Chapter VII.—The Eclectic Philosophy Paves the Way for Divine Virtue.

The Greek preparatory culture, therefore, with philosophy itself, is shown to have come down from God to men, not with a definite direction but in the way in which showers fall down on the good land, and on the dunghill, and on the houses. And similarly both the grass and the wheat sprout; and the figs and any other reckless trees grow on sepulchres. And things that grow, appear as a type of truths. For they enjoy the same influence of the rain. But they have not the same grace as those which spring up in rich soil, inasmuch as they are withered or plucked up. And here we are aided by the parable of the sower, which the Lord interpreted. For the husbandman of the soil which is among men is one; He who from the beginning, from the foundation of the world, sowed nutritious seeds; He who in each age rained down the Lord, the Word. But the times and places which received [such gifts], created the differences which exist. Further, the husbandman sows not only wheat (of which there are many varieties), but also other seeds—barley, and beans, and peas, and vetches, and vegetable and flower seeds. And to the same husbandry belongs both planting and the operations necessary in the nurseries, and gardens, and orchards, and the planning and rearing of all sorts of trees.

In like manner, not only the care of sheep, but the care of herds, and breeding of horses, and dogs, and bee-craft, all arts, and to speak comprehensively, the care of flocks and the rearing of animals, differ from each other more or less, but are all useful for life. And philosophy—I do not mean the Stoic, or the Platonic, or the Epicurean, or the Aristotelian, but whatever has been well said by each of those sects, which teach righteousness along with a science pervaded by piety,—this eclectic whole I call philosophy.80    [Most important as defining Clement’s system, and his use of this word, “philosophy.”]    Matt. vii. 14, xi. 12, vii. 7. But such conclusions of human reasonings, as men have cut away and falsified, I would never call divine.

And now we must look also at this, that if ever those who know not how to do well, live well;81    Something seems wanting to complete the sense.    Job v. 25. for they have lighted on well-doing. Some, too, have aimed well at the word of truth through understanding. “But Abraham was not justified by works, but by faith.”82    Rom. iv. It is therefore of no advantage to them after the end of life, even if they do good works now, if they have not faith. Wherefore also the Scriptures83    [Stillingfleet, Origines Sacræ, vol. i. p.55. Important reference.] were translated into the language of the Greeks, in order that they might never be able to allege the excuse of ignorance, inasmuch as they are able to hear also what we have in our hands, if they only wish. One speaks in one way of the truth, in another way the truth interprets itself. The guessing at truth is one thing, and truth itself is another. Resemblance is one thing, the thing itself is another. And the one results from learning and practice, the other from power and faith. For the teaching of piety is a gift, but faith is grace. “For by doing the will of God we know the will of God.”84    John vii. 17. “Open, then,” says the Scripture, “the gates of righteousness; and I will enter in, and confess to the Lord.”85    Ps. cxviii. 19. But the paths to righteousness (since God saves in many ways, for He is good) are many and various, and lead to the Lord’s way and gate. And if you ask the royal and true entrance, you will hear, “This is the gate of the Lord, the righteous shall enter in by it.”86    Ps. cxviii. 20. While there are many gates open, that in righteousness is in Christ, by which all the blessed enter, and direct their steps in the sanctity of knowledge. Now Clemens, in his Epistle to the Corinthians, while expounding the differences of those who are approved according to the Church, says expressly, “One may be a believer; one may be powerful in uttering knowledge; one may be wise in discriminating between words; one may be terrible in deeds.”87    [See vol. i. p. 18, First Epistle of Clement, chap. xlviii. S.]

Καταφαίνεται τοίνυν προπαιδεία ἡ Ἑλληνικὴ σὺν καὶ αὐτῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ θεόθεν ἥκειν εἰς ἀνθρώπους οὐ κατὰ προηγούμενον, ἀλλ' ὃν τρόπον οἱ ὑετοὶ καταρρήγνυνται εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν ἀγαθὴν καὶ εἰς τὴν κοπρίαν καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ δώματα. βλαστάνει δ' ὁμοίως καὶ πόα καὶ πυρός, φύεται δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν μνημάτων συκῆ καὶ εἴ τι τῶν ἀναιδεστέρων δένδρων, καὶ τὰ φυόμενα ἐν τύπῳ προκύπτει τῶν ἀληθῶν, ὅτι τῆς αὐτῆς τοῦ ὑετοῦ ἀπέλαυσε δυνάμεως, ἀλλ' οὐ τὴν αὐτὴν ἔσχηκε χάριν τοῖς ἐν τῷ πίονι φυεῖσιν ἤτοι ξηρανθέντα ἢ ἀποτιλθέντα. καὶ δὴ κἀνταῦθα χρησιμεύει ἡ τοῦ σπόρου παραβολή, ἣν ὁ κύριος ἡρμήνευσεν. εἷς γὰρ ὁ τῆς ἐν ἀνθρώποις γῆς γεωργὸς ὁ ἄνωθεν σπείρων ἐκ καταβολῆς κόσμου τὰ θρεπτικὰ σπέρματα, ὁ τὸν κύριον καθ' ἕκαστον καιρὸν ἐπομβρίσας λόγον, οἱ καιροὶ δὲ καὶ οἱ τόποι οἱ δεκτικοὶ τὰς διαφορὰς ἐγέννησαν. ἄλλως τε ὁ γεωργὸς οὐ πυροὺς μόνον (καίτοι καὶ τούτων πλείους εἰσὶ διαφοραί), σπείρει δὲ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα σπέρματα, κριθάς τε καὶ κυάμους καὶ πίσον καὶ ἄρακα καὶ τὰ κηπευόμενα καὶ τὰ ἀνθητικὰ σπέρματα· τῆς αὐτῆς δὲ γεωργίας καὶ ἡ φυτουργία, ἐργάζεσθαι ὅσα εἰς αὐτά τε τὰ φυτώρια καὶ εἰς παραδείσους καὶ τὰ ὡραῖα καὶ ὅλως παντοίων δένδρων φύσιν καὶ τροφήν. ὡσαύτως δὲ οὐχ ἡ ποιμενικὴ μόνη, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ βουκολικὴ ἱπποτροφική τε καὶ κυνοτροφικὴ καὶ μελισσουργικὴ τέχναι πᾶσαι, συνελόντι δ' εἰπεῖν ἀγελοκομική τε καὶ ζῳοτροφικὴ ἀλλήλων μὲν τῷ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον διαφέρουσι, πλὴν αἱ πᾶσαι βιωφελεῖς. φιλοσοφίαν δὲ οὐ τὴν Στωϊκὴν λέγω οὐδὲ τὴν Πλατωνικὴν ἢ τὴν Ἐπικούρειόν τε καὶ Ἀριστοτελικήν, ἀλλ' ὅσα εἴρηται παρ' ἑκάστῃ τῶν αἱρέσεων τούτων καλῶς, δικαιοσύνην μετὰ εὐσεβοῦς ἐπιστήμης ἐκδιδάσκοντα, τοῦτο σύμπαν τὸ ἐκλεκτικὸν φιλοσοφίαν φημί. ὅσα δὲ ἀνθρωπίνων λογισμῶν ἀποτεμόμενοι παρεχάραξαν, ταῦτα οὐκ ἄν ποτε θεῖα εἴποιμ' ἄν. Ἤδη δὲ κἀκεῖνο σκοπῶμεν, ὡς εἴ ποτε οἱ μὴ ἐπιστάμενοι διαβιοῦσι καλῶς † εὖ ποιεῖν· εὐποιίᾳ γὰρ περιπεπτώκασιν, ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ εὐστοχοῦσι διὰ συνέσεως εἰς τὸν περὶ ἀληθείας λόγον, Ἀβραὰμ δὲ οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἀλλ' ἐκ πίστεως. οὐδὲν οὖν ὄφελος αὐτοῖς μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, κἂν εὐεργεῖς ὦσι νῦν, εἰ μὴ πίστιν ἔχοιεν. διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ Ἑλλήνων φωνῇ ἡρμηνεύθησαν αἱ γραφαί, ὡς μὴ πρόφασιν ἀγνοίας προβάλλεσθαι δυνηθῆναί ποτε αὐτούς, οἵους τε ὄντας ἐπακοῦσαι καὶ τῶν παρ' ἡμῖν, ἢν μόνον ἐθελήσωσιν. ἄλλως τις περὶ ἀληθείας λέγει, ἄλλως ἡ ἀλήθεια ἑαυτὴν ἑρμηνεύει. ἕτερον στοχασμὸς ἀληθείας, ἕτερον ἡ ἀλήθεια, ἄλλο ὁμοίωσις, ἄλλο αὐτὸ τὸ ὄν, καὶ ἣ μὲν μαθήσει καὶ ἀσκήσει περιγίνεται, ἣ δὲ δυνάμει καὶ πίστει. δωρεὰ γὰρ ἡ διδασκαλία τῆς θεοσεβείας, χάρις δὲ ἡ πίστις. ποιοῦντες γὰρ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ τὸ θέλημα γινώσκομεν. ἀνοίξατε οὖν, φησὶν ἡ γραφή, πύλας δικαιοσύνης, ἵνα ἐν αὐταῖς εἰσελθὼν ἐξομολογήσωμαι τῷ κυρίῳ. ἀλλ' αἱ μὲν εἰς δικαιοσύνην ὁδοί, πολυτρόπως σῴζοντος τοῦ θεοῦ (ἀγαθὸς γάρ), πολλαί τε καὶ ποικίλαι καὶ φέρουσαι εἰς τὴν κυρίαν ὁδόν τε καὶ πύλην. ἐὰν δὲ τὴν βασιλικήν τε καὶ αὐθεντικὴν εἴσοδον ζητῇς, ἀκούσῃ· αὕτη ἡ πύλη τοῦ κυρίου, δίκαιοι εἰσελεύσονται ἐν αὐτῇ. πολλῶν τοίνυν ἀνεῳγμένων πυλῶν [ἡ] ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ αὕτη ἦν ἐν Χριστῷ, ἐν ᾗ μακάριοι πάντες οἱ εἰσελθόντες καὶ κατευθύνοντες τὴν πορείαν αὐτῶν ἐν ὁσιότητι γνωστικῇ. αὐτίκα ὁ Κλήμης ἐν τῇ πρὸς Κορινθίους ἐπιστολῇ κατὰ λέξιν φησὶ τὰς διαφορὰς ἐκτιθέμενος τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν δοκίμων· ἤτω τις πιστός, ἤτω δυνατὸς γνῶσιν ἐξειπεῖν, ἤτω σοφὸς ἐν διακρίσει λόγων, ἤτω γοργὸς ἐν ἔργοις.