full of sea monsters. 205 But *Ixalos*, the impetuous one. And *ixos* (mistletoe), even if it comes from *hixai* (to arrive), it is nevertheless pronounced with a smooth breathing. For derivation often tends to change the breathing as well. As in *hama* (at the same time), *amudis* (at the same time). *Idiō* (I sweat), *hidrōs* (sweat). *hixō* (I will arrive), *ixos* (mistletoe). *hodos* (road), *Odysseus*. *eirō* (I say), *Heirmos* (connection). *eirgō* (I enclose), *Heirktē* (prison). I before O always has a smooth breathing. For example, *Iobianos*. *Iobates*. *Iolaos*. *Iordanēs*. *Ion*, the flower. *Iothor*, the father-in-law of Moses. *Iokastē*. *ios* (poison). And the rest. Look for whether *Ios* was also taken for "arrow". For I did not find a distinction for this in the works on breathings. But among the later grammarians, I found this with a rough breathing, from *hiēmi*, "I send", and with a smooth breathing from *iousthai* (to be rusted/poisoned). I before P, when it is single, has a smooth breathing. *Iptō*, meaning "I harm". *Ipnos*, the oven. *Ipos*, the mousetrap. And *Ipes*, the worms. From *ptōsis* (fall), *Hiptamai* (I fly) is marked with a rough breathing. But when it is double, it has a rough breathing. For example, *Hippos* (horse). And the compounds from it. *hippeuō* (I ride a horse). *hippeus* (horseman). *hippias*. *hippokrates*. *hippōnax*. *Hippokomos*, the one who takes care of horses. *hippēlatēs* (horse-driver). *hippēlasion* (horse-driving). *hippomanēs* (horse-mad). I before R has a smooth breathing. *Iros*, the beggar. *Iris*, the bow. Except for those formed from *hieros* by crasis of iota and epsilon into a long iota. For example, *Hiros*, meaning *hieros* (sacred). *Hireion*, the sacrificial victim. *Hirēx*, meaning *hierax* (hawk). Some, however, illogically give these a smooth breathing, saying that words syncopated in the Aeolic dialect have smooth breathings. For example, *hōrmēsen*, *Orsen*. *harmosas*, *Arsas*. To whom it is possible to say that neither did *hōrmēsen* become *ōrsen* by syncope, nor *harmosas*, *arsas*. But from *Orō*, meaning "I arouse", the future is *orō*, and in Aeolic *orsō*. And *Arō*, meaning "I fit", *arō*, and in Aeolic *arsō*. Such words, when formed, have a smooth breathing. Nor indeed were *hiros* and *hireion* and *hirēx* syncopated in the Aeolic manner, but they underwent a crasis of iota and epsilon into iota, as can be found in *ophies* becoming *ophis*. I before S, unless T follows, always has a smooth breathing. *Isos*, the similar one. *Isis*, name of a goddess. *isidōros*. *ismēnias*. *ismaēl*. *Ispania*, a country. *ischas* (dried fig). *ischion* (hip-joint). *ischnos* (thin). *ischys* (strength). But if T follows, it has a rough breathing. *Histōr*, the knowledgeable one. *historia*. *Histiaios*, a proper name. *Hisma*, the foundation. *histēmi* (I stand). *histos* (mast/loom). *histarion* (small loom). 206 *histion* (sail). Note *Istō*, instead of *ginōsketō* (let him know). *Isteon* (one must know). And *Istros*, a river. I before T has a smooth breathing. *Itys*, the rim of the chariot. And *Itys*, the son of the nightingale. *italia*. *itea* (willow). *Iteon*, instead of *poreuteon* (one must go). *Itamos*, the shameless one. *Itēs*, the beggar. And the rest. I before Y has a smooth breathing. *Iynx*, a type of bird, and an instrument. *Iuzō*, meaning "I shout". And similar things. I before Phi has a smooth breathing. *iphiklos*. *iphitos*. *Iphi*, instead of "strongly", and "very". And *iphia mēla* (fat sheep). And *Iphis*, the swift one. *Iphigeneia* and *Iphianassa*, proper names. And the rest. I before Chi has a smooth breathing. *ichnos* (track). *ichōr* (ichor). *ichthys* (fish). I before Psi has a smooth breathing. *ips*, the worm. *ipsiphagia* (worm-eating). *Ipsō*, in the future tense, instead of *blapsō* (I will harm). I before Omega has a smooth breathing. *iōsēpos*. *Iōannēs*. *iōn*, *iōnos*. *iōnas*. *iōēl*. *iōb*. *Iōkē*, the pursuit. *Iōxis*, the same. *Iōta*, the letter. And the rest. But *Hiō*, meaning "I send", has a rough breathing.

{1Universal rule concerning the breathing of I.}1 It should be noted that I before any vowel always has a smooth breathing, and before the three aspirates Theta, Phi, Chi, before the double consonant Zeta it always has a rough breathing, but before the other two double consonants Xi, Psi it always has a smooth breathing. And before B, G. But before M it always has a rough breathing, except for *Imbros*.

BEGINNING OF O

1 O before A has a smooth breathing. For example, *Oaroi*, the wives. And *Oarizein*, to converse with a woman, that is, to have intercourse. And *Oaristus*, the conversation of women. And the rest. O before B has a smooth breathing. For example, *obolos*. *obelos*. *obeliskos*. *Obrimos*, the strong one. *Obotas*, a proper name. *Obarēs*, the Persian. And similar things. O before G has a smooth breathing. For example, *Ogmos*, the row. *onkos*. *ogdoos*. *ogdoēkonta*. *Ogmios*, an epithet of Heracles. And the rest. O before D has a smooth breathing. For example, *odunē*. *odous*, *odontos*. *Odax*, instead of with

κητώεσσαν. 205 τὸ μέντοι Ἴξαλος, ὁ ὁρμητικός. καὶ ἰξὸς, εἰ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵξαι γέγονεν, ἀλλ' ὅμως ψιλοῦται. πολλάκις γὰρ ἡ παρα γωγὴ εἴωθεν ἀλλάσσειν καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα. ὡς ἐν τῷ ἅμα, ἄμυδις. Ἰδίω, ἱδρώς. ἵξω, ἰξός. ὁδὸς, ὀδυσσεύς. εἴρω, Εἱρμός. εἴργω, Εἱρκτή. Τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Ο ψιλοῦται ἀεί. οἷον, ἰοβιανός. ἰοβά της. ἰόλαος. ἰορδάνης. Ἴον, τὸ ἄνθος. Ἰοθὸρ, ὁ πενθερὸς τοῦ Μωϋσέος. ἰοκάστη. ἰός. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. ζήτει, ἐὰν τὸ Ἰὸς ἐλήφθη καὶ εἰς τὸ βέλος. οὐ γὰρ εὗρον διαστολὴν τούτου ἐν τοῖς περὶ πνευμάτων. παρὰ μέντοι τοῖς Νεωτέ ροις Γραμματικοῖς καὶ δασυνόμενον τοῦτο κατέλαβον, ἐκ τοῦ ἵημι, τὸ πέμπω, καὶ ψιλούμενον ἐκ τοῦ ἰοῦσθαι. Τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Π, ἑνὸς ὄντος, ψιλοῦται. Ἴπτω, τὸ βλάπτω. Ἴπνος, ὁ φοῦρνος. Ἴπος, ἡ παγὶς τῶν μυῶν. καὶ Ἶπες, οἱ σκώληκες. ἀπὸ πτώσεως σεσημείωται τὸ Ἵπταμαι, δασυνόμενον. ∆ισσοῦ δὲ ὄντος δασύνεται. οἷον Ἵππος. καὶ τὰ ἐξ αὐτοῦ συγκείμενα. ἱππεύω. ἱππεύς. ἱππίας. ἱπποκρά της. ἱππώναξ. Ἱππόκομος, ὁ τῶν ἵππων ἐπιμελούμενος. ἱππηλάτης. ἱππηλάσιον. ἱππομανής. Τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Ρ ψιλοῦται. Ἶρος, ὁ πτωχός. Ἶρις, τὸ τόξον. πλὴν τῶν ἀπὸ ἱερὸς γινομένων κατὰ κρᾶσιν τοῦ ι καὶ ε εἰς ι μακρόν. οἷον Ἱρὸς, ὁ ἱερός. Ἱρεῖον, τὸ θῦμα. Ἵρηξ, ὁ ἱέραξ. τινὲς δὲ παραλόγως ψιλοῦσι τὰ τοιαῦτα, λέγοντες ὅτι τὰ συγκοπέντα κατὰ Αἰολεῖς ψιλοῦνται. οἷον ὥρμησεν, Ὦρσεν. ἁρμόσας, Ἄρσας. πρὸς οὓς ἔστιν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι οὔτε τὸ ὥρμησεν ἐγένετο κατὰ συγκοπὴν ὦρσεν, οὔτε τὸ ἁρμόσας, ἄρσας. ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὄρω, τὸ διεγείρω, ὁ μέλλων ὀρῶ, καὶ Αἰολικῶς ὄρσω. καὶ Ἄρω, τὸ ἁρμόζω, ἀρῶ, καὶ Αἰολικῶς ἄρσω. τὰ τοιαῦτα ψιλοῦνται γινόμενα. οὔτε μὴν τὸ ἱρὸς καὶ ἱρεῖον καὶ ἵρηξ συνεκόπησαν Αἰολι κῶς, ἀλλὰ κρᾶσιν ἔπαθον τοῦ ι καὶ ε εἰς ι, ὡς ἐν τῷ ὄφιες ὄφις ἔστιν εὑρεῖν. Τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Σ, εἰ μὴ τὸ Τ ἐπάγοιτο, ψιλοῦται ἀεί. Ἶσος, ὁ ὅμοιος. Ἴσις, ὄνομα θεᾶς. ἰσίδωρος. ἰσμηνίας. ἰσμαήλ. Ἰσπανία, χώρα. ἰσχάς. ἰσχίον. ἰσχνός. ἰσχύς. εἰ δὲ ἐπάγοιτο τὸ Τ, δασύνεται. Ἵστωρ, ὁ ἐπιστήμων. ἱστορία. Ἱστιαῖος, κύριον. Ἵσμα, τὸ κτίσμα. ἵστημι. ἱστός. ἱστάριον. 206 ἱστίον. σημείωσαι τὸ Ἴστω, ἀντὶ τοῦ γινωσκέτω. Ἰστέον. καὶ Ἴστρος, ποταμός. Τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Τ ψιλοῦται. Ἴτυς, ἡ περιφέρεια τοῦ ἅρματος. καὶ Ἴτυς, ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀηδόνος. ἰταλία. ἰτέα. Ἰτέον, ἀντὶ τοῦ πορευτέον. Ἰταμὸς, ὁ ἀναίσχυντος. Ἴτης, ὁ πτωχός. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. Τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Υ ψιλοῦται. Ἴϋγξ, εἶδος ὀρνέου, καὶ ὀργάνου. Ἰΰζω, τὸ βοῶ. καὶ τὰ ὅμοια. Τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Φ ψιλοῦται. ἴφικλος. ἴφιτος. Ἶφι, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἰσχυρῶς, καὶ λίαν. καὶ ἴφια μῆλα. καὶ Ἶφις, ὁ ταχύς. Ἰφιγένεια καὶ Ἰφιάνασσα, κύρια. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. Τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Χ ψιλοῦται. ἴχνος. ἰχώρ. ἰχθύς. Τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Ψ ψιλοῦται. ἲψ, ὁ σκώληξ. ἰψιφαγία. Ἴψω, ἐπὶ μέλλοντος, ἀντὶ τοῦ βλάψω. Τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Ω ψιλοῦται. ἰώσηπος. Ἰωάννης. ἴων, ἴωνος. ἰωνᾶς. ἰωήλ. ἰώβ. Ἰωκὴ, ἡ δίωξις. Ἴωξις, τὸ αὐτό. Ἰῶτα, τὸ στοιχεῖον. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. Ἱῶ δὲ, τὸ πέμπω, δασύνεται.

{1Καθολικὸς κανὼν περὶ πνεύματος τοῦ Ι.}1 Σημειωτέον, ὅτι τὸ Ι πρὸ παντὸς φωνήεντος ψιλοῦ ται ἀεὶ, καὶ πρὸ τῶν τριῶν δασέων τοῦ Θ, Φ, Χ, πρὸ τοῦ Ζ διπλοῦ ἀεὶ δασύνεται, πρὸ δὲ τῶν ἑτέρων δύο διπλῶν Ξ, Ψ ἀεὶ ψιλοῦται. καὶ πρὸ τοῦ Β, Γ. πρὸ δὲ τοῦ Μ δασύνεται ἀεὶ, πλὴν τοῦ Ἴμβρος.

ΑΡΧΗ ΤΟΥ Ο

1 Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ Α ψιλοῦται. οἷον Ὄαροι, αἱ γυναῖκες. καὶ Ὀαρίζειν, τὸ γυναικὶ

συνομιλεῖν, ἤγουν μίγνυσθαι. καὶ Ὀαριστὺς, ἡ τῶν γυναικῶν ὁμιλία. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ Β ψιλοῦται. οἷον ὀβολός. ὀβελός. ὀβελίσκος. Ὄβριμος, ὁ ἰσχυρός. Ὀβότας, κύριον. Ὀβάρης,ὁ πέρσης. καὶ τὰ ὅμοια. Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ Γ ψιλοῦται. οἷον Ὄγμος, ἡ τάξις. ὄγκος. ὄγδοος. ὀγδοήκοντα. Ὄγμιος, ἐπίθετον τοῦ Ἡρακλέος. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ ∆ ψιλοῦται. οἷον ὀδύνη. ὀδοὺς, ὀδόν τος. Ὀδὰξ, ἀντὶ τοῦ μετὰ