DIONYSIUS THE PRESBYTER TO TIMOTHY THE FELLOW-PRESBYTER

 ...ous Intelligences he described in the sacredly-written compositions of the Oracles, so that he might lead us up through the sensible to the intelli

 anagogical interpretations, which propose to us the formations possible for us of the formless and supernatural visions, but that this also is most fi

 to be entirely deprived of participation in the beautiful, if indeed, as the truth of the oracles says, All things are very good. <4> It is possible

 they veil the “Holy of Holies” and honor the dissimilar sacred representations, so that neither are the divine things easily accessible to the profane

 to be led up by analogy to the imitation of God and, what is the most divine thing of all, as the oracles say, to become a “fellow worker with God” an

 beings and irrationally living things and we rational beings have come to be in participation of the divine bestowal. For, intelligibly impressing the

 The things divinely promised to the forefather David have been fulfilled, while another announced the good news to the shepherds as those who had been

 their own powers and illuminations and their own sacred and supermundane good order. For it is impossible for us to know the mysteries of the super-ce

 and stably established and receptive of the visitation of the Godhead in all passionlessness and immateriality, and God-bearing, and servingly opened

 that Jesus himself initiates them immediately and first-givingly reveals to them his philanthropic good-working. For “I,” he says, “speak righteousnes

 below the earth extending its most good providence over all beings, as the super-princely principle and cause of every essence, and embracing all thin

 being led up to the super-essential principle of all things, and becoming partakers of the initiating purifications and illuminations and perfections,

 to lead principially and to be formed as much as possible in the likeness of that very principle-making principle and to reveal its super-essential or

 from which we also have looked up to the infinite and ungrudging sea of the divine light, opened readily to all for participation, over which no forei

 is led up. <2> And all are revealers and messengers of those before them, the most senior ones of God the Mover, and correspondingly the rest of those

 <ΧII.> <1> This also is inquired into by those who love to contemplate the intelligible oracles: for if the last ranks are unparticipant in the entire

 he has assigned the primary hierarchy. And is this statement perhaps true? For he who said this said that the Thearchic power, proceeding to all thing

 they do participate, but in a subordinate manner, looking to the first orders and through them, as those primarily deemed worthy of imitating God, are

 has reasonably ascribed the property to the Seraphim, after God. It is not at all strange, therefore, if the Seraph is said to purify the theologian.

 it having been previously understood that the clarifications of the sacredly-formed images sometimes show the same orders of the celestial essences hi

 of operations. Indeed, the divinely wise, knowing this, form the celestial substances out of fire, showing their God-like and, as far as possible, God

 and that which is dedicated to the whole of life, and the girdles, the guarding of their generative powers and that their unifying disposition is turn

 strong and indomitable, and that which assimilates itself, as far as possible, to the hiddenness of the ineffable Thearchy by the covering of its inte

 Let this much be said by me also concerning the sacred formations, falling short of their precise manifestation, but contributing, as I think, so that

The things divinely promised to the forefather David have been fulfilled, while another announced the good news to the shepherds as those who had been purified by their withdrawal from the many and by their tranquility, and with him "a multitude of the heavenly host" delivered to those on earth that much-hymned doxology. But I will look up also to the highest manifestations of light in the scriptures. For I see that Jesus Himself, the supra-essential cause of the supra-celestial beings, having come unchangeably to what is ours, does not disdain the humanly fitting good order arranged and chosen by Him, but obediently submits Himself to the ordinances of the Father and God through angels, and through them as intermediaries is announced to Joseph the Son's withdrawal to Egypt, ordained by the Father, and again the return from Egypt to Judea, and we see Him through angels being placed under the paternal decrees. For I omit to mention to you as one who knows what has been revealed in our sacred traditions, both concerning the angel who strengthened Jesus, and that Jesus Himself, in His saving good work for us, having come into the revealing order, is proclaimed "Angel of great counsel." For indeed, as He Himself says in the manner of an angel, whatever He heard from the Father He has announced to us. <V.> This, then, is as far as we are concerned the reason for the appellation 'angelic' in the scriptures. But it is necessary, I think, to investigate for what reason the theologians call all the heavenly beings 'angels' together, but when they come to the manifestation of their supermundane orders they specifically name the angelic order that which brings to a completing end the divine and heavenly ranks; and before it they place in higher rank the archangelic orders, and the principalities and the authorities and the powers and as many beings surpassing these as the revelatory traditions of the scriptures know. And we say that in every sacred ordering the surpassing orders have both the illuminations and powers of the subordinate orders, but the last are without participation in those that are superior to them. Therefore, the theologians also call the most holy orders of the highest beings angels. For they themselves are also revelatory of the divine illumination. But it is not reasonable to name the last order of the celestial minds principalities or thrones or Seraphim. For it does not participate in the highest powers, but just as this one leads our inspired hierarchs up to the rays of the Godhead known to it, so also the all-holy powers of the beings before it are agents of ascent towards the divine for the ordering which completes the angelic hierarchies—unless perhaps someone might say this too, that all the angelic names are common in respect of the communion of all the heavenly powers, a communion which is both subordinate and pre-eminent, in what is God-like and in the gift of light from God. But so that the argument may be made clearer for us, let us sacredly consider the holy properties revealed in the scriptures of each celestial ordering. <VI.> <1> How many there are and of what kind are the orders of the supra-celestial beings, and how the hierarchies among them are perfected, I say that only their deifying Source of perfection knows precisely, and in addition, that they themselves have known the

ἐκπεπλήρωται τὰ θειωδῶς ἐπηγγελμένα τῷ προγόνῳ ∆αυίδ, ἄλλος δὲ τοὺς ποιμένας ὡς τῇ τῶν πολλῶν ἀναχωρήσει καὶ ἡσυχίᾳ κεκαθαρμένους εὐηγγελίζετο, καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ «Πλῆθος στρατιᾶς οὐρανίου» τὴν πολυ ύμνητον ἐκείνην παρεδίδου τοῖς ἐπὶ γῆς δοξολογίαν. Ἀνανεύσω δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὰς ὑπερτάτας τῶν λογίων φωτοφανείας. Ὁρῶ γὰρ ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς Ἰησοῦς ἡ τῶν ὑπερουρανίων οὐσιῶν ὑπερούσιος αἰτία πρὸς τὸ καθ' ἡμᾶς ἀμεταβόλως ἐληλυθὼς οὐκ ἀποπηδᾷ τῆς ὑπ' αὐτοῦ ταχθείσης τε καὶ αἱρεθείσης ἀνθρωποπρεποῦς εὐταξίας, ἀλλ' εὐπειθῶς ὑποτάττεται ταῖς τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ θεοῦ δι' ἀγγέλων διατυπώσεσιν, καὶ διὰ μέσων αὐτῶν ἀγγέλλεται τῷ Ἰωσὴφ ἡ πρὸς τοῦ πατρὸς οἰκονομηθεῖσα τοῦ υἱοῦ πρὸς Aἴγυπτον ἀναχώρησις καὶ αὖθις ἡ πρὸς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν ἐξ Aἰγύπτου μεταγωγή, καὶ δι' ἀγγέλων αὐτὸν ὁρῶμεν ὑπὸ ταῖς πατρικαῖς θεσμοθε σίαις ταττόμενον. Ἐῶ γὰρ εἰπεῖν ὡς εἰδότι τὰ ταῖς ἱερατικαῖς ἡμῶν παραδόσεσιν ἐκπεφασμένα καὶ περὶ τοῦ ἀγγέλου τοῦ τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐνισ χύσαντος ἢ ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς Ἰησοῦς κατὰ τὴν ἡμῶν σωστικὴν ἀγαθουργίαν εἰς ἐκφαντορικὴν ἐληλυθὼς τάξιν «Ἄγγελος μεγάλης βουλῆς» ἀνηγόρευ ται. Καὶ γὰρ ὡς αὐτὸς ἀγγελοπρεπῶς φησιν, ὅσα ἤκουσε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀνήγγειλεν ἡμῖν. <V.> Aὕτη μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ὡς καθ' ἡμᾶς ἡ αἰτία τῆς ἀγγελικῆς ἐν τοῖς λογίοις ἐπωνυμίας, ἐρευνῆσαι δὲ ὡς οἶμαι χρὴ δι' ἣν αἰτίαν οἱ θεολόγοι πάσας μὲν ἅμα τὰς οὐρανίας οὐσίας ἀγγέλους καλοῦσι, πρὸς δὲ τὴν ἐκφαντορίαν ἐρχόμενοι τῶν ὑπερκοσμίων αὐτῶν διακοσμήσεων τάξιν ἀγγελικὴν ἰδίως ὀνομάζουσι τὴν συμπληρωτικῶς ἀποπερατοῦσαν τὰ θεῖα καὶ οὐράνια τάγματα· πρὸ ταύτης δὲ ὑπερκειμένως τάττουσι τοὺς ἀρχαγγελικοὺς διακόσμους, τάς τε ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ἐξουσίας καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις ὅσας τε τούτων ὑπερβεβηκυίας οὐσίας αἱ τῶν λογίων ἴσασιν ἐκφαντορικαὶ πα ραδόσεις. Φαμὲν δὲ ὅτι κατὰ πᾶσαν ἱερὰν διακόσμησιν αἱ μὲν ὑπερβεβη κυῖαι τάξεις ἔχουσι καὶ τὰς τῶν ὑφειμένων διακοσμήσεων ἐλλάμψεις καὶ δυνάμεις, ἀμέθεκτοι δὲ τῶν αὐτὰς ὑπερκειμένων εἰσὶν αἱ τελευταῖαι. Τὰ μὲν οὖν ἁγιώτατα τῶν ὑπερτάτων οὐσιῶν τάγματα καὶ ἀγγέλους κα λοῦσιν οἱ θεολόγοι. Καὶ γάρ εἰσιν ἐκφαντορικὰ καὶ αὐτὰ τῆς θεαρχικῆς ἐλλάμψεως. Τὴν τάξιν δὲ τὴν τῶν οὐρανίων νοῶν τελευταίαν οὐκ ἔχει λόγον ἀρχὰς ἢ θρόνους ἢ Σεραφὶμ ὀνομάζειν. Oὐδὲ γάρ ἐστιν ἐν μετουσίᾳ τῶν ὑπερτάτων δυνάμεων, ἀλλ' ὥσπερ αὕτη τοὺς καθ' ἡμᾶς ἐνθέους ἱεράρχας ἀνάγει πρὸς τὰς ἐγνωσμένας αὐτῇ τῆς θεαρχίας αὐγάς, οὕτω καὶ τῶν πρὸ αὐτῆς οὐσιῶν αἱ πανίεροι δυνάμεις ἀναγωγικαὶ πρὸς τὸ θεῖόν εἰσι τῆς ἀποπληρούσης τὰς ἀγγελικὰς ἱεραρχίας διακοσμήσεως- εἰ μὴ ἄρα τις καὶ τοῦτο φαίη τὸ κοινὰς εἶναι πάσας τὰς ἀγγελικὰς ὀνομασίας κατὰ τὴν πασῶν τῶν οὐρανίων δυνάμεων εἰς τὸ θεοειδὲς καὶ τὴν ἐκ θεοῦ φωτοδοσίαν ὑφειμένην καὶ προὔχουσαν κοινωνίαν. Ἀλλ' ἵνα μᾶλλον ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος διευκρινηθείη, κατίδωμεν ἱερῶς τὰς ἐν τοῖς λογίοις ἐκπεφασμένας ἁγιοπρεπεῖς ἰδιότητας ἑκάστης οὐρανίας διακοσμήσεως. <VI.> <1> Ὅσοι μέν εἰσι καὶ οἷοι τῶν ὑπερουρανίων οὐσιῶν οἱ διάκοσμοι καὶ ὅπως αἱ κατ' αὐτοὺς ἱεραρχίαι τελοῦνται, μόνην ἀκριβῶς εἰδέναι φημὶ τὴν θεωτικὴν αὐτῶν τελεταρχίαν, προσέτι καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐγνωκέναι τὰς