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of lawless impieties is perpetually denounced and anathematized in the church of God, as both a transgressor and subverter of the ordinance of God and of the holy and great emperor Constantine. For how is it possible for Christians to contract matrimonial unions and enter into affinity by marriage with unbelievers, when the canon forbids this and the whole church considers it alien and outside the Christian state? Or what of the eminent and noble and wise emperors of the Romans has ever countenanced it?" But if they should object: "How did the lord Romanos the emperor enter into affinity by marriage with the Bulgarians, and give his own granddaughter to the lord Peter the Bulgarian?" one must answer that: "The lord Romanos the emperor was a common and illiterate man, and not one of those who were raised from the beginning in the palace, nor of those who had followed from the outset the Roman customs, nor of imperial and noble stock, and for this reason he acted for the most part more arrogantly and high-handedly, and in this matter he neither obeyed the church which forbade it, nor followed the command and ordinance of the great Constantine, but from an arrogant and self-willed opinion, and from ignorance of what is good, and from unwillingness to follow what is fitting and good, nor to abide by the ordinances handed down from our fathers, did he dare to do this, putting forward this, forsooth, as his only plausible excuse, that by such an act so great a multitude of Christian captives would be rescued, and that the Bulgarians are Christians and of the same faith as us, and especially because she who was given in marriage was not the daughter of a sovereign and legitimate emperor, but of a third and last, who was still in a subordinate position and had no share of power in the affairs of state; and such an act differed in no way from that of another of the imperial kinswomen, of those who are of noble imperial lineage both remote and near, being given for some service to the common good by the last and least powerful. Since he did this outside the canon and the tradition of the church and the ordinance and command of the great and holy emperor Constantine, the aforesaid lord Romanos was much reproached even while alive, and was slandered and hated by the senate council and all the people and the church itself, so that the hatred became manifest from his end, and after death he is likewise despised and slandered and held in condemnation, for having innovated a thing unworthy and unbecoming to the noble state of the Romans." For each nation, having different customs and varying laws and institutions, ought to uphold its own ways and to contract and form unions for the mingling of life from the same nation. For just as every animal mates with those of its own kind, so also it is right for each nation to contract marriages not from those of other race and other tongue, but from those of the same race and same tongue. For from this, harmony of mind towards one another and communion and pleasant intercourse and life together naturally arises; but alien customs and different laws are accustomed to engender enmities rather, and offenses and hatreds and strife, which tend to produce not friendships and unions, but enmities and divisions. And that it is not right for the things wrongly done by some out of ignorance or arrogance to be imitated and emulated by those who wish to rule lawfully, but rather to hold to the celebrated deeds of those who have reigned lawfully and justly, as good icons set forth as an example for imitation, and according to them to try to direct all his own actions, since the end that came upon him, I mean, upon the lord Romanos, because of such self-willed actions of his, is a sufficient example for a lesson to anyone who wishes to emulate the things wrongly done by him. It is necessary, along with the other things, for you to know these things also, my much-beloved son, since the knowledge of these things

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παρανόμων ἀσεβημάτων ἐν τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐκκλησίᾳ διηνεκῶς ἀποκηρύττεται καὶ ἀναθεματίζεται, ὡς καὶ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τῆς τοῦ ἁγίου καὶ μεγάλου βασιλέως Κωνσταντίνου διατάξεως παραβάτης καὶ ἀνατροπεύς. Πῶς γάρ ἐστιν τῶν ἐνδεχομένων Χριστιανοὺς μετὰ ἀπίστων γαμικὰς κοινωνίας ποιεῖν καὶ συμπενθεριάζειν, τοῦ κανόνος τοῦτο κωλύοντος καὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἁπάσης ἀλλότριον αὐτὸ λογιζομένης καὶ ἔξω τῆς Χριστιανικῆς καταστάσεως; Ἢ τίς τῶν ἐγκρίτων καὶ εὐγενῶν καὶ σοφῶν βασιλέων Ῥωμαίων κατεδέξατο;" Εἰ δὲ ἀντείπωσιν· "Πῶς ὁ κύρις Ῥωμανὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς μετὰ Βουλγάρων συνεπενθερίασεν, καὶ τὴν ἰδίαν ἐκγόνην δέδωκεν τῷ κυρῷ Πέτρῳ τῷ Βουλγάρῳ;" δεῖ ἀπολογήσασθαι, ὅτι· "Ὁ κύρις Ῥωμανός, ὁ βασιλεύς,ἰδιώτης καὶ ἀγράμματος ἄνθρωπος ἦν, καὶ οὔτε τῶν ἄνωθεν ἐν βασιλείοις τεθραμμένων, οὔτε τῶν παρηκολουθηκότων ἐξ ἀρχῆς τοῖς Ῥωμαϊκοῖς ἐθισμοῖς, οὔτε ἀπὸ γένους βασιλείου καὶ εὐγενοῦς, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο αὐθαδέστερον καὶ ἐξουσιαστικώτερον τὰ πολλὰ κατεπράττετο, καὶ ἐν τούτῳ οὔτε τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ ἀπαγορευούσῃ ὑπήκουσεν, οὔτε τῇ ἐντολῇ καὶ διαταγῇ τοῦ μεγάλου Κωνσταντίνου κατηκολούθησεν, ἀλλ' ἐκ γνώμης αὐθάδους καὶ αὐτοβούλου καὶ τῶν καλῶν ἀμαθοῦς καὶ μὴ βουλομένης ἕπεσθαι τῷ πρέποντι καὶ καλῷ, μηδὲ ταῖς πατροπαραδότοις στοιχεῖν διατάξεσιν τοῦτο ποιῆσαι τετόλμηκεν, ταύτην μόνην εὔλογον δηλονότι προβαλλόμενος πρόφασιν, τοσοῦτον πλῆθος αἰχμαλώτων Χριστιανῶν διὰ τῆς τοιαύτης πράξεως ἀναρρύεσθαι, καὶ τὸ Χριστιανοὺς εἶναι καὶ τοὺς Βουλγάρους καὶ ὁμοπίστους ἡμῶν, ἄλλως τε καὶ ὅτι οὐδὲ αὐτοκράτορος καὶ ἐνθέσμου βασιλέως θυγάτηρ ἡ ἐκδιδομένη ἐτύγχανεν, ἀλλὰ τρίτου καὶ ἐσχάτου καὶ ἔτι ὑποχειρίου καὶ μηδεμίαν ἐξουσίαν ἐν τοῖς τῆς ἀρχῆς μετέχοντος πράγμασι· καὶ οὐδὲν διέφερεν τὸ τοιοῦτον τοῦ καὶ ἄλλην τινὰ τῶν βασιλικῶν συγγενίδων, τῶν πορρωτέρω τε καὶ ἐγγὺς τῆς βασιλείας εὐγενείας τυγχανουσῶν, καὶ διά τινα κοινωφελῆ δουλείαν, καὶ τοῦ ἐσχάτου καὶ μηδὲν σχεδὸν ἐξουσιάζοντος. Ἐπεὶ ἔξω τοῦ κανόνος καὶ τῆς ἐκκλησιαστικῆς παραδόσεως καὶ τῆς τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ ἁγίου βασιλέως, Κωνσταντίνου διαταγῆς τε καὶ ἐντολῆς τοῦτο πεποίηκεν, πολλὰ καὶ ζῶν ὠνειδίσθη ὁ προρρηθεὶς κύρις Ῥωμανός, καὶ διεβλήθη καὶ ἐμισήθη παρά τε τῆς συγκλήτου βουλῆς καὶ τοῦ δήμου παντὸς καὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας αὐτῆς, ὡς καὶ τὸ μῖσος ἀπὸ τοῦ τέλους γενέσθαι καταφανές, καὶ μετὰ θάνατον ὁμοίως ἐξουθενεῖται καὶ διαβάλλεται καὶ ὑπὸ καταγνώμην τίθεται καὶ οὗτος, ἀνάξιον πρᾶγμα καὶ ἀπρεπὲς εἰς τὴν εὐγενῆ πολιτείαν Ῥωμαίων καινοτομήσας." Ἕκαστον γὰρ ἔθνος διάφορα ἔχον ἔθη καὶ διαλλάττοντας νόμους τε καὶ θεσμοὺς ὀφείλει τὰ οἰκεῖα κρατύνειν καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἔθνους τὰς πρὸς ἀνάκρασιν βίου κοινωνίας ποιεῖσθαι καὶ ἐνεργεῖν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἕκαστον ζῶον μετὰ τῶν ὁμογενῶν τὰς μίξεις ἐργάζεται, οὕτω καὶ ἕκαστον ἔθνος οὐκ ἐξ ἀλλοφύλων καὶ ἀλλογλώσσων, ἀλλ' ἐκ τῶν ὁμογενῶν τε καὶ ὁμοφώνων τὰ συνοικέσια τῶν γάμων ποιεῖσθαι καθέστηκεν δίκαιον. Ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ καὶ ἡ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὁμοφροσύνη καὶ συνομιλία καὶ προσφιλὴς συνδιατριβὴ καὶ συμβίωσις περιγίνεσθαι πέφυκεν· τὰ δὲ ἀλλότρια ἔθη καὶ διαλλάττοντα νόμιμα ἀπεχθείας μᾶλλον καὶ προσκρούσεις καὶ μίση καὶ στάσεις εἴωθεν ἀπογεννᾶν, ἅπερ οὐ φιλίας καὶ κοινωνίας, ἀλλ' ἔχθρας καὶ διαστάσεις φιλεῖ ἀπεργάζεσθαι. Καὶ ὅτι μὴ δεῖ τὰ κακῶς παρά τινων ἐξ ἀμαθείας ἢ αὐθαδείας καταπραχθέντα τοὺς ἐννόμως ἄρχειν βουλομένους μιμεῖσθαί τε καὶ ζηλοῦν, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἐννόμως καὶ δικαίως βεβασιλευκότων τὰς ἀοιδίμους πράξεις ἔχειν, ὡς εἰκόνας ἀγαθὰς εἰς παράδειγμα προκειμένας μιμήσεως, καὶ κατ' ἐκείνας πειρᾶσθαι καὶ αὐτὸν ἀπευθύνειν πάντα τὰ παρ' αὐτοῦ ἐνεργούμενα, ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ διὰ τὰς τοιαύτας αὐτοβούλους πράξεις αὐτοῦ ἐπελθὸν αὐτῷ τέλος, φημὶ δὴ τῷ κυρῷ Ῥωμανῷ, ἱκανόν ἐστιν πρὸς σωφρονισμὸν παράδειγμα τῷ βουλομένῳ τὰ κακῶς παρ' ἐκείνου πραχθέντα ζηλοῦν. Χρεὼν δὲ μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων καὶ ταῦτά σε γινώσκειν, υἱὲ πολυέραστε, ἅτε τῆς τούτων γνώσεως