§7. Refutation of dualism from reason. Impossibility of two Gods. The truth as to evil is that which the Church teaches: that it originates, and resides, in the perverted choice of the darkened soul.

More especially, they are exposed to the following reply. If visible things are the work of the evil god, what is the work of the good God? for nothing is to be seen except the work of the Artificer. Or what evidence is there that the good God exists at all, if there are no works of His by which He may be known? for by his works the artificer is known. 2. Or how could two principles exist, contrary one to another: or what is it that divides them, for them to exist apart? For it is impossible for them to exist together, because they are mutually destructive. But neither can the one be included in the other, their nature being unmixed and unlike. Accordingly that which divides them will evidently be of a third nature, and itself God. But of what nature could this third something be? good or evil? It will be impossible to determine, for it cannot be of the nature of both. 3. This conceit of theirs, then, being evidently rotten, the truth of the Church’s theology must be manifest: that evil has not from the beginning been with God or in God, nor has any substantive existence; but that men, in default of the vision of good, began to devise and imagine for themselves what was not, after their own pleasure. 4. For as if a man, when the sun is shining, and the whole earth illumined by his light, were to shut fast his eyes and imagine darkness where no darkness exists, and then walk wandering as if in darkness, often falling and going down steep places, thinking it was dark and not light,—for, imagining that he sees, he does not see at all;—so, too, the soul of man, shutting fast her eyes, by which she is able to see God, has imagined evil for herself, and moving therein, knows not that, thinking she is doing something, she is doing nothing. For she is imagining what is not, nor is she abiding in her original nature; but what she is is evidently the product of her own disorder. 5. For she is made to see God, and to be enlightened by Him; but of her own accord in God’s stead she has sought corruptible things and darkness, as the Spirit says somewhere in writing, “God made man upright, but they have sought out many inventions15    Eccl. vii. 29..” Thus it has been then that men from the first discovered and contrived and imagined evil for themselves. But it is now time to say how they came down to the madness of idolatry, that you may know that the invention of idols is wholly due, not to good but to evil. But what has its origin in evil can never be pronounced good in any point,—being evil altogether.

7 Ἄλλως τε· καὶ τοῦτο γὰρ ἄν τις αὐτοῖς εἴποι· εἰ τὰ φαινόμενα ἔργα τοῦ φαύλου ἐστί, τί τὸ ἔργον τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ; φαίνεται γὰρ οὐδὲν πλὴν μόνης τῆς τοῦ δημιουργοῦ κτίσεως. τί δὲ καὶ τοῦ εἶναι τὸν ἀγαθὸν γνώρισμα, οὐκ ὄντων αὐτοῦ ἔργων δι' ὧν ἂν γνωσθείη; ἐκ γὰρ τῶν ἔργων ὁ δημιουργὸς γινώσκεται. πῶς δὲ ὅλως καὶ δύο ἂν εἴη ἐναντία ἀλλήλων, ἢ τί τὸ διαιροῦν ἐστι ταῦτα, ἵνα χωρὶς ἀλλήλων γένωνται; εἶναι γὰρ αὐτὰ ἅμα ἀδύνατον, διὰ τὸ ἀναιρετικὰ ἀλλήλων εἶναι. ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἕτερον ἐν ἑτέρῳ δυνηθείη ἂν εἶναι διὰ τὸ ἄμικτον καὶ ἀνόμοιον αὐτῶν τῆς φύσεως. οὐκοῦν ἐκ τρίτου τὸ διαιροῦν φανήσε ται, καὶ αὐτὸ Θεός. ἀλλὰ ποίας ἂν εἴη καὶ τὸ τρίτον φύσεως; πότερον τῆς τοῦ καλοῦ, ἢ τοῦ φαύλου; ἄδηλον φανήσεται. τῆς γὰρ ἀμφοτέρων εἶναι αὐτό, ἀδύνατον. Σαθρᾶς δὴ τοίνυν τῆς τοιαύτης αὐτῶν διανοίας φαινομένης, ἀνάγκη τὴν ἀλήθειαν διαλάμπειν τῆς ἐκκλησιαστικῆς γνώσεως· ὅτι τὸ κακὸν οὐ παρὰ Θεοῦ οὐδὲ ἐν Θεῷ οὔτε ἐξ ἀρχῆς γέγονεν, οὔτε οὐσία τίς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ. ἀλλὰ ἄνθρωποι κατὰ στέρησιν τῆς τοῦ καλοῦ φαντασίας ἑαυτοῖς ἐπινοεῖν ἤρξαντο καὶ ἀναπλάττειν τὰ οὐκ ὄντα, καὶ ἅπερ βούλονται. ὡς γὰρ ἄν τις ἡλίου φαίνοντος, καὶ πάσης τῆς γῆς τῷ φωτὶ τούτου καταλαμπομένης, καμμύων τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, σκότος ἑαυτῷ ἐπινοῇ οὐκ ὄντος σκότους, καὶ λοιπὸν ὡς ἐν σκότει πλανώ μενος περιπατῇ, πολλάκις πίπτων καὶ κατὰ κρημνῶν ὑπάγων, νομίζων οὐκ εἶναι φῶς, ἀλλὰ σκότος· δοκῶν γὰρ βλέπειν, οὐδ' ὅλως ὁρᾷ· οὕτω καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καμμύσασα τὸν ὀφθαλ μὸν δι' οὗ τὸν Θεὸν ὁρᾷν δύναται, ἑαυτῇ τὰ κακὰ ἐπενόησεν, ἐν οἷς κινουμένη, οὐκ οἶδεν ὅτι δοκοῦσά τι ποιεῖν, οὐδὲν ποιεῖ· τὰ οὐκ ὄντα γὰρ ἀναπλάττεται. καὶ οὐχ ὁποία γέγονε, τοιαύτη καὶ ἔμεινεν· ἀλλ' ὁποίαν ἑαυτὴν ἐνέφυρε, τοιαύτη καὶ φαίνεται. γέγονε μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὸ ὁρᾷν τὸν Θεὸν καὶ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ φωτίζεσθαι· αὕτη δὲ ἀντὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὰ φθαρτὰ καὶ τὸ σκότος ἐζήτησεν, ὥς που καὶ τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐγγράφως φησίν· Ὁ Θεὸς τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐποίησεν εὐθῆ· αὐτοὶ δὲ ἐζήτησαν λογισμοὺς πολλούς. κακίας δὴ οὖν εὕρεσις καὶ ἐπίνοια τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐξ ἀρχῆς οὕτω γέγονε καὶ πέπλασται. Πῶς δὲ καὶ εἰς τὴν τῶν εἰδώλων μανίαν καταβεβήκασιν, ἤδη λέγειν ἀναγκαῖον, ἵνα γινώσκῃς ὅτι ὅλως ἡ τῶν εἰδώλων εὕρεσις οὐκ ἀπὸ ἀγαθοῦ, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ κακίας γέγονε. τὸ δὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχον κακὴν ἐν οὐδενί ποτε καλὸν κριθείη, ὅλον ὂν φαῦλον.