτευσεν, ὡς ἂν συνεπαρθείη τῷ θείῳ τὸ γήινον καὶ μία τις κατὰ τὸ ὁμότιμον διὰ πάσης τῆς κτίσεως ἡ χάρις διήκοι, τῆς κάτω φύσεως πρὸς τὴν ὑπερκόσμιον συγκιρναμένης. ἐπεὶ οὖν τῆς νοητῆς κτίσεως προυποστάσης, καὶ ἑκάστῃ τῶν ἀγγελικῶν δυνάμεων πρὸς τὴν τοῦ παντὸς σύστασιν ἐνεργείας τινὸς παρὰ τῆς τῶν πάντων ἐπιστατούσης ἐξουσίας προσνεμηθείσης, ἦν τις δύναμις καὶ ἡ τὸν περίγειον τόπον συνέχειν τε καὶ περικρατεῖν τεταγμένη, εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο δυναμωθεῖσα παρὰ τῆς τὸ πᾶν οἰκονομούσης δυνάμεως: εἶτα κατεσκευάσθη τὸ γήινον πλάσμα, τῆς ἄνω δυνάμεως ἀπεικόνισμα: τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ζῷον ὁ ἄνθρωπος: καὶ ἦν ἐν αὐτῷ τὸ θεοειδὲς τῆς νοητῆς φύσεως κάλλος, ἀρρήτῳ τινὶ δυνάμει συγκεκραμένον: δεινὸν ποιεῖται καὶ οὐκ ἀνεκτὸν ὁ τὴν περίγειον οἰκονομίαν λαχών, εἰ ἐκ τῆς ὑποχειρίου αὐτῷ φύσεως ἀναδειχθήσεταί τις οὐσία πρὸς τὴν ὑπερέχουσαν ἀξίαν ὡμοιωμένη. τὸ δ' ὅπως ἐπὶ τὸ πάθος κατερρύη τοῦ φθόνου ὁ ἐπὶ μηδενὶ κακῷ κτισθεὶς παρὰ τοῦ τὸ πᾶν ἐν ἀγαθότητι συστησαμένου, τὸ μὲν δι' ἀκριβείας ἐπεξιέναι οὐ τῆς παρούσης πραγματείας ἐστί, δυνατὸν δ' ἂν εἴη καὶ δι' ὀλίγου τοῖς εὐπειθεστέροις παραθέσθαι τὸν λόγον. τῆς γὰρ ἀρετῆς καὶ τῆς κακίας οὐχ ὡς δύο τινῶν καθ' ὑπόστασιν φαινομένων ἡ ἀντιδιαστολὴ θεωρεῖται: ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ἀντιδιαιρεῖται τῷ ὄντι τὸ μὴ ὂν καὶ οὐκ ἔστι καθ' ὑπόστασιν εἰπεῖν τὸ μὴ ὂν ἀντιδιαστέλλεσθαι πρὸς τὸ ὄν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀνυπαρξίαν ἀντιδιαιρεῖσθαι λέγομεν πρὸς τὴν ὕπαρξιν, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ ἡ κακία τῷ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀντικαθέστηκε λόγῳ, οὐ καθ' ἑαυτήν τις οὖσα, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἀπουσίᾳ νοουμένη τοῦ κρείττονος: καὶ ὥσπερ φαμὲν ἀντιδιαιρεῖσθαι τῇ ὁράσει τὴν πήρωσιν, οὐ καθ' ἑαυτὴν οὖσαν τῇ φύσει τὴν πήρωσιν, ἀλλὰ προλαβούσης ἕξεως στέρησιν, οὕτω καὶ τὴν κακίαν ἐν τῇ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ στερήσει θεωρεῖσθαι λέγομεν, οἷόν τινα σκιὰν τῇ ἀναχωρήσει τῆς ἀκτῖνος ἐπισυμβαίνουσαν. ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν ἡ ἄκτιστος φύσις τῆς κινήσεως τῆς κατὰ τροπὴν καὶ μεταβολὴν καὶ ἀλλοίωσίν ἐστιν ἀνεπίδεκτος, πᾶν δὲ τὸ διὰ κτίσεως ὑποστὰν συγγενῶς πρὸς τὴν ἀλλοίωσιν ἔχει, διότι καὶ αὐτὴ τῆς κτίσεως ἡ ὑπόστασις ἀπὸ ἀλλοιώσεως ἤρξατο, τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι θείᾳ δυνάμει μετατεθέντος: κτιστὴ δὲ ἦν καὶ ἡ μνημονευθεῖσα δύναμις, αὐτεξουσίῳ κινήματι τὸ δοκοῦν αἱρουμένη: ἐπειδὴ πρὸς τὸ ἀγαθόν τε καὶ ἄφθονον ἐπέμυσεν ὄμμα, ὥσπερ ὁ ἐν ἡλίῳ τοῖς βλεφάροις τὰς ὄψεις ὑποβαλὼν σκότος ὁρᾷ, οὕτω κἀκεῖνος αὐτῷ τῷ μὴ θελῆσαι τὸ ἀγαθὸν νοῆσαι τὸ ἐναντίον τῷ ἀγαθῷ κατενόησε. τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν ὁ φθόνος. ὁμολογεῖται δὲ παντὸς πράγματος ἀρχὴν τῶν μετ' αὐτὴν κατὰ τὸ ἀκόλουθον ἐπισυμβαινόντων αἰτίαν εἶναι, οἷον τῇ ὑγείᾳ τὸ εὐεκτεῖν, τὸ ἐργάζεσθαι, τὸ καθ' ἡδονὴν βιοτεύειν: τῇ δὲ νόσῳ τὸ ἀσθενεῖν, τὸ ἀνενέργητον εἶναι, τὸ ἐν ἀηδίᾳ τὴν ζωὴν ἔχειν. οὕτω καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα ταῖς οἰκείαις ἀρχαῖς κατὰ τὸ ἀκόλουθον ἕπεται. ὥσπερ οὖν ἡ ἀπάθεια τῆς κατ' ἀρετὴν ζωῆς ἀρχὴ καὶ ὑπόθεσις γίνεται, οὕτως ἡ διὰ τοῦ φθόνου γενομένη πρὸς κακίαν ῥοπὴ τῶν μετ' αὐτὴν πάντων ἀναδειχθέντων κακῶν ὁδὸς κατέστη. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἅπαξ πρὸς τὸ κακὸν τὴν ῥοπὴν ἔσχεν ὁ τῇ ἀποστροφῇ τῆς ἀγαθότητος ἐν ἑαυτῷ γεννήσας τὸν φθόνον, ὥσπερ λίθος ἀκρωρείας ἀπορραγεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἰδίου βάρους πρὸς τὸ πρανὲς συνελαύνεται, οὕτω κἀκεῖνος, τῆς πρὸς τὸ ἀγαθὸν συμφυίας ἀποσπασθεὶς καὶ πρὸς κακίαν βρίσας, αὐτομάτως οἷόν τινι βάρει πρὸς τὸν ἔσχατον τῆς πονηρίας ὅρον συνωσθεὶς ἀπηνέχθη, καὶ τὴν διανοητικὴν δύναμιν, ἣν εἰς συνέργειαν τῆς τοῦ κρείττονος μετουσίας ἔσχε παρὰ τοῦ κτίσαντος, ταύτην εἰς εὕρεσιν τῶν κατὰ κακίαν ἐπινοουμένων συνεργὸν ποιησάμενος, εὐμηχάνως περιέρχεται δι' ἀπάτης τὸν ἄνθρωπον, αὐτὸν ἑαυτοῦ γενέσθαι πείσας φονέα τε καὶ αὐτόχειρα. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ διὰ τῆς θείας εὐλογίας δυναμωθεὶς ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὑψηλὸς μὲν ἦν τῷ ἀξιώματι: βασιλεύειν γὰρ ἐτάχθη τῆς γῆς τε καὶ τῶν ἐπ' αὐτῆς πάντων: καλὸς δὲ τὸ εἶδος: ἀπεικόνισμα γὰρ τοῦ ἀρχετύπου ἐγεγόνει κάλλους: ἀπαθὴς δὲ τὴν φύσιν: τοῦ γὰρ ἀπαθοῦς μίμημα ἦν: ἀνάπλεως δὲ παρρησίας, αὐτῆς κατὰ πρόσωπον τῆς θείας ἐμφανείας κατατρυφῶν: ταῦτα δὲ τῷ ἀντικειμένῳ τοῦ κατὰ τὸν φθόνον πάθους ὑπεκκαύματα ἦν: ἰσχύι δέ τινι καὶ βίᾳ δυνάμεως κατεργάσασθαι τὸ κατὰ γνώμην οὐχ οἷός τε ἦν: ὑπερίσχυε γὰρ ἡ τῆς εὐλογίας τοῦ θεοῦ δύναμις τῆς τούτου βίας: διὰ τοῦτο ἀποστῆσαι τῆς ἐνισχυούσης αὐτὸν δυνάμεως μηχανᾶται, ὡς ἂν εὐάλωτος αὐτῷ πρὸς τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν κατασταίη. καὶ ὥσπερ ἐπὶ λύχνου τοῦ πυρὸς τῆς θρυαλλίδος περιδεδραγμένου, εἴ τις ἀδυνατῶν τῷ φυσήματι σβέσαι τὴν φλόγα ὕδωρ ἐμμίξειε τῷ ἐλαίῳ διὰ τῆς ἐπινοίας ταύτης ἀμαυρώσει τὴν φλόγα, οὕτως δι' ἀπάτης τῇ προαιρέσει τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τὴν κακίαν ἐμμίξας ὁ ἀντικείμενος σβέσιν τινὰ καὶ ἀμαύρωσιν τῆς εὐλογίας ἐποίησεν, ἧς ἐπιλειπούσης ἐξ ἀνάγκης τὸ ἀντικείμενον ἀντεισέρχεται. ἀντίκειται δὲ τῇ ζωῇ μὲν ὁ θάνατος, ἡ ἀσθένεια δὲ τῇ δυνάμει, τῇ εὐλογίᾳ δὲ ἡ κατάρα, τῇ παρρησίᾳ δὲ ἡ αἰσχύνη, καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς τὰ κατὰ τὸ ἐναντίον νοούμενα. διὰ τοῦτο ἐν τοῖς παροῦσι κακοῖς ἐστὶ νῦν τὸ ἀνθρώπινον, τῆς: ἀρχῆς ἐκείνης τοῦ τοιούτου τέλους τὰς ἀφορμὰς παρασχούσης.