Chapter 7 [III.]—Augustin Confesses that He Had Formerly Been in Error Concerning the Grace of God.

It was not thus that that pious and humble teacher thought—I speak of the most blessed Cyprian—when he said “that we must boast in nothing, since nothing is our own.”20    Cyprian, Testimonies to Quirinus, Book iii. ch. 4; The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. v. p. 528. And in order to show this, he appealed to the apostle as a witness, where he said, “For what hast thou that thou hast not received? And if thou hast received it, why boastest thou as if thou hadst not received it?”21    1 Cor. iv. 7. And it was chiefly by this testimony that I myself also was convinced when I was in a similar error, thinking that faith whereby we believe on God is not God’s gift, but that it is in us from ourselves, and that by it we obtain the gifts of God, whereby we may live temperately and righteously and piously in this world. For I did not think that faith was preceded by God’s grace, so that by its means would be given to us what we might profitably ask, except that we could not believe if the proclamation of the truth did not precede; but that we should consent when the gospel was preached to us I thought was our own doing, and came to us from ourselves. And this my error is sufficiently indicated in some small works of mine written before my episcopate. Among these is that which you have mentioned in your letters22    Hilary’s Letter, No. 226 in the collection of Augustin’s Letters. wherein is an exposition of certain propositions from the Epistle to the Romans. Eventually, when I was retracting all my small works, and was committing that retractation to writing, of which task I had already completed two books before I had taken up your more lengthy letters,—when in the first volume I had reached the retractation of this book, I then spoke thus:—“Also discussing, I say, ‘what God could have chosen in him who was as yet unborn, whom He said that the elder should serve; and what in the same elder, equally as yet unborn, He could have rejected; concerning whom, on this account, the prophetic testimony is recorded, although declared long subsequently, “Jacob have I loved, and Esau have I hated,”’23    Mal. i. 2, 3. Cf. Rom. ix. 13. I carried out my reasoning to the point of saying: ‘God did not therefore choose the works of any one in foreknowledge of what He Himself would give them, but he chose the faith, in the foreknowledge that He would choose that very person whom He foreknew would believe on Him,—to whom He would give the Holy Spirit, so that by doing good works he might obtain eternal life also.’ I had not yet very carefully sought, nor had I as yet found, what is the nature of the election of grace, of which the apostle says, ‘A remnant are saved according to the election of grace.’24    Rom. xi. 5. Which assuredly is not grace if any merits precede it; lest what is now given, not according to grace, but according to debt, be rather paid to merits than freely given. And what I next subjoined: ‘For the same apostle says, “The same God which worketh all in all;”25    1 Cor. xii. 6. but it was never said, God believeth all in all;’ and then added, ‘Therefore what we believe is our own, but what good thing we do is of Him who giveth the Holy Spirit to them that believe:’ I certainly could not have said, had I already known that faith itself also is found among those gifts of God which are given by the same Spirit. Both, therefore, are ours on account of the choice of the will, and yet both are given by the spirit of faith and love. For faith is not alone but as it is written, ‘Love with faith, from God the Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ.’26    Eph. vi. 23. And what I said a little after, ‘For it is ours to believe and to will, but it is His to give to those who believe and will, the power of doing good works through the Holy Spirit, by whom love is shed abroad in our hearts,’—is true indeed; but by the same rule both are also God’s, because God prepares the will; and both are ours too, because they are only brought about with our good wills. And thus what I subsequently said also: ‘Because we are not able to will unless we are called; and when, after our calling, we would will, our willing is not sufficiently nor our running, unless God gives strength to us that run, and leads us whither He calls us;’ and thereupon added: ‘It is plain, therefore, that it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that showeth mercy, that we do good works’—this is absolutely most true. But I discovered little concerning the calling itself, which is according to God’s purpose; for not such is the calling of all that are called, but only of the elect. Therefore what I said a little afterwards: ‘For as in those whom God elects it is not works but faith that begins the merit so as to do good works by the gift of God, so in those whom He condemns, unbelief and impiety begin the merit of punishment, so that even by way of punishment itself they do evil works’—I spoke most truly. But that even the merit itself of faith was God’s gift, I neither thought of inquiring into, nor did I say. And in another place I say: ‘For whom He has mercy upon, He makes to do good works, and whom He hardeneth He leaves to do evil works; but that mercy is bestowed upon the preceding merit of faith, and that hardening is applied to preceding iniquity.’ And this indeed is true; but it should further have been asked, whether even the merit of faith does not come from God’s mercy,—that is, whether that mercy is manifested in man only because he is a believer, or whether it is also manifested that he may be a believer? For we read in the apostle’s words: ‘I obtained mercy to be a believer.’27    1 Cor. vii. 25. He does not say, ‘Because I was a believer.’ Therefore although it is given to the believer, yet it has been given also that he may be a believer. Therefore also, in another place in the same book I most truly said: ‘Because, if it is of God’s mercy, and not of works, that we are even called that we may believe and it is granted to us who believe to do good works, that mercy must not be grudged to the heathen;’—although I there discoursed less carefully about that calling which is given according to God’s purpose.”28    Retractations, Book i. ch. 23, Nos. 3, 4.

CAPUT III.

7. Non sic pius atque humilis doctor ille sapiebat: Cyprianum beatissimum loquor, qui dixit, «In nullo gloriandum, quando nostrum nihil sit» (Ad Quirinum, lib. 3, cap. 4). Quod ut ostenderet, adhibuit Apostolum testem dicentem, Quid autem habes quod non accepisti? Si autem et accepisti, quid gloriaris quasi non acceperis (I Cor. IV, 7)? Quo praecipue testimonio etiam ipse convictus sum, cum similiter errarem, putans fidem qua in Deum credimus, non esse donum Dei, sed a nobis esse in nobis, et per illam nos impetrari Dei dona quibus temperanter et juste et pie vivamus in hoc saeculo. Neque enim fidem putabam Dei gratia praeveniri, ut per illam nobis daretur quod posceremus utiliter; nisi quia credere non possemus, si non praecederet praeconium veritatis: ut autem praedicato nobis Evangelio consentiremus, nostrum esse proprium, et nobis ex nobis esse arbitrabar. Quem meum errorem nonnulla opuscula mea satis indicant, ante episcopatum meum scripta. In quibus est illud quod commemorastis in litteris vestris (In Epist. Hilarii, n. 3, supra, col. 955-956), ubi est expositio quarumdam propositionum ex Epistola quae est ad Romanos. Denique, cum mea cuncta opuscula retractarem, eamque retractionem stilo prosequerer, cujus operis jam duos absolveram libros, antequam scripta vestra prolixiora sumpsissem, cum ad hunc librum retractandum in primo volumine pervenissem, sic inde locutus sum: «Item disputans,» inquam, «quid elegerit Deus in nondum nato, cui dixit serviturum esse majorem; et quid in eodem majore similiter nondum nato reprobaverit: de quibus propter hoc commemoratur, quamvis longe postea prolatum, propheticum testimonium, Jacob dilexi, Esau autem odio habui (Rom. IX, 13; Malach. I, 3); ad hoc perduxi ratiocinationem, ut dicerem: Non ergo elegit Deus opera cujusquam in praescientia, quae ipse daturus est; sed fidem elegit in praescientia, ut quem sibi crediturum esse praescivit, ipsum elegerit , cui Spiritum sanctum daret, ut bona operando, etiam aeternam vitam consequeretur. Nondum diligentius quaesiveram, nec adhuc inveneram, qualis sit electio gratiae; de qua idem dicit apostolus, Reliquiae per electionem gratiae salvae factae sunt (Rom. XI, 5): quae utique non est gratia, si eam merita ulla praecedant: ne jam quod datur, non secundum gratiam, sed secundum debitum, reddatur potius meritis, quam donetur. Proinde quod continuo dixi, Dicit enim idem apostolus, Idem Deus qui operatur omnia in omnibus (I Cor. XII, 6); nusquam autem dictum est, Deus credit omnia in omnibus: ac deinde subjunxi, Quod ergo credimus, nostrum est; quod autem bonum operamur, illius est qui credentibus dat Spiritum sanctum; 0965 profecto non dicerem, si jam scirem etiam ipsam fidem inter Dei munera reperiri, quae dantur in eodem Spiritu. Utrumque ergo nostrum est propter arbitrium voluntatis, et utrumque tamen datum est per Spiritum fidei et charitatis. Neque enim sola charitas, sed, sicut scriptum est, Charitas cum fide a Deo Patre et Domino Jesu Christo (Ephes. VI, 23). Et quod paulo post dixi, Nostrum est enim credere et velle; illius autem, dare credentibus et volentibus facultatem bene operandi per Spiritum sanctum, per quem charitas diffunditur in cordibus nostris, verum est quidem, sed eadem regula; et utrumque ipsius est, quia ipse praeparat voluntatem; et utrumque nostrum, quia non fit nisi volentibus nobis. Ac per hoc quod etiam postea dixi, Quia neque velle possumus, nisi vocemur: et cum post vocationem voluerimus, non sufficit voluntas nostra, et cursus noster, nisi Deus et vires currentibus praebeat, et perducat quo vocat; ac deinde subjunxi, Manifestum est ergo, non volentis neque currentis, sed miserentis Dei esse (Rom. IX, 16) quod bene operamur: omnino verissimum est. Sed parum de ipsa vocatione disserui, quae fit secundum propositum Dei: non enim omnium qui vocantur talis est, sed tantum electorum. Itaque quod paulo post dixi, Sicut enim in his quos elegit Deus. non opera, sed fides inchoat meritum, ut per munus Dei bene operentur; sic in his quos damnat, infidelitas et impietas inchoat poenae meritum, ut per ipsam poenam etiam male operentur; verissime dixi, sed fidei meritum etiam ipsum esse donum Dei, nec putavi quaerendum esse, nec dixi. Et alio loco: Cujus enim miseretur, inquam, facit eum bene operari; et quem obdurat (Ibid., 18), relinquit eum et male operetur: sed et illa misericordia praecedenti merito fidei tribuitur, et ista obduratio praecedenti iniquitati. Quod quidem verum est; sed adhuc quaerendum erat, utrum et meritum fidei de misericordia Dei veniat ; id est, utrum ista misericordia ideo tantummodo fiat in homine, quia fidelis est, an etiam facta fuerit, ut fidelis esset. Legimus enim dicente Apostolo, Misericordiam consecutus sum, ut fidelis essem (I Cor. VII, 25): non ait, quia fidelis eram. Fideli ergo datur quidem, sed data est etiam ut esset fidelis. Rectissime itaque alio loco in eodem libro dixi, Quoniam si non ex operibus, sed misericordia Dei et vocamur ut credamus, et credentibus praestatur ut bene operemur, non est gentibus ista invidenda misericordia, quamvis minus ibi diligenter de illa, quae per Dei propositum fit, vocatione tractaverim» (Retract. lib. 1, cap. 23, n. 3, 4).