Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 393-398. Index 

INDEX.

Aaron, official robes of, 123
Abel, 168-170Abia, 153, Plate 16Abraham, 177, 253-4Abraham of Cascar, 24Abyssinia, 55, 60Acesinês, R., 75Adam, 78, 79, 81, 165-7, 218, 235;Aden, 63Adulê, vii, x, 54, 6r, 66, 366, 368, 371Aeolis, 35Agamè, 60Agau, vii, 52Agriobous (Wild-ox), 360-1Agrippa (King), 217Albatrosses, v, 40Alexander the Great, 18, 36, 69, 72, 74, 75, 119, 366, 375, 382-3Alexandria in Egypt, viii, xviii, 23, 50, 54, 245, 247Aloes, 366Angels, creation of the, 102; their functions, xix, xxiv, 76, 78, 81, 105, 228; 320-7, 345; their place of abode, 280-7, 328, 347; their destiny, 82-3Anastasius, 246Angabe, 61Anna the Prophetess, 210Annine, 62Antigonus, 69Antioch, 18, 25, 120, 246Antioch of Pisidia, 201, 279Antiochus I, 18, 72Antiochus II, 72Antiochus IV (Epiphanes, Theos), 69, 207, 375Antipodes, xx, 5, 14, 17, 86, 136-7A pion, 378Apocalypse of Paul, 290Apollinarians, ixApollinarius, 213Apollonius Molon, 377Amethyst, 364, 365Amos, 198-9Amphilochius (of Iconium), 290Apostles, teaching of the, 212Arabah, the, 203Arabia Felix (Sabaea, Yemen), 35, 37, 38, 64, 66, 120Arabitae, 64, 66Ararat, Mt., 33Archangels, functions of, 88Archimedes, 125Argellia (cocoa-nuts), 362Arians, ix, 258Aries (Zodiac sign), 13, 139Arius, 213Aristotle, 4, 11, 18, 117, 121, 125, 360,376Ark (Noah's), 33, 44, 46, 91, 171-2, 376Armenia, 375Arsaces, 72Arsinoê, Queen, 57Arsinoê, city of, 120Aromatics, country of,  see Barbaria
Artaxerxes Mnêmôn, 360Arts, invention of the, 122-5Asia (Minor), 120Asôka, inscription of, 363Assyrians, 37Astronomy, the Ptolemaic, 6-8Atalmô, 62Atbara R., 60, 61, 62Athagdus, 61Athanasius (B. of Alexandria), festal letters of, 290, 332Athanasius (friend of Cosmas), xxiii, Book VII addressed to him, 263Athenians, the, 229, 381Atlantis, island of, 376, 380Aua, 61Augusti, line of the, 71Augustine, St., 17, 258Axum, Axomis, vi, 39, 50, 54, 59, 61, 120, 245, 249, 359

Babel, Tower of, 91-93, 225, 377-9
Babylon, Babylonians, 36, 58, 68, 91, 313, 315. 316, 375Bactrians, 37, 49, 120Balaam, 182Balkh, 37Baptism, 183-4, 220; for the dead, 273Barbaria (frankincense country), vii, 34,38, 39, 48, 51, 65, 66, 67, 252Barygaza (Bharoch), 369, 371Basil, St., 290, 332Beazley, Mr. Raymond, quoted, xiii,xxivBega, 62Bells, the golden, 156, 158Berenice, Queen, 57Berenice, hair of, 58-59Berenice, or Ptolemais Thérôn, 58Berenice, city of, 126Bêrosus, 312, 375Bigot, Emeric, iBlemmyes, 64, 371Borysthenes, R., 247Brachmans, 48Bulgarians, 121Byron, quoted, 301Byzantium,  see Constantinople

Caber, 367
Cadmus, 381Caesar, Julius, 378Cain, 123, 126Calliana, 119, 366Cambyses, 58, 59Canaan, 36, 173Canopus, Synod of, 58Cappadocia, 120Captivity, the Babylonian, 208Carbuncle, 373Carrhae, 178Caria, 57Caspian Sea, 39, 50, 131, 370Cassaniti, 37Castor-oil, 366Cataracts of the Nile, 24, 50Catholic Epistles, 290-2Ceylon, vi, viii, xx, xxiv, 48-9, 118-9; its different names, 363; its size, 364; its kings, 364-5; its trade, 365-7Chaeremon, 377Chair with Greek inscriptions, 54-68Chaldaeans., 24, 91; their kings, 375Charton, M., xiiiCherubim, in, 146, 329, 330Chosroes, 18, 73Christ, His conception, 139, 142; birth, 143, 221, 236, 242; earthly life, 219; temptation, 220; miracles, 98, 115, 116; transfiguration, 192-3; passion, 81, 140-1, 205, 253; resurrection, 196-201, 229; ascension, 219, 220-1, 356-7; second coming, 237-8, 256; two natures, 84, 258, 359Christianity, nations converted to, ix, 384Chrysostom, St., 17, 291, 333, 349;quoted, 345-8Ciborium, 75Cicero, quoted, 11, 17, 378Cilicia, 58, 120Cimmerii, 35Cinaedocolpitae, 64, 66Circumcision, 27, 119Cleopatra, 70Climates, 247Cloves, 366Clysma, xx, 142Cocoa-nuts,  see Argellia
Colchos, 120Colossians, the, 229Comana, 346Comorin, C., 39Cone, shadow cast by a, 250Constantinople, x, xi, xviii, 24, 150, 239, 246; Council of, 213, 291Constantinus, 2Corinth, 18Corinthians, the, 229, 230Cosmas, name of, iv; his biography, iv-viii; sect, ix; veracity, xii; cosmology, xv-xvii; maps and sketches, xxv; place in history, xxv; work on geography, 2Cretans, 230, 381Crimea, 35Ctesias of Cnidus, 360Cupping-glass, 19Cush, 36,  passim 
Cyclades, 57Cyprus, 35, 36, 37Cyrano, 120Cyrus, 68, 314-5

Dalmatians, 121
Daniel, 204, 207, 308, 317, 379; interpretation of his vision and ihe image, 68, 73Darius the Mede, 68David, 184Day and Night, vicissitudes of, 132Death, why inflicted on man, 162-3;  how introduced, 219
De La Croze, ix, xivDenarii, 370Devil,  see Satan
Diapsalma (Selah), 185Dillmann, 61, 64, 65Diodorus Siculus, quoted, 75Diodorus (of Tarsus), ixDiodorus, Island of, 60Dionysus, King of Egypt, 70Dioscorides,  see Socotra
Dolphin, 363Dumb barter, 51-54

Earth, one here and one beyond the ocean, 33; the one here divided between the sons of Noah, 34-37; its length and breadth, 49-51; its shape, 132; its position, 136; its flatness, 252
Earth beyond the Ocean, 376Earthquakes, 17-18, 86Easter, 122, 353Ebionites, 308Eclipses, 4, 9, 116-7, 121, 133, 238, 246, 322-31, 385Eden,  see Paradise
Edessa, 25, 72Edfu, 245Egypt, 2, 18;  passim 
Elamites, 37, 120Elanitic Gulf, 154Elbe R., 75Elements, the four, 10-12, 15, 20, 85-6; fire and water, 338Elephants, 57, 58, 370, 371; fight of,372Elesboas, King of Axum, vii, x, 52, 54,55, 359Elijah, 115, 194-5, 200, 206, 255Elim, 56, 143Elis, 35Elisa (Elishah), 35Elisabeth (John Baptist's Mother), 210Embryons dying in the womb, destiny of, 296-7Emeralds, 371Enoch, 167, 171, 254-5  Entelecheia, meaning of, 11
Epicycles, 8, 13Ephesians, the, 229; Epistle to the, 346Ephesus, 222, 230; council of, 239Ephorus quoted, 73-75Epiphanius (B. of Cyprus), 349; quoted,344-5Epiphany, 143Erythraean Sea, 38Esau, 179Ethiopia, vi, 20, 34,  passim 
Eunuch, the Ethiopian, 199Eunuchs, 317Euphrates, R., 41, 58, 76Eusebius Pamphili, 72, 111, 142, 290-1,375Eutychês, 213Eutychians, ixEuxine Sea, 35Eve, 167, 235Exodus, the, from Egypt, 141, 142, 254Ezekiel, 203

Festus, 279
Firmament, the, 231, 336-9,  passim 
Flood, the Noachian, i 14, 136, 375;Floyer, Mr., quoted, 245Franks, the, 121

Gabala, 62, 66
Gadeira (Cadiz), 34, 35, 36, 38, 50, 75, 120, 121, 376Galatians, the, 229Galaxy, the, 14Galilee, 203Gallandi, xiiiGambela, 61Ganges K., 48Garamantes. 120  Gaudia, 364
Gazê, 60Gellius, Aulus, 378Gêon R., 41Gibbon quoted, xiii, 25, 120, 121, 239,354. 365. 370Giraffe, 359Glaser, Dr. E., 60, 61, 64, 65Gog and Magog, 198Gold mines; q2, 53Gollas, 370-1Gomer, 35Goths, 121Gravitation, law of, illustrated, 28-29Greeks, invective against the, 382; relapse of the, into infidelity, 385-6Gregory, St., 332Gregory (B. of Nazianzus), 332-3Guardafui, C., v, vii, 36, 60Gulfs, the four, 101, 131Guzerat, 48

Habakkuk, 201
Haggai, 204Ham, 34, 36, 373Harrar, 60Havilah (Euilat), 372Heavenly bodies, 76, 101; motions of the, 84-85; course of the, 321-330Heavens, the, indissolubility of, xxiii, 268; fixity of, 16; number of, 114, 134, 267; sphericity of, denied, 239, 347-8; duration of, 263-296Hebrews, the, 230Hedjaz, 60, 64Hellespont, 58, 247Hercules, pillars of, 36Herod, 200Heruli, 121Hezekiah, song of, 305-311; sun dial of, 311-313Hieroglyphics, 94Himyari,  see Homerites
Hiouen Thsiang, 365Hipparchus, 244Hobia, or Obbia, 64Hog-deer, 361-2Homer, 380-1Homerites, vii, x, 37, 39, 52, 55, 251-2, 366, 372Homologus, 3Horatae, 367Horeb, Mt., 144Horses, Persian, 372Hosea, 195-6Huns, 37, 120, 370-1Hunter, Sir W., 370-1Hyacinth-stone, 364, 365, 368Hydaspes, R., 75Hyperidès, 147  Hypostasis, 233
Hyrcanian Sea,  see Caspian Sea
Hyrcanians, 72

Iberia (Spain), 50
Illyrians, 121Image, man the, of God, 235India, 36, 37, 49,  passim; Further India, 39; India tertia, 39
Indiction 246, 354Indus, R., 48; identified with the Phison, 372Inscriptions at Adulê, ii, vii, 54-68Ionia, 58Iouuia (Iounnia?), 49Irenaeus, 290Isaac, 177-9, 254Isaiah, 199, 200, 307-8Ishmaelites, 158Israelites; how fed and clothed in the Wilderness, 158Jacob. 179-181; ladder of, 282Japhet, 35, 173Jasper-stone, 372Jeremiah 202Joel, 196-7John St., Gospel of, 222-4John the Baptist, 142, 206,200-10, 219-220Jonah, 98, 198-9, 379Joseph, 254Joshua (son of Nun), 115, 117, 160-1Josephus. 111, 311, 375Judah,181Judas Iscariot, 223Judgment, the last, 278; oracular plate of, 155-6Jupiter, the planet, 11, 13Justinian, 18, 48, 55Justinus I, x, 55

Kalaa, 61
Karinoi, 178Kasu, 64  Katoptrisomenoi, 232
Kavéra, 367Kâvêripattam,  see: Cahor
Kelts, 73Kêtioi (Cyprians), 36Khartum, vii  Klima. meanings of, 244
 Kidaris (turban), 156

Laccadive Islands, 364
Lacedemonians, 381Lactantius, quoted 17Laodicea, 213Lazarus, 109, 223Lazica, 120Laxinê, 62, 66Letters, knowledge of, given to Moses, 110, 112Leuce Cômê, 64Libya, 36, 37, 40, 57, 120Lotus, the, 75Ludolf, Job, 56Luke, St., 221-2Luxor, 245Lycia, 57Lysimachus, a grammarian, 377-8

Maccabees, 69
Macedonia, 68, 69, 70Maeotic Lake. 247Magi, the, 72Magog, 35Malachi, 205-6Malala, John, 55Male (Malabar), 48, 119, 366, 367Man, God's image, 104; creation of, 104-5; how constituted, 104-6; upright figure of, 108-9Manetho, 377Mangarouth (Mangalor), 367Manichaeans, ix, xxi, 212, 242, 258, 259Manna., 144Marah, or Merrha, 144Marallo, 367Mareb, R., 60Marcionites, ix, 213, 273Marco Polo, 305Mark, St., 220-1Marmora, Sea of, 54Mars, the planet, 11, 13Martin, V. de Saint, 59-60, 63, 65Mary, the Virgin, 69, 71, 210, 354;  Mother of God, x, 25, 239
Masius, Mt., 50Massâwa, 60Mauretania, 120Media, 35, 58, 68, 120Megasthenês, 363, 371Melchisedec, 175-7Menander, 147Menas, vii, 50Mercy-seat, the, 111, 146Merodach, 312Meroè, vii, 36, 37, 38, 64, 247Meshech, 35Mesopotamia, 58, 120Mesraim (Egyptians and Ethiopians),36, 373  Metalepsis (H. Communion), 140,231-3
Metaxa (silk), 366Metine, 62Micah, 200-1Midianites, 158Migdol, 141  Miliarision, 369
Millennium, the, 241Mingrelians, 120Mithras, xx, i 15Mithridates I, 72Money, the Roman, 73, 369Montanists, 241-2Montfaucon, Father, ii,  passim 
Moon, circle of the, 321-2; created at full illumination, 342-3Moses, 94-7, 181-4,  passim 
Mountain, the conical, xviii, xxiii, 132,134Music, instruments of, 184Musk, 366Musk-deer, 360

Nablus, 241
Nahuni, 201Nalopatana, 367Nebuchadnezzar (Nabuchodonosor ), 68, 70, 115, 207, 117Neo-Platonists, Pantheism of, xxiNestorius, 232Nile, 41, 52, 245; sources of the, vii, viiiNisibis, 24, 48, 49Noah, 44-5, 172-6, 253  Nomisma, 369
Nubia. 36, 62, 120. 371

Oasis, the Greater, 25
Obadiah, 198Origen, 301Origenists, 333Orrhotha, 307Oryx, 361  Ouraniskos, 338
 Ousia, 233
Oxus, R., 370, 371

Palestine, 35, 36, 58, 120
Palibothra (Patna), 58Pamphilus (of Jerusalem), 3, 4, 23, 90,128, 313Pamphilus (B. of Caesarea), 290Pamphylia, 58Paradise, xx, 33, 47, 76, 81, 89, 123,131, 152, 174, 253, 329, 342, 347, 349,372  Paralipomena (Chronicles), 208
Paran, 144Parthia, 72Parti, 367Passover, the, 138-9, 182, 241, 333-4  Patana, 367
Patricius, ix, 24, 316Paul, St., 227-230; rapture of, into heaven, xxv, 116-7, 227-8, 256, 267, 326-8Pentapolis, 120Pepper, 119, 366, 367Pepper-tree, 362Perdiccas, 69Persarmenia, 41, 76, 120Persia, 48, 49,  passim 
Persian Christians, Church of, 365Peter (friend of Cosmas), xxiii, 304, 317-8Peter, St., 224-6Petra, 64Pharaoh, 94, 141Phasis. R., 120Phazinia (Fezzan), 120Philemon, 230Philippians, the, 229Philometor, 70Philon (13. of Carpathus), 349-51Phison, R., 366, 372Phoenicia, 35, 57, 120, 381Phœnicôn, 143Photius, iii, xiPhut (Libyans), 36, 373Physcon, 384Pisces (Zodiac sign), 13Plagues of Egypt, 95-8Planets, the, 35, 300, 324; motions of the, 8, 13, 14Plato, 91, 117, 121, 125, 376Pliny, 367, 370Phoca (the seal), 363Point de Galle, 365Polycarp, 290Pomegranates, the golden, 156, 158Pontus, 120Poudopatana, 367Priests, garments of, 154-8Proclus, 376Proconnesus, Island of, 54Procopius, 366Prophecies, how written, 207-8Propitiation. Ark of, 153Psalms, contents of the, and how composed, 184-194Ptolemais. 120Ptolemy Sôtêr, 57, 69. 70Ptolemy Philadelphia. 57, 383Ptolemy Euergetés, 54, 57, 58, 70, 252Ptolemy, the astronomer, 117, 125, 249, 364Punishments, the future, 216-7, 238Pythagoras, 91, 121Pytheas, 74, 75

Quadrature of the circle, 125

Rae, Dr. Milne, xiv
Rain, how produced, 18-20, 86Red Sea, or Arabian Gulf,  passim 
Resurrection, the, 220, 240, 260, 272-7,382Rewards, nature of the future, 216-7, 231, 241Rhaithu, vii, 56, 143Rhapsii, 63Rhaptum, 39Rhinoceros, 358-9, 360Rhodes, xviii, 36, 246, 247  Rhongcosura, 362
Rome, 50, 220Roman Empire, 70-3Ruby (the Ceylonese), 365Ruth, Book of, 298

Saba,  see Arabia Felix
Sacrament (the Holy), 241-2Salopatana, 367Salt, Mr., 54, 60, 359Samaritans, 241-2, 257-260Sandal-wood, 366Sassanidae, 72Sasu, 51-2, 64, 66Satan, 76, 78, 83, 102, 105, 215, 219, 228, 352Scamander R., 371Scete, desert of, 24Scythia, 35, 40, 370Scythians, 121, 198Seleucia, 49, 50Seleucus Nicator, 18, 58, 69Seleucus, Iambic verses addressed to, 290-1Self-identity, retention of our, 276Semenoi, the, 61, 62, 67Senaar, 49Sennacherib, 300-7Septuagint, the, 361, 383Seraphim, 199Seres (Northern Chinese), 367Sesame, 366Sesea, 63, 65
Seth. 167, 182-3Severianus (B. of Gabala), 17, 291; quoted, 334-343Shadows, 244-252; various lengths of, 262; retrogression of, on Hezekiah's sun-dial, 311Sheba (Sabaea, or Yemen), Queen of, 52Shem, 34, 173Shew-bread, 318. 324Sibor (Chaul), 367Sidonians, 37Sielediba,  see Ceylon
Sigye, 60Silk, 48, 49, 366Simeon, 197, 211Sinae (Southern Chinese), 367Sinai, desert of, viii; inscriptions on rocks of, xx, 159-60Sindh, 366Sindu, 366Socotra, island of, xx, 119Socrates, 121Sôlate, 63Solomon, 208Solon, 380Somalis, 60Song of songs, xxii, 305Sopatrus, 368Souls, pre-existence of, 301; nature of, 103; circumscription of, 21, 22, 87; transmigration of, 260, 301Spartel C., 120  Spermologos , 9, 279
Spheres, the crystalline, 8; the nine, 300; revolution of, 135Stephanas (an abbot) , 245Stephen (first martyr), 218, 226-7  Substantia, 233
Suez, 142Sun, size of, xviii, xxiii, 244-252; circle of, 321-2; daily course of, 41, 43, 132-4, 340Sun-dials, 245; degrees how marked on, 311Sur, or Shur, 143Surat, 367Susiana, 37, 58, 59Syria, 57, 68, 120Syêné, 245, 249

Tabernacle prepared by Moses, xv, 6, 24, 26, 43, 97, no, 114, 122, 254; description of, 138-161; outer and inner, 150-1; door of, 151; curtains of, 147; court of, 154; veil of, 153; pillars of, 147-9; table of, 31, 46, 152; a pattern of the world, 145, 149
Tablet of Basanite with Greek inscription, 57-9Takazze R., 60-62  Tamieion, 351
Tana, lake, 52, 60, 61Tangaitae, 62Taprobane,  sec Ceylon
Tartarus, 260Taurelaphus, or bull-stag, 359Temple (of Jerusalem), 99, 100, 117-8, 383Tennent, Sir E, quoted, 364, 368, 370Testimony, Ark of the, 111, 146Teucer (the Locrian), 380Thaddaeus, 72Tharseis (Tarshish, Tartessus), 30Thebaïd, 20Theodoras (of Mopsuestia), ix, 25Theodosius(B. of Alexandria), x, quotedTheophilus, St. Luke's disciple, 221-2Theophilus (B. of Alexandria), 333-4Thêres (Thracians), 35, 36Thessalonians, the, 229Thibet, 48Thomas of Edessa, 24Thevenot, ii, 364, 368Thulè, 49Tiama, 61Tiamo, 61Tibareni, the, 35Tigré, 60, 61, 62, 65Tigris, R., 41, 49Timaeus, 379, 380Timotheus the younger, x, 353; quoted 354-7Timothy, 230Titus, 230Tongues, the gift of, 225  Toupha, 360
Tower of Babel,  see Babel
Trebizond, 120Tree of Knowledge, 329, 341; of Life, 166Trinity (the divine), 233, 258Trinquemala, 365Troglodytes, 36, 54, 57, 69Tropics, the, 43Tubal, 35Turtle, the, 363Twelve months, circle of the, 318-9,322-3, 325Tyrians, antiquities of the, 380Tzinitza (China), 48, 49, 366

Unicorn, the, 360-1
Urim and Thummim, 155

Virgins, parable of the ten, 210

Walls, the, joining earth and heaven. 30
Wise Men of the East, the, 197Woman, creation of, 109-110World, creation of the, 83; figure of the, 129-137, 261-2

Xenophanes, 75
Xisuthrus, 375

Year, length of the, 321-2
Yemen,  see Arabia Felix
Yule, Sir H., xiii, xvii, xx, xxi, 119, 120, 367

Zaa, 62, 66
Zachariah, 153. 210Zechariah, 205Zephaniah (Sophonias), 202Zerubbabel, 204, 205Zingabene, 61Zingium or Zingion, 38. 39, 52Zodiac, the, 324Zone, the torrid, 249Zoroaster, 72Zôskales, 65Zulla,  see Adulê