inspiration says, naming it Gihon; which those among the Greeks called the Egyptian. This, as one can conjecture, setting out from Paradise, submerges before reaching the inhabited world, then having passed under the Indian sea and even having wound around it in a circle, as one might guess (for what man could determine this accurately?), and having been carried under all the land in between as far as the Red Sea and having run under this too, it issues forth on the other side of it, under what is called the Mountain of the Moon. In which it is said to make two great springs, not a little distant from each other, violently bubbling up from below. And having been carried through Ethiopia, you proceed to Egypt, cascading down through the highest rocks. 3.11 That he says the entire region toward the rising sun and around the south, although warmed beyond measure, nevertheless bears the finest and greatest of all that land and sea are able to nourish. For the enormous sea-monsters are in this sea; and they have already been seen many times surfacing by those who sail that Ocean; and the land has the largest and most extraordinary elephants, and indeed also the so-called bull-elephants. Of which species, in all other respects it is a very large ox, but in its hide and color it is an elephant, and, one might almost say, in its size as well. For I saw the animal when it was brought to the Romans, and I am writing about the spectacle. But there are also serpents among them, in thickness appearing no smaller, and in length extending to fifteen fathoms; for I also saw the skins of these brought to the Romans. The animal unicorn is also among them, having the head of a serpent, and a crooked horn grows on it, not very large; and its chin is entirely covered with a beard. Its neck is long, stretching upward, very similar to the trailing body of a serpent. The rest of its body is more like a deer, but it has the feet of a lion; and indeed, a representation of it can be seen in Constantinople. And indeed, the camelopard is also a product of that land. which in other respects is a very large deer; but in height, its body has yielded to resemble a camel's; however, it has a very long neck, rising to a height out of proportion to the rest of its body; but it also has a hide, all over from the top of its head to the bottom of its feet, that is most similar in its variegation to a leopard's, and its front feet are higher than its back ones. Among them is also the so-called goat-ape, being a kind of ape. For there are countless kinds of apes; for there are bear-apes among them and lion-apes and dog-heads, and the ape form mixed with the appearances of many other animals. And these things are clear, since many are brought to us; such is indeed also the one called Pan, which has the head of a goat-face and is goat-horned, and from the flanks downward is goat-legged, but in its belly and chest and hands is purely an ape. Which the king of the Indians had also sent to Constantius. This animal lived for some time while being transported, confined in some kind of cage on account of its wildness. But when it died, those who were bringing it embalmed it, to provide the image of an unusual spectacle, and preserved it as far as the city of Constantine. And it seems to me that the Greeks of old saw this animal and, being astonished by the strangeness of the sight, considered it a god for themselves, as was their custom: to deify the paradoxical, just as also the satyr; and this too is an ape, red in the face and quick in its movement, and having a tail. And indeed the sphinx is also a kind of ape; for I write having seen it myself. The rest of its body is hairy like the other apes, but its chest is bare all the way to the neck. It has the breasts of a woman, with a certain short, red, millet-like rash running all around the bare part of the body, and fitting with the human-like color in the middle into a certain great comeliness; and its face is rather rounded and tends toward a female form; and its voice is fairly human, except that it is not divided into articulate sounds, but with a certain swift and as if with

ἐπίπνοια λέγει, Γηὼν αὐτὸν ὀνομάζουσα· ὃν οἱ παρ' Ἕλλησιν Αἰγύπτιον ἐκάλουν. οὗτος, ὡς ἔστι συμβαλεῖν, ἐξορμῶν τοῦ Παραδείσου, πρὶν ἐπὶ τὸ οἰκούμενον φθάσαι καταδυόμενος, ἔπειτα τὴν Ἰνδικὴν θάλατταν ὑπελθὼν ἔτι καὶ κύκλῳ γε αὐτὴν περιελιχθείς, ὡς εἰκάσαι (τίς γὰρ ἀνθρώπων ἀκριβώσειε τοῦτο;), καὶ ὑπὸ πᾶσαν τὴν ἐν μέσῳ γῆν ἐνεχθεὶς μέχρι τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης καὶ ταύτην ὑποδραμών, ἐπὶ θάτερον αὐτῆς ἐκδίδοται μέρος ὑπὸ τὸ τῆς Σελήνης καλούμενον ὄρος. ἐν ᾧ δύο πηγὰς λέγεται ποιεῖν μεγάλας, ἀλλήλων οὐκ ὀλίγον διεστηκυίας, κάτωθεν βιαίως ἀναρυβδουμένας. καὶ διὰ τῆς Αἰθιοπίας ἐνεχθεὶς ἐπὶ τὴν Αἴγυπτον χωρεῖς διὰ πετρῶν ὑψηλοτάτων καταραττόμενος. 3.11 Ὅτι φησὶν ἅπαν τὸ πρὸς ἀνίσχοντα ἥλιον καὶ περὶ τὴν μεσημβρίαν κλίμα, καίτοι πέρα τοῦ μέτρου θαλπόμενον, ὅμως τὰ κράτιστα καὶ μέγιστα φέρειν τῶν ὅσα γῆ καὶ θάλαττα δυνατὴ τρέφειν. τά τε γὰρ κήτη τὰ ὑπερμεγέθη ταύτῃ ἐνεῖναι τῇ θαλάσσῃ· καὶ ἤδη ὤφθη πολλάκις ἐπιπολάσαντα τοῖς τὸν Ὠκεανὸν ἐκεῖνον ναυτιλλομένοις· ἥ τε γῆ τοὺς ἐλέφαντας ἔχει τοὺς μεγίστους καὶ ὑπερφυεστάτους, καὶ δὴ καὶ τοὺς ταυρελέφαντας λεγομένους. ὧν τὸ μὲν γένος τὰ μὲν ἄλλα πάντα βοῦς ἐστι μέγιστος, τὴν δὲ βύρσαν καὶ τὸ χρῶμα ἐλέφας, καὶ σχεδὸν εἰπεῖν καὶ τὸ μέγεθος. καὶ γὰρ εἰς Ῥωμαίους κομισθὲν τὸ ζῷον ἐθεασάμην, καὶ τὸ θέαμα γράφω. ἀλλὰ καὶ δράκοντες ἐν τούτοις εἰσί, πάχος μὲν δοκῶν οὐκ ἐλάττους, τὸ δὲ μῆκος εἰς δεκαπέντε παρατεινόμενον ὀργυίας· καὶ γὰρ καὶ τούτων τὰς δορὰς εἰς Ῥωμαίους ἀποκομισθείσας εἶδον. ὅ τε μονόκερως τὸ ζῷον παρ' αὐτοῖς ἐστι, τὴν μὲν κεφαλὴν δράκοντος φέρων, κέρας δὲ σκολιὸν αὐτῷ πέφυκεν, οὔτι σφόδρα μέγα· ὁ δὲ ἀνθερεὼν αὐτῷ πώγωνος ὑποπίμπλαται ἅπας. μακρὸς δὲ ὁ τράχηλος εἰς ὕψος ἀνατεινόμενος, ὁλκῷ δράκοντος ἐγγύτατα παραπλήσιος. τὸ δὲ ἄλλο σῶμα ἐλάφῳ προσέοικε μᾶλλον, τοὺς δὲ πόδας λέοντος ἔχει· καὶ ἔστι γε αὐτοῦ τὸ ἐκτύπωμα ὁρᾶν ἐν Κωνσταντινουπόλει. Καὶ δὴ καὶ ἡ καμηλοπάρδαλις τῆς ἐκείνῃ γέννημα χώρας. ἣ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ἔλαφός ἐστιν μεγίστη· καμήλου δὲ τὸ ὕψος ἐνέδωκε τὸ σῶμα μιμεῖσθαι· τὸν μέντοι αὐχένα μήκιστον καὶ ὑπὲρ τὴν ἀναλογίαν τοῦ λοιποῦ σώματος φέρει εἰς ὕψος ἀνορθούμενον· ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν δορὰν ἅπασαν ἀπὸ κεφαλῆς ἄκρας ἕως ἐσχάτων ποδῶν παρδάλει μάλιστα τῇ ποικιλίᾳ προσφερεστάτην ἔχει, καὶ τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν πόδας ὑψηλοτέρους τῶν ὀπίσω. παρ' αὐτοῖς δέ ἐστι καὶ ὁ λεγόμενος αἰγοπίθηκος, πίθηκός τις ὤν. μυρία γάρ ἐστι γένη πιθήκων· ἀρκοπίθηκοι γάρ εἰσιν ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ λεοντοπίθηκοι καὶ κυνοκέφαλοι, καὶ ἄλλαις πολλῶν ζῴων εἰδέαις τῆς πιθηκείας μορφῆς ἐπιμιγνυμένης. καὶ δῆλον ταῦτά ἐστιν, πολλῶν εἰς ἡμᾶς κομιζομένων· οἷος δὴ καὶ ὁ πὰν ἐπικληθεὶς ὑπάρχει, ὃς τὴν κεφαλὴν αἰγοπρόσωπός ἐστι καὶ αἰγόκερως, καὶ ἐκ λαγόνων τὰ κάτω αἰγοσκελής, τὴν δὲ κοιλίαν καὶ τὸ στέρνον καὶ τὰς χεῖρας καθαρὸς πίθηκος. ὃν καὶ ὁ τῶν Ἰνδῶν βασιλεὺς Κωνσταντίῳ ἀπεστάλκει. τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ζῷον ἔζη μὲν φερόμενον ἄχρι τινός, ἔν τινι πλέγματι διὰ τὸ θηριῶδες εἰργμένον. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀπέθανεν, ταριχεύσαντες αὐτὸ οἱ κομίζοντες, θεάματος παρασχεῖν ἀσυνήθους εἰκόνα, μέχρι τῆς Κωνσταντίνου διεσώσαντο πόλεως. καί μοι δοκοῦσι τὸ ζῷον τοῦτο Ἕλληνες πάλαι ἰδεῖν καὶ ἐκπλαγέντες τῷ ξένῳ τῆς θέας θεὸν σφίσι νομίσαι, εἰθισμένον αὐτοῖς· τὰ παράδοξα θεοποιεῖν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸν σάτυρον· ἔστι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο πίθηκος, ἐρυθρὸς τὸ πρόσωπον καὶ γοργὸς τὴν κίνησιν, καὶ οὐρὰν ἔχων. Καὶ μὴν καὶ ἡ σφὶγξ γένος ἐστὶ πιθήκων· αὐτὸ γὰρ θεασάμενος γράφω. ἧς τὸ μὲν ἄλλο σῶμα λάσιόν ἐστιν ὡς τοῖς λοιποῖς πιθήκοις, τὸ δὲ στέρνον ἄχρι γε αὐτοῦ τοῦ τραχήλου ἐψίλωται. μαζοὺς δὲ γυναικὸς ἔχει, ἐρυθροῦ τινος βραχέος κεγχροειδοῦς ἐπαναστήματος ἅπαν ἐν κύκλῳ τὸ γεγυμνωμένον τοῦ σώματος περιθέοντος, καὶ εἰς πολλήν τινα εὐπρέπειαν ἀνθρωποφανεῖ ὄντι τῷ ἐν μέσῳ χρώματι συναρμοζομένου· τό τε πρόσωπον ἐνεστρογγύλωται μᾶλλον καὶ εἰς γυναικείαν ἕλκει μορφήν· ἥ τε φωνὴ ἐπιεικῶς ἀνθρωπεία, πλὴν ὅσον οὐκ εἰς ἄρθρα διαιρουμένη, ἀλλά τινι ταχέως καὶ οἷον μετά