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defining the good in relation to the pleasure of bodily enjoyment, because the nature of the body, being composite and tending toward dissolution, is necessarily subject to passions and infirmities, and because a certain painful sensation somehow follows such sufferings, they believe that the creation of man is the work of an evil god. Whereas, if their thought looked to what is higher, and if, having removed their mind from the disposition toward pleasures, they dispassionately considered the nature of existing things, they would not have supposed anything else to be evil except wickedness. But all wickedness is characterized by the privation of the good, not existing in itself, nor being conceived in terms of substance; for no evil lies in itself outside of choice, but is so named by the non-existence of the good. But what is not, does not subsist, and the creator of things that subsist is not the creator of what does not subsist. Therefore God is outside the cause of evils, being the maker of things that are, not of things that are not; he who created sight, not blindness; he who revealed virtue, not its privation; he who set forth the reward of good things as a prize of choice for those who live according to virtue, not yoking human nature by some violent necessity to what seems good to him, as if dragging some inanimate vessel unwillingly toward the good. But if, when the light from the clear sky is shining brightly, someone willingly casts down his vision with his eyelids, the sun is outside the cause of his not seeing.

8 But he who looks to the dissolution of the body is certainly indignant, and considers it a hard thing that our life is dissolved by death, and says this is the last of evils, that our life is extinguished by death. Let him then consider through this grim reality the excess of the divine beneficence; for perhaps through these things he might rather be led to marvel at the grace of God's providence concerning man. To live is desirable for those who partake of life on account of the enjoyment of pleasant things. So that if someone should live in pain, for such a one not to be is judged far preferable to being in pain. Let us therefore examine whether the giver of life looks to anything else, and not to how we might live in the best circumstances. For since by a movement of our free will we drew upon ourselves communion with evil, having mixed evil into our nature through a certain pleasure, like some poison seasoned with honey, and for this reason having fallen from the blessedness that is understood in terms of impassibility, we were transformed toward wickedness, for this reason man, like some earthenware vessel, is again dissolved into earth, so that, the filth now infused in him having been separated, he might be refashioned into his original form through the resurrection. But Moses sets forth for us such a doctrine more historically and through riddles. Nevertheless, the riddles also have a clear teaching. For since, he says, the first humans partook of the forbidden things and were stripped of that blessedness, the Lord puts tunics of skin on the first-formed; it does not seem to me that his meaning refers to such skins; for of what slaughtered and flayed animals is their clothing conceived? But, since every skin separated from an animal is dead, I certainly think that he who heals our wickedness has, by providence, afterwards bestowed on humans the capacity for dying, which was characteristic of the irrational nature, not that it should remain forever; for the tunic is one of the things put on us from the outside, providing its use to the body for a time, not being fused with our nature. Therefore, mortality from the irrational nature was economically placed around the nature created for immortality, covering it on the outside, not on the inside, encompassing the perceptible part of man, but not touching the divine image itself. And the perceptible is dissolved, not annihilated. For annihilation is the transition into non-being; but dissolution is the dispersion back into the elements of the world from which it had its composition. But that which has come to be in these has not perished, even if

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πρὸς τὸ ἡδὺ τῆς σωματικῆς ἀπολαύσεως τὸ ἀγαθὸν ὁριζόμενοι διὰ τὸ πάθεσι καὶ ἀρρωστήμασιν ὑποκεῖσθαι κατ' ἀνάγκην τὴν τοῦ σώματος φύσιν σύνθετον οὖσαν καὶ εἰς διάλυσιν ῥεοῦσαν, ἐπακολουθεῖν δέ πως τοῖς τοιούτοις παθήμασιν ἀλγεινήν τινα αἴσθησιν, πονηροῦ θεοῦ τὴν ἀνθρωποποιίαν ἔργον εἶναι νομίζουσιν. ὡς εἴγε πρὸς τὸ ὑψηλότερον ἔβλεπεν αὐτοῖς ἡ διάνοια, καὶ τῆς περὶ τὰς ἡδονὰς διαθέσεως τὸν νοῦν ἀποικίσαντες ἀπαθῶς ἐπεσκόπουν τὴν τῶν ὄντων φύσιν, οὐκ ἂν ἄλλο τι κακὸν εἶναι παρὰ τὴν πονηρίαν ᾠήθησαν. πονηρία δὲ πᾶσα ἐν τῇ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ στερήσει χαρακτηρίζεται, οὐ καθ' ἑαυτὴν οὖσα, οὐδὲ καθ' ὑπόστασιν θεωρουμένη· κακὸν γὰρ οὐδὲν ἔξω προαιρέσεως ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ κεῖται, ἀλλὰ τῷ μὴ εἶναι τὸ ἀγαθὸν οὕτω κατονομάζεται. τὸ δὲ μὴ ὂν οὐχ ὑφέστηκε, τοῦ δὲ μὴ ὑφεστῶτος δημιουργὸς ὁ τῶν ὑφεστώτων δημι ουργὸς οὐκ ἔστιν. οὐκοῦν ἔξω τῆς τῶν κακῶν αἰτίας ὁ θεὸς ὁ τῶν ὄντων, οὐχ ὁ τῶν μὴ ὄντων ποιητὴς ὤν· ὁ τὴν ὅρασιν, οὐ τὴν πήρωσιν δημιουργήσας· ὁ τὴν ἀρετήν, οὐ τὴν στέρησιν αὐτῆς ἀναδείξας· ὁ ἆθλον τῆς προαιρέσεως τὸ τῶν ἀγαθῶν γέρας τοῖς κατ' ἀρετὴν πολιτευομένοις προθείς, οὐκ ἀνάγκῃ τινὶ βιαίᾳ πρὸς τὸ ἑαυτῷ δοκοῦν ὑποζεύξας τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην φύσιν, καθάπερ τι σκεῦος ἄψυχον ἀκουσίως πρὸς τὸ καλὸν ἐφελκόμενος. εἰ δὲ τοῦ φωτὸς ἐξ αἰθρίας καθαρῶς περιλάμποντος ἑκουσίως τις ὑποβάλοι τοῖς βλεφάροις τὴν ὅρασιν, ἔξω τῆς τοῦ μὴ βλέποντος αἰτίας ὁ ἥλιος.

8 Ἀλλ' ἀγανακτεῖ πάντως ὁ πρὸς τὴν διάλυσιν βλέ πων τοῦ σώματος, καὶ χαλεπὸν ποιεῖται τῷ θανάτῳ τὴν ζωὴν ἡμῶν διαλύεσθαι, καὶ τοῦτό φησι τῶν κακῶν ἔσχατον εἶναι, τὸ τὸν βίον ἡμῶν τῇ νεκρότητι σβέννυσθαι. οὐκοῦν ἐπισκεψάσθω διὰ τοῦ σκυθρωποῦ τούτου τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς θείας εὐεργεσίας· τάχα γὰρ ἂν μᾶλλον διὰ τούτων προσαχθείη θαυμάσαι τὴν χάριν τῆς περὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον τοῦ θεοῦ κηδεμονίας. τὸ ζῇν διὰ τὴν τῶν καταθυμίων ἀπόλαυσιν αἱρετόν ἐστι τοῖς τοῦ βίου μετέχουσιν. ὡς εἴ γέ τις ἐν ὀδύναις διαβιῴη, παρὰ πολὺ τῷ τοιούτῳ τὸ μὴ εἶναι τοῦ ἀλγεινῶς εἶναι προτιμότερον κρίνεται. οὐκοῦν ἐξετάσωμεν εἰ ὁ τῆς ζωῆς χορηγὸς πρὸς ἄλλο τι βλέπει, καὶ οὐχ ὅπως ἂν ἐν τοῖς καλλίστοις βιῴημεν. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τῷ αὐτεξουσίῳ κινήματι τοῦ κακοῦ τὴν κοινωνίαν ἐπεσπασάμεθα, διά τινος ἡδονῆς οἷόν τι δηλητήριον μέλιτι παραρτυθὲν τῇ φύσει τὸ κακὸν καταμίξαντες, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τῆς κατὰ τὸ ἀπαθὲς νοουμένης μακαριότητος ἐκ πεσόντες, πρὸς τὴν κακίαν μετεμορφώθημεν, τούτου ἕνεκεν οἷόν τι σκεῦος ὀστράκινον πάλιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰς γῆν ἀνα λύεται, ὅπως ἂν τῆς νῦν ἐναπειλημμένης αὐτῷ ῥυπαρίας ἀποκριθείσης εἰς τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς σχῆμα διὰ τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἀναπλασθείη. τὸ δὲ τοιοῦτον δόγμα ἱστορικώτερον μὲν καὶ δι' αἰνιγμάτων ὁ Μωσῆς ἡμῖν ἐκτίθεται. πλὴν ἔκ δηλον καὶ τὰ αἰνίγματα τὴν διδασκαλίαν ἔχει. ἐπειδὴ γάρ, φησίν, ἐν τοῖς ἀπηγορευμένοις ἐγένοντο οἱ πρῶτοι ἄνθρωποι καὶ τῆς μακαριότητος ἐκείνης ἀπεγυμνώθησαν, δερματίνους ἐπιβάλλει χιτῶνας τοῖς πρωτοπλάστοις ὁ κύριος· οὔ μοι δοκεῖ πρὸς τὰ τοιαῦτα δέρματα τοῦ λόγου τὴν διάνοιαν φέρων· ποίων γὰρ ἀποσφαγέντων τε καὶ δαρέντων ζῴων ἐπινοεῖται αὐτοῖς ἡ περιβολή; ἀλλ', ἐπειδὴ πᾶν δέρμα χωρισθὲν τοῦ ζῴου νεκρόν ἐστι, πάντως οἶμαι τὴν πρὸς τὸ νεκροῦσθαι δύναμιν, ἣ τῆς ἀλόγου φύσεως ἐξαίρετος ἦν, ἐκ προμηθείας μετὰ ταῦτα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐπιβεβληκέναι τὸν τὴν κακίαν ἡμῶν ἰατρεύ οντα, οὐχ ὡς εἰς ἀεὶ παραμένειν· ὁ γὰρ χιτὼν τῶν ἔξωθεν ἡμῖν ἐπιβαλλομένων ἐστί, πρὸς καιρὸν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ χρῆσιν παρέχων τῷ σώματι, οὐ συμπεφυκὼς τῇ φύσει. οὐκοῦν ἐκ τῆς τῶν ἀλόγων φύσεως ἡ νεκρότης οἰκονομικῶς περι ετέθη τῇ εἰς ἀθανασίαν κτισθείσῃ φύσει, τὸ ἔξωθεν αὐτῆς περικαλύπτουσα, οὐ τὸ ἔσωθεν, τὸ αἰσθητὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μέρος διαλαμβάνουσα, αὐτῆς δὲ τῆς θείας εἰκόνος οὐ προσαπτομένη. λύεται δὲ τὸ αἰσθητόν, οὐκ ἀφανίζεται. ἀφανισμὸς μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἡ εἰς τὸ μὴ ὂν μεταχώρησις· λύσις δὲ ἡ εἰς τὰ τοῦ κόσμου στοιχεῖα πάλιν, ἀφ' ὧν τὴν σύστασιν ἔσχε, διάχυσις. τὸ δὲ ἐν τούτοις γενόμενον οὐκ ἀπόλωλε, κἂν