Chapter VIII.

Nevertheless one who regards only the dissolution of the body is greatly disturbed, and makes it a hardship that this life of ours should be dissolved by death; it is, he says, the extremity of evil that our being should be quenched by this condition of mortality. Let him, then, observe through this gloomy prospect the excess of the Divine benevolence. He may by this, perhaps, be the more induced to admire the graciousness of God’s care for the affairs of man. To live is desirable to those who partake of life, on account of the enjoyment of things to their mind; since, if any one lives in bodily pain, not to be is deemed by such an one much more desirable than to exist in pain. Let us inquire, then, whether He Who gives us our outfit for living has any other object in view than how we may pass our life under the fairest circumstances. Now since by a motion of our self-will we contracted a fellowship with evil, and, owing to some sensual gratification, mixed up this evil with our nature like some deleterious ingredient spoiling the taste of honey, and so, falling away from that blessedness which is involved in the thought of passionlessness, we have been viciously transformed—for this reason, Man, like some earthen potsherd, is resolved again into the dust of the ground, in order to secure that he may part with the soil which he has now contracted, and that he may, through the resurrection, be reformed anew after the original pattern; at least if in this life that now is he has preserved what belongs to that image. A doctrine such as this is set before us by Moses under the disguise of an historical manner28    ἱστορικώτερον καὶ δι᾽ αἰνιγμάτων. And yet this disguise of history contains a teaching which is most plain. For after, as he tells us, the earliest of mankind were brought into contact with what was forbidden, and thereby were stripped naked of that primal blessed condition, the Lord clothed these, His first-formed creatures, with coats of skins. In my opinion we are not bound to take these skins in their literal meaning. For to what sort of slain and flayed animals did this clothing devised for these humanities belong? But since all skin, after it is separated from the animal, is dead, I am certainly of opinion that He Who is the healer of our sinfulness, of His foresight invested man subsequently with that capacity of dying which had been the special attribute of the brute creation. Not that it was to last for ever; for a coat is something external put on us, lending itself to the body for a time, but not indigenous to its nature. This liability to death, then, taken from the brute creation, was, provisionally, made to envelope the nature created for immortality. It enwrapped it externally, but not internally. It grasped the sentient part of man; but laid no hold upon the Divine image. This sentient part, however, does not disappear, but is dissolved. Disappearance is the passing away into non-existence, but dissolution is the dispersion again into those constituent elements of the world of which it was composed. But that which is contained in them perishes not, though it escapes the cognisance of our senses.

Now the cause of this dissolution is evident from the illustration we have given of it. For since the senses have a close connection with what is gross and earthy, while the intellect is in its nature of a nobler and more exalted character than the movements involved in sensation, it follows that as, through the estimate which is made by the senses, there is an erroneous judgment as to what is morally good, and this error has wrought the effect of substantiating a contrary condition, that part of us which has thus been made useless is dissolved by its reception of this contrary. Now the bearing of our illustration is as follows. We supposed that some vessel has been composed of clay, and then, for some mischief or other, filled with melted lead, which lead hardens and remains in a non-liquid state; then that the owner of the vessel recovers it, and, as he possesses the potter’s art, pounds to bits the ware which held the lead, and then remoulds the vessel after its former pattern for his own special use, emptied now of the material which had been mixed with it: by a like process the maker of our vessel, now that wickedness has intermingled with our sentient part, I mean that connected with the body, will dissolve the material which has received the evil, and, re-moulding it again by the Resurrection without any admixture of the contrary matter, will recombine the elements into the vessel in its original beauty. Now since both soul and body have a common bond of fellowship in their participation of the sinful affections, there is also an analogy between the soul’s and body’s death. For as in regard to the flesh we pronounce the separation of the sentient life to be death, so in respect of the soul we call the departure of the real life death. While, then, as we have said before, the participation in evil observable both in soul and body is of one and the same character, for it is through both that the evil principle advances into actual working, the death of dissolution which came from that clothing of dead skins does not affect the soul. For how can that which is uncompounded be subject to dissolution? But since there is a necessity that the defilements which sin has engendered in the soul as well should be removed thence by some remedial process, the medicine which virtue supplies has, in the life that now is, been applied to the healing of such mutilations as these. If, however, the soul remains unhealed29    “Here,” says Semler, “our Author reveals himself as a scholar of Origen, and other doctors, who had imbibed the heathen thoughts of Plato, and wished to rest their system upon a future (purely) moral improvement.” There is certainly too little room left here for the application to the soul and body in this life of Christ’s atonement., the remedy is dispensed in the life that follows this. Now in the ailments of the body there are sundry differences, some admitting of an easier, others requiring a more difficult treatment. In these last the use of the knife, or cauteries, or draughts of bitter medicines are adopted to remove the disease that has attacked the body. For the healing of the soul’s sicknesses the future judgment announces something of the same kind, and this to the thoughtless sort is held out as the threat of a terrible correction30    σκυθρωπῶν ἐπανόρθωσις, lit. “a correction consisting in terrible (processes)” (subjective genitive). The following passage will illustrate this: “Now this requires a deeper investigation, before it can be decided whether some evil powers have had assigned them…certain duties, like the State-executioners, who hold a melancholy (τεταγμένοι ἐπὶ τῶν σκυθρωπῶν…πραγμάτων) but necessary office in the Constitution.” Origen, c. Cels. vii. 70., in order that through fear of this painful retribution they may gain the wisdom of fleeing from wickedness: while by those of more intelligence it is believed to be a remedial process ordered by God to bring back man, His peculiar creature, to the grace of his primal condition. They who use the knife or cautery to remove certain unnatural excrescences in the body, such as wens or warts, do not bring to the person they are serving a method of healing that is painless, though certainly they apply the knife without any intention of injuring the patient. In like manner whatever material excrescences are hardening on our souls, that have been sensualized by fellowship with the body’s affections, are, in the day of the judgment31    in the day of the judgment. The reading κτίσεως, which Hervetus has followed, must be wrong here., as it were cut and scraped away by the ineffable wisdom and power of Him Who, as the Gospel says, “healeth those that are sick32    S. Matt. ix. 12.” For, as He says again, “they that are whole have no need of the physician, but they that are sick33    S. Mark ii. 17.” Since, then, there has been inbred in the soul a strong natural tendency to evil, it must suffer, just as the excision of a wart34    of a wart; μυρμηκίας. Gregory uses the same simile in his treatise On the Soul (iii. p. 204). The following “scholium” in Greek is found in the margin of two mss. of that treatise, and in that of one ms. of this treatise: “There is an affection of the skin which is called a wart. A small fleshy excrescence projects from the skin, which seems a part of it, and a natural growth upon it: but this is not really so; and therefore it requires removal for its cure. This illustration made use of by Gregory is exceedingly appropriate to the matter in hand.” gives a sharp pain to the skin of the body; for whatever contrary to the nature has been inbred in the nature attaches itself to the subject in a certain union of feeling, and hence there is produced an abnormal intermixture of our own with an alien quality, so that the feelings, when the separation from this abnormal growth comes, are hurt and lacerated. Thus when the soul pines and melts away under the correction of its sins, as prophecy somewhere tells us35    Ps. xxxix. (xxxviii.) 11: “When thou with rebukes dost correct man for iniquity, thou makest his beauty to consume away” (A.V)., there necessarily follow, from its deep and intimate connection with evil, certain unspeakable and inexpressible pangs, the description of which is as difficult to render as is that of the nature of those good things which are the subjects of our hope. For neither the one nor the other is capable of being expressed in words, or brought within reach of the understanding. If, then, any one looks to the ultimate aim of the Wisdom of Him Who directs the economy of the universe, he would be very unreasonable and narrow-minded to call the Maker of man the Author of evil; or to say that He is ignorant of the future, or that, if He knows it and has made him, He is not uninfluenced by the impulse to what is bad. He knew what was going to be, yet did not prevent the tendency towards that which actually happened. That humanity, indeed, would be diverted from the good, could not be unknown to Him Who grasps all things by His power of foresight, and Whose eyes behold the coming equally with the past events. As, then, He had in sight the perversion, so He devised man’s recall to good. Accordingly, which was the better way?—never to have brought our nature into existence at all, since He foresaw that the being about to be created would fall away from that which is morally beautiful; or to bring him back by repentance, and restore his diseased nature to its original beauty? But, because of the pains and sufferings of the body which are the necessary accidents of its unstable nature, to call God on that account the Maker of evil, or to think that He is not the Creator of man at all, in hopes thereby to prevent the supposition of His being the Author of what gives us pain,—all this is an instance of that extreme narrow-mindedness which is the mark of those who judge of moral good and moral evil by mere sensation. Such persons do not understand that that only is intrinsically good which sensation does not reach, and that the only evil is estrangement from the good. But to make pains and pleasures the criterion of what is morally good and the contrary, is a characteristic of the unreasoning nature of creatures in whom, from their want of mind and understanding, the apprehension of real goodness has no place. That man is the work of God, created morally noble and for the noblest destiny, is evident not only from what has been said, but from a vast number of other proofs; which, because they are so many, we shall here omit. But when we call God the Maker of man we do not forget how carefully at the outset36    i.e.Chapter 1., throughout. we defined our position against the Greeks. It was there shown that the Word of God is a substantial and personified being, Himself both God and the Word; Who has embraced in Himself all creative power, or rather Who is very power with an impulse to all good; Who works out effectually whatever He wills by having a power concurrent with His will; Whose will and work is the life of all things that exist; by Whom, too, man was brought into being and adorned with the highest excellences after the fashion of Deity. But since that alone is unchangeable in its nature which does not derive its origin through creation, while whatever by the uncreated being is brought into existence out of what was nonexistent, from the very first moment that it begins to be, is ever passing through change, and if it acts according to its nature the change is ever to the better, but if it be diverted from the straight path, then a movement to the contrary succeeds,—since, I say, man was thus conditioned, and in him the changeable element in his nature had slipped aside to the exact contrary, so that this departure from the good introduced in its train every form of evil to match the good (as, for instance, on the defection of life there was brought in the antagonism of death; on the deprivation of light darkness supervened; in the absence of virtue vice arose in its place, and against every form of good might be reckoned a like number of opposite evils), by whom, I ask, was man, fallen by his recklessness into this and the like evil state (for it was not possible for him to retain even his prudence when he had estranged himself from prudence, or to take any wise counsel when he had severed himself from wisdom),—by whom was man to be recalled to the grace of his original state? To whom belonged the restoration of the fallen one, the recovery of the lost, the leading back the wanderer by the hand? To whom else than entirely to Him Who is the Lord of his nature? For Him only Who at the first had given the life was it possible, or fitting, to recover it when lost. This is what we are taught and learn from the Revelation of the truth, that God in the beginning made man and saved him when he had fallen.

[8] Ἀλλ' ἀγανακτεῖ πάντως ὁ πρὸς τὴν διάλυσιν βλέπων τοῦ σώματος, καὶ χαλεπὸν ποιεῖται τῷ θανάτῳ τὴν ζωὴν ἡμῶν διαλύεσθαι, καὶ τοῦτό φησι τῶν κακῶν ἔσχατον εἶναι, τὸ τὸν βίον ἡμῶν τῇ νεκρότητι σβέννυσθαι. οὐκοῦν ἐπισκεψάσθω διὰ τοῦ σκυθρωποῦ τούτου τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς θείας εὐεργεσίας: τάχα γὰρ ἂν μᾶλλον διὰ τούτων προσαχθείη θαυμάσαι τὴν χάριν τῆς περὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον τοῦ θεοῦ κηδεμονίας. τὸ ζῇν διὰ τὴν τῶν καταθυμίων ἀπόλαυσιν αἱρετόν ἐστι τοῖς τοῦ βίου μετέχουσιν. ὡς εἴ γέ τις ἐν ὀδύναις διαβιῴη, παρὰ πολὺ τῷ τοιούτῳ τὸ μὴ εἶναι τοῦ ἀλγεινῶς εἶναι προτιμότερον κρίνεται. οὐκοῦν ἐξετάσωμεν εἰ ὁ τῆς ζωῆς χορηγὸς πρὸς ἄλλο τι βλέπει, καὶ οὐχ ὅπως ἂν ἐν τοῖς καλλίστοις βιῴημεν. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τῷ αὐτεξουσίῳ κινήματι τοῦ κακοῦ τὴν κοινωνίαν ἐπεσπασάμεθα, διά τινος ἡδονῆς οἷόν τι δηλητήριον μέλιτι παραρτυθὲν τῇ φύσει τὸ κακὸν καταμίξαντες, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τῆς κατὰ τὸ ἀπαθὲς νοουμένης μακαριότητος ἐκπεσόντες, πρὸς τὴν κακίαν μετεμορφώθημεν, τούτου ἕνεκεν οἷόν τι σκεῦος ὀστράκινον πάλιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰς γῆν ἀναλύεται, ὅπως ἂν τῆς νῦν ἐναπειλημμένης αὐτῷ ῥυπαρίας ἀποκριθείσης εἰς τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς σχῆμα διὰ τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἀναπλασθείη. τὸ δὲ τοιοῦτον δόγμα ἱστορικώτερον μὲν καὶ δι' αἰνιγμάτων ὁ Μωσῆς ἡμῖν ἐκτίθεται. πλὴν ἔκδηλον καὶ τὰ αἰνίγματα τὴν διδασκαλίαν ἔχει. ἐπειδὴ γάρ, φησίν, ἐν τοῖς ἀπηγορευμένοις ἐγένοντο οἱ πρῶτοι ἄνθρωποι καὶ τῆς μακαριότητος ἐκείνης ἀπεγυμνώθησαν, δερματίνους ἐπιβάλλει χιτῶνας τοῖς πρωτοπλάστοις ὁ κύριος: οὔ μοι δοκεῖ πρὸς τὰ τοιαῦτα δέρματα τοῦ λόγου τὴν διάνοιαν φέρων: ποίων γὰρ ἀποσφαγέντων τε καὶ δαρέντων ζῴων ἐπινοεῖται αὐτοῖς ἡ περιβολή; ἀλλ', ἐπειδὴ πᾶν δέρμα χωρισθὲν τοῦ ζῴου νεκρόν ἐστι, πάντως οἶμαι τὴν πρὸς τὸ νεκροῦσθαι δύναμιν, ἣ τῆς ἀλόγου φύσεως ἐξαίρετος ἦν, ἐκ προμηθείας μετὰ ταῦτα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐπιβεβληκέναι τὸν τὴν κακίαν ἡμῶν ἰατρεύοντα, οὐχ ὡς εἰς ἀεὶ παραμένειν: ὁ γὰρ χιτὼν τῶν ἔξωθεν ἡμῖν ἐπιβαλλομένων ἐστί, πρὸς καιρὸν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ χρῆσιν παρέχων τῷ σώματι, οὐ συμπεφυκὼς τῇ φύσει. οὐκοῦν ἐκ τῆς τῶν ἀλόγων φύσεως ἡ νεκρότης οἰκονομικῶς περιετέθη τῇ εἰς ἀθανασίαν κτισθείσῃ φύσει, τὸ ἔξωθεν αὐτῆς περικαλύπτουσα, οὐ τὸ ἔσωθεν, τὸ αἰσθητὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μέρος διαλαμβάνουσα, αὐτῆς δὲ τῆς θείας εἰκόνος οὐ προσαπτομένη. λύεται δὲ τὸ αἰσθητόν, οὐκ ἀφανίζεται. ἀφανισμὸς μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἡ εἰς τὸ μὴ ὂν μεταχώρησις: λύσις δὲ ἡ εἰς τὰ τοῦ κόσμου στοιχεῖα πάλιν, ἀφ' ὧν τὴν σύστασιν ἔσχε, διάχυσις. τὸ δὲ ἐν τούτοις γενόμενον οὐκ ἀπόλωλε, κἂν ἐκφεύγῃ τὴν κατάληψιν τῆς ἡμετέρας αἰσθήσεως. ἡ δὲ αἰτία τῆς λύσεως δήλη διὰ τοῦ ῥηθέντος ἡμῖν ὑποδείγματος. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἡ αἴσθησις πρὸς τὸ παχύ τε καὶ γήινον οἰκείως ἔχει, κρείττων δὲ καὶ ὑψηλοτέρα τῶν κατ' αἴσθησιν κινημάτων ἡ νοερὰ φύσις, διὰ τοῦτο τῆς περὶ τὸ καλὸν κρίσεως ἐν τῇ δοκιμασίᾳ τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἁμαρτηθείσης, τῆς δὲ τοῦ καλοῦ διαμαρτίας τὴν τῆς ἐναντίας ἕξεως ὑπόστασιν ἐνεργησάσης, τὸ ἀχρειωθὲν ἡμῶν μέρος τῇ παραδοχῇ τοῦ ἐναντίου λύεται. ὁ δὲ τοῦ ὑποδείγματος λόγος τοιοῦτός ἐστι. δεδόσθω τι σκεῦος ἐκ πηλοῦ συνεστηκέναι, τοῦτο δὲ πλῆρες ἔκ τινος ἐπιβουλῆς γεγενῆσθαι τετηκότος μολίβδου, τὸν δὲ μόλιβδον ἐγχεθέντα παγῆναι καὶ μένειν ἀπρόχυτον, ἀντιποιεῖσθαι δὲ τοῦ σκεύους τὸν κεκτημένον, ἔχοντα δὲ τοῦ κεραμεύειν τὴν ἐπιστήμην περιθρύψαι τῷ μολίβδῳ τὸ ὄστρακον: εἶθ' οὕτως πάλιν κατὰ τὸ πρότερον σχῆμα πρὸς τὴν ἰδίαν ἑαυτοῦ χρῆσιν ἀναπλάσαι τὸ σκεῦος, κενὸν τῆς ἐμμιχθείσης ὕλης γενόμενον. οὕτως οὖν καὶ ὁ τοῦ ἡμετέρου σκεύους πλάστης, τῷ αἰσθητικῷ μέρει, τῷ κατὰ τὸ σῶμά φημι, τῆς κακίας καταμιχθείσης, διαλύσας τὴν παραδεξαμένην τὸ κακὸν ὕλην, πάλιν ἀμιγὲς τοῦ ἐναντίου διὰ τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἀναπλάσας, πρὸς τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς κάλλος ἀναστοιχειώσει τὸ σκεῦος. ἐπειδὴ δὲ σύνδεσίς τις καὶ κοινωνία τῶν κατὰ ἁμαρτίαν παθημάτων γίνεται τῇ τε ψυχῇ καὶ τῷ σώματι, καί τις ἀναλογία τοῦ σωματικοῦ θανάτου πρὸς τὸν ψυχικόν ἐστι θάνατον: ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν σαρκὶ τὸ τῆς αἰσθητῆς χωρισθῆναι ζωῆς προσαγορεύομεν θάνατον, οὕτως καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ψυχῆς τὸν τῆς ἀληθοῦς ζωῆς χωρισμὸν θάνατον ὀνομάζομεν: ἐπεὶ οὖν μία τίς ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ κακοῦ κοινωνία, καθὼς προείρηται, ἐν ψυχῇ τε θεωρουμένη καὶ σώματι: δι' ἀμφοτέρων γὰρ πρόεισιν τὸ πονηρὸν εἰς ἐνέργειαν: διὰ τοῦτο ὁ μὲν τῆς διαλύσεως θάνατος ἐκ τῆς τῶν νεκρῶν δερμάτων ἐπιβολῆς τῆς ψυχῆς οὐχ ἅπτεται. πῶς γὰρ ἂν διαλυθείη τὸ μὴ συγκείμενον; ἐπεὶ δὲ χρεία τοῦ κἀκείνης τὰς ἐμφυείσας ἐξ ἁμαρτιῶν κηλῖδας διά τινος ἰατρείας ἐξαιρεθῆναι, τούτου ἕνεκεν ἐν μὲν τῇ παρούσῃ ζωῇ τὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς φάρμακον εἰς θεραπείαν τῶν τοιούτων προσετέθη τραυμάτων. εἰ δὲ ἀθεράπευτος μένοι, ἐν τῷ μετὰ ταῦτα βίῳ τεταμίευται ἡ θεραπεία. ἀλλ' ὥσπερ εἰσί τινες κατὰ τὸ σῶμα τῶν παθημάτων διαφοραί, ὧν αἱ μὲν ῥᾷον, αἱ δὲ δυσκολώτερον τὴν θεραπείαν προσίενται, ἐφ' ὧν καὶ τομαὶ καὶ καυτήρια καὶ πικραὶ φαρμακοποσίαι πρὸς τὴν ἀναίρεσιν τοῦ ἐνσκήψαντος τῷ σώματι πάθους παραλαμβάνονται, τοιοῦτόν τι καὶ ἡ μετὰ ταῦτα κρίσις εἰς θεραπείαν τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρρωστημάτων κατεπαγγέλλεται, ὃ τοῖς μὲν χαυνοτέροις ἀπειλὴ καὶ σκυθρωπῶν ἐστὶν ἐπανόρθωσις, ὡς ἂν φόβῳ τῆς τῶν ἀλγεινῶν ἀντιδόσεως πρὸς τὴν φυγὴν τῆς κακίας σωφρονισθείημεν: τοῖς δὲ συνετωτέροις ἰατρεία καὶ θεραπεία παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τὸ ἴδιον πλάσμα πρὸς τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπανάγοντος χάριν εἶναι πιστεύεται. ὡς γὰρ οἱ τοὺς ἥλους τε καὶ τὰς ἀκροχορδόνας παρὰ φύσιν ἐπιγενομένας τῷ σώματι διὰ τομῆς ἢ καύσεως ἀποξύοντες οὐκ ἀνώδυνον ἐπάγουσι τῷ εὐεργετουμένῳ τὴν ἴασιν, πλὴν οὐκ ἐπὶ βλάβῃ τοῦ ὑπομένοντος τὴν τομὴν ἄγουσιν, οὕτως καὶ ὅσα ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἡμῶν διὰ τῆς τῶν παθημάτων κοινωνίας ἀποσαρκωθείσαις ὑλώδη περιττώματα ἐπιπωροῦται, ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς κρίσεως τέμνεταί τε καὶ ἀποξύεται τῇ ἀρρήτῳ ἐκείνῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ δυνάμει τοῦ, καθὼς λέγει τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, τοὺς κακοὺς ἰατρεύοντος. οὐ χρείαν γὰρ ἔχουσι, φησίν, οἱ ὑγιαίνοντες ἰατροῦ, ἀλλ' οἱ κακῶς ἔχοντες. διὰ δὲ τὸ πολλὴν γεγενῆσθαι τῇ ψυχῇ πρὸς τὸ κακὸν συμφυίαν ὥσπερ ἡ τῆς μυρμηκίας τομὴ δριμύσσει τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν: τὸ γὰρ παρὰ φύσιν ἐμφυὲν τῇ φύσει διά τινος συμπαθείας τῷ ὑποκειμένῳ προσίσχεται, καί τις γίνεται τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου πρὸς τὸ ἡμέτερον παράλογος συνανάκρασις, ὡς λυπεῖσθαι καὶ δάκνεσθαι τοῦ παρὰ φύσιν χωριζομένην τὴν αἴσθησιν: οὕτω καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπολεπτυνομένης τε καὶ ἐκτηκομένης ἐν τοῖς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἐλεγμοῖς, καθώς πού φησιν ἡ προφητεία, διὰ τὴν ἐν βάθει γενομένην πρὸς τὸ κακὸν οἰκειότητα κατ' ἀνάγκην ἐπακολουθοῦσιν ἄρρητοί τινες καὶ ἀνέκφραστοι ἀλγηδόνες, ὧν ἡ διήγησις ἐκ τοῦ ἴσου τὸ ἄφραστον ἔχει τῇ τῶν ἐλπιζομένων ἀγαθῶν φύσει. οὔτε γὰρ ταῦτα, οὔτε ἐκεῖνα τῇ δυνάμει τῶν λόγων ἢ τῷ στοχασμῷ τῆς διανοίας ὑπάγεται. οὐκοῦν πρὸς τὸ πέρας τις ἀποσκοπῶν τῆς σοφίας τοῦ τὸ πᾶν οἰκονομοῦντος οὐκέτ' ἂν εὐλόγως κακῶν αἴτιον τὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων δημιουργὸν ὑπὸ μικροψυχίας κατονομάζοι, ἢ ἀγνοεῖν αὐτὸν τὸ ἐσόμενον λέγων, ἢ εἰδότα καὶ πεποιηκότα μὴ ἔξω τῆς πρὸς τὸ πονηρὸν ὁρμῆς εἶναι. καὶ γὰρ ᾔδει τὸ ἐσόμενον καὶ τὴν πρὸς τὸ γινόμενον ὁρμὴν οὐκ ἐκώλυσεν: ὅτι γὰρ ἐκτραπήσεται τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον, οὐκ ἠγνόησεν ὁ πάντα ἐμπερικρατῶν τῇ γνωστικῇ δυνάμει καὶ τὸ ἐφεξῆς τῷ παρῳχηκότι κατὰ τὸ ἴσον βλέπων. ἀλλ' ὥσπερ τὴν παρατροπὴν ἐθεάσατο, οὕτω καὶ τὴν ἀνάκλησιν αὐτοῦ πάλιν τὴν πρὸς τὸ ἀγαθὸν κατενόησε. τί οὖν ἄμεινον ἦν, καθ' ὅλου μὴ ἀγαγεῖν τὴν φύσιν ἡμῶν εἰς γένεσιν, ἐπειδὴ τοῦ καλοῦ διαμαρτήσεσθαι προεώρα τὸν γενησόμενον, ἢ ἀγαγόντα καὶ νενοσηκότα πάλιν πρὸς τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς χάριν διὰ μετανοίας ἀνακαλέσασθαι; τὸ δὲ διὰ τὰς σωματικὰς ἀλγηδόνας, αἳ τῷ ῥευστῷ τῆς φύσεως κατ' ἀνάγκην ἐπισυμβαίνουσι, κακῶν ποιητὴν τὸν θεὸν ὀνομάζειν, ἢ μηδὲ ὅλως ἀνθρώπου κτίστην αὐτὸν οἴεσθαι, ὡς ἂν μὴ καὶ τῶν ἀλγυνόντων ἡμᾶς αἴτιος ὑπονοοῖτο, τοῦτο τῆς ἐσχάτης μικροψυχίας ἐστὶ τῶν τῇ αἰσθήσει τὸ καλὸν καὶ τὸ κακὸν διακρινόντων, οἳ οὐκ ἴσασιν ὅτι ἐκεῖνο τῇ φύσει μόνον ἐστὶν ἀγαθόν, οὗ ἡ αἴσθησις οὐκ ἐφάπτεται, καὶ μόνον ἐκεῖνο κακὸν ἡ τοῦ ἀληθινοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἀλλοτρίωσις. πόνοις δὲ καὶ ἡδοναῖς τὸ καλὸν καὶ τὸ μὴ καλὸν κρίνειν τῆς ἀλόγου φύσεως ἴδιόν ἐστιν, ἐφ' ὧν τοῦ ἀληθῶς καλοῦ ἡ κατανόησις διὰ τὸ μὴ μετέχειν αὐτὰ νοῦ καὶ διανοίας χώραν οὐκ ἔχει. ἀλλ' ὅτι μὲν θεοῦ ἔργον ὁ ἄνθρωπος, καλόν τε καὶ ἐπὶ καλλίστοις γενόμενον, οὐ μόνον ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων δῆλόν ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ μυρίων ἑτέρων, ὧν τὸ πλῆθος διὰ τὴν ἀμετρίαν παραδραμούμεθα. θεὸν δὲ ἀνθρώπου ποιητὴν ὀνομάσαντες οὐκ ἐπιλελήσμεθα τῶν ἐν τῷ προοιμίῳ πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἡμῖν διευκρινηθέντων, ἐν οἷς ἀπεδείκνυτο ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ λόγος οὐσιώδης τις καὶ ἐνυπόστατος ὢν αὐτὸς εἶναι καὶ θεὸς καὶ λόγος, πᾶσαν δύναμιν ποιητικὴν ἐμπεριειληφώς, μᾶλλον δὲ αὐτοδύναμις ὢν καὶ πρὸς πᾶν ἀγαθὸν τὴν ὁρμὴν ἔχων καὶ πᾶν ὅ τι περ ἂν θελήσῃ κατεργαζόμενος τῷ σύνδρομον ἔχειν τῇ βουλήσει τὴν δύναμιν, οὗ καὶ θέλημα καὶ ἔργον ἐστὶν ἡ τῶν ὄντων ζωή, παρ' οὗ καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰς τὸ ζῇν παρήχθη, πᾶσι τοῖς καλλίστοις θεοειδῶς κεκοσμημένος. ἐπειδὴ δὲ μόνον ἀναλλοίωτόν ἐστι κατὰ τὴν φύσιν τὸ μὴ διὰ κτίσεως ἔχον τὴν γένεσιν, τὰ δ' ὅσα παρὰ τῆς ἀκτίστου φύσεως ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος ὑπέστη, εὐθὺς ἀπὸ τροπῆς τοῦ εἶναι ἀρξάμενα, πάντοτε δι' ἀλλοιώσεως πρόεισιν, εἰ μὲν κατὰ φύσιν πράττοι, πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον αὐτοῖς τῆς ἀλλοιώσεως εἰς ἀεὶ γιγνομένης, εἰ δὲ παρατραπείη τῆς εὐθείας, τῆς πρὸς τὸ ἐναντίον αὐτὰ διαδεχομένης κινήσεως: ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐν τούτοις καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἦν, ᾧ τὸ τρεπτὸν τῆς φύσεως πρὸς τὸ ἐναντίον παρώλισθεν, ἅπαξ δὲ τῆς τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀναχωρήσεως δι' ἀκολούθου πᾶσαν ἰδέαν κακῶν ἀντεισαγούσης, ὡς τῇ μὲν ἀποστροφῇ τῆς ζωῆς ἀντεισαχθῆναι τὸν θάνατον, τῇ δὲ στερήσει τοῦ φωτὸς ἐπιγενέσθαι τὸ σκότος, τῇ δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀπουσίᾳ τὴν κακίαν ἀντεισαχθῆναι καὶ πάσῃ τῇ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἰδέᾳ τὸν τῶν ἐναντίων ἀνταριθμηθῆναι κατάλογον, τὸν ἐν τούτοις καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις ἐξ ἀβουλίας ἐμπεπτωκότα: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἦν δυνατὸν ἐν φρονήσει εἶναι τὸν ἀπεστραμμένον τὴν φρόνησιν καὶ σοφόν τι βουλεύσασθαι τὸν τῆς σοφίας ἀναχωρήσαντα: διὰ τίνος ἔδει πάλιν πρὸς τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς χάριν ἀνακληθῆναι; τίνι διέφερεν ἡ τοῦ πεπτωκότος ἀνόρθωσις, ἡ τοῦ ἀπολωλότος ἀνάκλησις, ἡ τοῦ πεπλανημένου χειραγωγία; τίνι ἄλλῳ ἢ τῷ κυρίῳ πάντως τῆς φύσεως; τῷ γὰρ ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὴν ζωὴν δεδωκότι μόνῳ δυνατὸν ἦν καὶ πρέπον ἅμα καὶ ἀπολομένην ἀνακαλέσασθαι. ὃ παρὰ τοῦ μυστηρίου τῆς ἀληθείας ἀκούομεν, θεὸν πεποιηκέναι κατ' ἀρχὰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ σεσωκέναι διαπεπτωκότα μανθάνοντες.