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mutual relation for those who beget and those who are begotten, so that it might be held together by affection? how the species are fixed and distinguished by their characteristics, the properties of so many of which are incomprehensible? how the same living creature is both mortal and immortal, the one by its passing away, the other by its generation? For the one departed, and the other entered in its place, just as in the flow of a river that is not still and remaining. And you might philosophize yet much more concerning limbs and parts, and their harmonious arrangement with one another, for both utility and beauty at once being composite and distinct, projecting and being projected, being united and being divided, containing and being contained, by the law and reason of nature. Much concerning voices and hearings; how some are carried through the vocal organs, and others receive them, mingling with one another through the striking and impression of the intervening air. Much concerning sight, which ineffably communicates with visible things, and moves at once by the mere will, and experiences the same as the mind; for with equal speed the mind unites with things conceived and sight with things seen. Much concerning the other senses, which are certain receptions of things from without, not contemplated by reason. Much concerning the repose in sleep, and the shaping of things through dreams, of memory and recollection, of reason and passion and desire, and to speak briefly, all by which this little world is governed, man.

23 Would you have me also enumerate the differences of the other animals, both from us and from one another, their natures and generations and rearing, and regions, and habits, and, as it were, polities? how some are gregarious, and others solitary? some are herbivorous, and others carnivorous? some are fierce, and others tame? some are friendly to man and domesticated, and others untamable and free? and some are, as it were, nearer to reason and learning, and others completely irrational and most unteachable? some have more senses, and others fewer? some are stationary, and others move from place to place? some are very swift, and others very sluggish? some are surpassing in size and beauty, or in one of these, and others are very small or very ugly, or even both? some are strong, and others weak? some are defensive, and others suspicious and treacherous? some are guarded, and others unguarded? some are industrious and thrifty, and others altogether idle and improvident? And even before these things, how some are creeping, and others upright? some love the land, and others are amphibious? some are fond of beauty, and others unadorned? paired and unpaired? chaste and licentious? prolific and not prolific? long-lived and short-lived? my discourse would grow weary in going through the particulars.

24 Consider also the swimming nature that glides through the waters, and as it were flies through the liquid nature, drawing in its own air, but endangered by ours, just as we are in the waters; their habits and affections, and mixings and generations, and sizes and beauties, their attachment to places and wanderings, their gatherings and separations, and properties nearly resembling those of land animals, and in some cases also opposite communions and properties, both in species and in names. Consider for me also the flocks of birds, and their varieties both in shapes and in colors, both of others and of the songbirds; and what is the reason for their melody, and from whom? Who gave to the cicada the lyre upon its breast, and the songs and chirps on the branches, when they are moved by the sun making music at midday, and fill the groves with sound, and accompany the traveler with their voices? Who wove the song for the swan, when it spreads its wing to the breezes, and makes a melody of the whistling? For I omit to speak of the forced voices, and whatever arts contrive against the truth. From whence the peacock, the proud and Median bird, so fond of beauty and ambitious, that (for it is also conscious of its own beauty), when it sees someone approaching, or adorns itself for the females, as they say, raising its neck, and arranging its wing in a circle, the gold-gleaming and star-spangled,

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ἄλληλα σχέσις τοῖς γεννῶσι καὶ τοῖς γεννω μένοις, ἵνα τῷ φίλτρῳ συνέχηται; πῶς ἑστηκότα τε τὰ εἴδη καὶ τοῖς χαρακτῆρσι διεστηκότα, ὧν τοσούτων ὄντων αἱ ἰδιότητες ἀνέφικτοι; πῶς τὸ αὐτὸ ζῶον θνητὸν καὶ ἀθάνατον, τὸ μὲν τῇ μεταστάσει, τὸ δὲ τῇ γεννήσει; τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὑπεξῆλθε, τὸ δὲ ἀντ εισῆλθεν, ὥσπερ ἐν ὁλκῷ ποταμοῦ μὴ ἑστῶτος καὶ μένοντος. πολλὰ δ' ἂν ἔτι φιλοσοφήσαις περὶ μελῶν καὶ μερῶν, καὶ τῆς πρὸς ἄλληλα τούτων εὐαρμοστίας, πρὸς χρείαν τε ὁμοῦ καὶ κάλλος συνεστώτων τε καὶ διεστώτων, προεχόντων τε καὶ προεχομένων, ἑνουμένων τε καὶ σχιζομένων, περιεχόντων τε καὶ περιεχομένων, νόμῳ καὶ λόγῳ φύσεως. πολλὰ περὶ φωνῶν καὶ ἀκοῶν· πῶς αἱ μὲν φέρονται διὰ τῶν φωνητικῶν ὀργάνων, αἱ δὲ ὑποδέχονται, διὰ τῆς ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ ἀέρος πληγῆς καὶ τυπώσεως ἀλλήλαις ἐπιμιγνύμεναι. πολλὰ περὶ ὄψεως ἀρρήτως κοινωνούσης τοῖς ὁρατοῖς, καὶ μόνῳ τῷ βούλεσθαι καὶ ὁμοῦ κινουμένης, καὶ ταὐτὸν τῷ νοὶ πασχούσης· μετὰ γὰρ τοῦ ἴσου τάχους ἐκεῖνός τε μίγνυται τοῖς νοουμένοις καὶ αὕτη τοῖς ὁρωμένοις. πολλὰ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων αἰσθήσεων, αἳ παρα δοχαί τινές εἰσι τῶν ἔξωθεν, λόγῳ μὴ θεωρούμεναι. πολλὰ περὶ τῆς ἐν ὕπνοις ἀναπαύσεως, καὶ τῆς δι' ὀνειράτων ἀναπλάσεως, μνήμης τε καὶ ἀναμνήσεως, λογισμοῦ τε καὶ θυμοῦ καὶ ἐφέσεως, καὶ συντόμως εἰπεῖν, ὅσοις ὁ μικρὸς οὗτος κόσμος διοικεῖται, ὁ ἄνθρωπος.

23 Βούλεισοι καὶ τὰς τῶν ἄλλων ζώων διαφορὰς πρός τε ἡμᾶς καὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα, φύσεις τε καὶ γενέσεις καὶ ἀνατροφάς, καὶ χώρας, καὶ ἤθη, καὶ οἷον πολιτείας καταριθμήσωμαι; πῶς τὰ μὲν ἀγελαῖα, τὰ δὲ μοναδικά; τὰ μὲν ποηφάγα, τὰ δὲ σαρκοβόρα; τὰ μὲν θυμο ειδῆ, τὰ δὲ ἥμερα; τὰ μὲν φιλάνθρωπα καὶ σύντροφα, τὰ δὲ ἀτί θασσα καὶ ἐλεύθερα; καὶ τὰ μὲν οἷον ἐγγύτερα λόγου τε καὶ μαθή σεως, τὰ δὲ παντελῶς ἄλογα καὶ ἀμαθέστατα; τὰ μὲν πλειόνων αἰσθήσεων, τὰ δὲ ἐλαττόνων; τὰ μὲν ἀκίνητα, τὰ δὲ μεταβατικά; τὰ μὲν ταχύτατα, τὰ δὲ παχύτατα; τὰ μὲν ὑπερβάλλοντα μεγέθει καὶ κάλλει ἢ τῷ ἑτέρῳ τούτων, τὰ δὲ βραχύτατα ἢ δυσειδέστατα ἣ καὶ ἀμφότερα; τὰ μὲν ἄλκιμα, τὰ δὲ ἀσθενῆ; τὰ μὲν ἀμυντικά, τὰ δὲ ὕποπτα καὶ ἐπίβουλα; τὰ μὲν φυλακτά, τὰ δὲ ἀφύλακτα; τὰ μὲν φίλεργα καὶ οἰκονομικά, τὰ δὲ παντάπασιν ἀργὰ καὶ ἀπρο νόητα; καὶ ἔτι πρὸ τούτων, πῶς τὰ μὲν ἑρπυστικά, τὰ δὲ ὄρθια; τὰ μὲν φιλόχωρα, τὰ δὲ ἀμφίβια; τὰ μὲν φιλόκαλα, τὰ δὲ ἀκαλλώ πιστα; συζυγῆ τε καὶ ἀζυγῆ; σώφρονά τε καὶ ἀκόλαστα; πολύγονά τε καὶ οὐ πολύγονα; μακρόβιά τε καὶ ὀλιγόβια; κάμνοι ἂν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος τοῖς κατὰ μέρος ἐπεξιών.

24 Σκέψαιμοι καὶ νηκτὴν φύσιν τῶν ὑδάτων διολισθαίνουσαν, καὶ οἷον ἱπταμένην κατὰ τῆς ὑγρᾶς φύσεως, καὶ τοῦ μὲν ἰδίου σπῶσαν ἀέρος, τῷ ἡμετέρῳ δὲ κινδυνεύουσαν, ὥσπερ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐν τοῖς ὕδασιν· ἤθη τε καὶ πάθη, καὶ μίξεις καὶ γονάς, καὶ μεγέθη καὶ κάλλη, φιλοχωρίας τε καὶ πλάνας, συνόδους τε καὶ ἀποχωρήσεις, καὶ ἰδιότητας μικροῦ τοῖς ἐπιγείοις παραπλησίας, ἔστι δὲ ὧν καὶ κοινωνίας καὶ ἰδιότητας ἀντιθέτους, ἔν τε εἴδεσι καὶ ὀνόμασιν. σκέψαι μοι καὶ ὀρνέων ἀγέλας, καὶ ποικιλίας ἔν τε σχήμασι καὶ χρώμασι, τῶν τε ἄλλων καὶ τῶν ᾠδικῶν· καὶ τίς τῆς τούτων μελῳ δίας ὁ λόγος, καὶ παρὰ τίνος; τίς ὁ δοὺς τέττιγι τὴν ἐπὶ στήθους μαγάδα, καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῶν κλάδων ᾄσματά τε καὶ τερετίσματα, ὅταν ἡλίῳ κινῶνται τὰ μεσημβρινὰ μουσουργοῦντες, καὶ καταφωνῶσι τὰ ἄλση, καὶ ὁδοιπόρον ταῖς φωναῖς παραπέμπωσι; τίς ὁ κύκνῳ συνυφαίνων τὴν ᾠδήν, ὅταν ἐκπετάσῃ τὸ πτερὸν ταῖς αὔραις, καὶ ποιῇ μέλος τὸ σύριγμα; ἐῶ γὰρ λέγειν τὰς βιαίους φωνάς, καὶ ὅσα τέχναι σοφίζονται κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας. πόθεν ταῶς, ὁ ἀλαζὼν ὄρνις καὶ Μηδικός, οὕτω φιλόκαλος καὶ φιλότιμος, ὥστε (καὶ γὰρ αἰσθά νεται τοῦ οἰκείου κάλλους), ὅταν ἴδῃ τινὰ πλησιάζοντα, ἢ ταῖς θηλείαις, ὥς φασι, καλλωπίζηται, τὸν αὐχένα διάρας, καὶ τὸ πτερὸν κυκλοτερῶς περιστήσας τὸ χρυσαυγὲς καὶ κατάστερον,