THE MEMORIAL OF SYMMACHUS, PREFECT OF THE CITY. 

THE occasion on which this Memorial was presented is stated in the introduction to the last letter. It is addressed formally to the three Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius, but really to Valentinian only, who was at that time sole Emperor of the West. Symmachus was the leading orator and scholar of his day, and his plea is composed with much skill and vigour. Gibbon (ch. xxviii.) expresses hearty admiration of the caution with which he 'avoids every topic which might appear to reflect on the religion of his sovereign, and artfully draws his arguments from the schools of rhetoric rather than from those of philosophy,' and gives a summary of its contents in a tone of keen appreciation, as might be expected. We may allow, with Cave (Life of S. Ambrose 3, 3.) that 'it was the best plea the cause would bear.'

1. As soon as the honourable Senate, ever faithful to your Majesty, learnt that offences were made amenable to law, and that the character of past times was being redeemed by pious governors, it hastened to follow the precedent of better times, and give utterance to its long repressed grief, and commissioned me once more to be the spokesman of its complaints, for I was before refused access to the deceased Emperor by evil men, because otherwise justice could never have failed me, most noble Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius and Arcadius, victorious and triumphant, ever illustrious.

2. Filling then a twofold office, as your Prefect I report the proceedings of the Senate  02-55  55. a The Praefectus Urbi at this time 'was regarded as the direct representative of the Emperor,' and, among other duties, ' he had every month to make a report to the Emperor of the transactions of the Senate,' and also was 'the medium through which the Emperors received the petitions and presents from their capital.' Dict. of Ant. sub voc. , as the envoy of the citizens I offer to your favourable notice their requests. Here is no opposition of wills. Men have ceased to believe that disagreement proves their superiority in courtly zeal. To be loved, to be the object of respect and affection is more than sovereignty. Who could suffer private contests to injure the commonwealth? Justly does the Senate assail those who prefer their own power to the honour of the prince.

3. It is our duty to be watchful for your Majesties. The very glory of this present time makes it the more fitting that we should maintain the customs of our ancestors, the laws and destinies of our country; for it conduces to this glory that you should know it is not in your power to do anything contrary to the practice of your parents. We ask the restoration of that state of religion under which the Republic has so long prospered. Let the Emperors of either sect and either opinion be counted up; a late Emperor observed the rites of his ancestors, his successor did not abolish them. If the religion of older times is no precedent, let the connivance of the last Emperors  02-56  56. b By the 'late emperor' is meant Julian; 'his successor' is Valentinian the 1st, and the 'last Emperors' are Valentinian the 1st and Valens. be so.

4. Who is so friendly with the barbarians as not to require an altar of Victory? Hereafter we must be cautious, and avoid a display of such things. But let at least that honour be paid to the name which is denied to the Divinity  02-57  57. c There is a play here on the words 'nomen' and 'numen.' . Your fame owes much, and will owe still more, to Victory. Let those detest this power, who were never aided by it, but do you not desert a patronage which favours your triumphs. Vows are due to this power from every man, let no one deny that a power is to be venerated which he owns is to be desired.

5. But even if it were wrong to avoid this omen, at least the ornaments of the Senate-house ought to have been spared. Permit us, I beseech you, to transmit in our old age to our posterity what we ourselves received when boys. Great is the love of custom. And deservedly was the act of the deified Constantius of short duration. You ought to avoid all precedents which you know to have thus been reversed. We are solicitous for the endurance of your name and glory, and that a future age may find nothing to amend.

6. Where shall we swear to observe your laws and statutes? by what sanction shall the deceitful mind be deterred from bearing false witness? All places indeed are full of God, nor is there any spot where the perjured can be safe, but it is of great efficacy in restraining crime to feel that we are in the presence of sacred things. That altar binds together the concord of all, that altar appeals to the faith of each man, nor does any thing give more weight to our decrees than that all our decisions are sanctioned, so to speak, by an oath. A door will thus be opened to perjury, and this is to be approved of by the illustrious Emperors, allegiance to whom is guarded by a public oath!

7. But Constantius, of sacred memory, is said to have done the same thing. Be it so, let us then imitate his other actions, feeling sure that had any one committed this error before his time, he would never have fallen into it. For the fall of one is a warning to his successor, and the censure of a previous example causes amendment. It was allowable for this predecessor of your Majesties to incur offence in a novel matter, but how can the same excuse avail us, if we imitate that which we know was disapproved?

8. Will your Majesties listen to other acts of this same Emperor more worthy of your imitation? He left uncurtailed the privileges of the sacred virgins, he filled the priestly office with men of noble birth, he allowed the cost of the Roman ceremonies, and following the joyful Senate through all the streets of the eternal city, he beheld with serene countenance the temples, reading the names of the gods inscribed on their pediments, he enquired after the origin of the sacred edifices, and admired their founders. Although he himself professed another religion he maintained the ancient one for the Empire; for every man has his own customs, his own rites. The Divine mind has distributed to cities various guardians and various ceremonies. As each man that is born receives a soul, so do nations receive a genius who guards their destiny. Here the proof from utility comes in, which is our best voucher with regard to the Deity. For since our reason is in the dark, what better knowledge of the gods can we have than from the record and evidence of prosperity? And if a long course of years give their sanction to a religion, we ought to keep faith with so many centuries, and to follow our parents, as they followed with success those who founded them.

9. Let us suppose Rome herself to approach, and address you in these terms:  ' Excellent Emperors, Fathers of your country, respect these years to which pious rites have conducted me. Let me use the ancient ceremonies, for I do not repent of them. Let me live in my own way, for I am free. This worship reduced the world under my laws; these sacred rites repulsed Hannibal from the walls, and the Gauls from the Capitol. Am I reserved for this, to be censured in my old age? I am not unwilling to consider the proposed decree, and yet late and ignominious is the reformation of old age.'

10. We pray therefore for a respite for the gods of our fathers and our native gods  02-58  58. d Symmachus is thinking of Virgil's invocation, . That which all venerate should in fairness be accounted as one. We look on the same stars, the heaven is common to us all, the same world surrounds us. What matters it by what arts each of us seeks for truth? We cannot arrive by one and the same path at so great a secret; but this discussion belongs rather to persons at their ease, it is prayers not arguments which we now offer.

11. What advantage accrues to your treasury from the abolition of the privilege of the Vestal virgins? Shall that be denied under princes the most munificent which the most parsimonious have granted? Their sole honour consists in their wages, so to speak, of chastity. As their fillets adorn their heads, so is it esteemed by them an honour to be free to devote themselves to the ministry of sacrifices. It is but the bare name of exemption which they ask, for their poverty exonerates them from any payment. So that he who reduces their means, contributes to their praise, for virginity dedicated to the public welfare is meritorious in proportion as it is without reward.

12. Far be such gains from the purity of your treasury. The exchequer of good princes should be replenished by the spoils of enemies, not by the losses of ministers of religion. And is the gain any compensation for the odium? Those whose ancient resources are cut off only feel it the more acutely in that you are free from the charge of avarice. For under Emperors who keep their hands from other men's goods and check desire what does not excite the cupidity of the spoiler must be taken solely with a view of injuring the person robbed.

13. The Imperial Exchequer retains also lands bequeathed by the will of dying persons to the sacred virgins and priests. I implore you, as Priests of justice, to restore to the sacred functionaries of your city the right of inheritance. Let men dictate their wills in peace, knowing that under equitable princes their bequests will be undisturbed. Men are wont to take pleasure in this security, and I would have you sympathise with them, for the precedent lately set has begun to harass them on their death-beds. Shall it be said that the religion of Rome appertains not to Roman laws? What name shall we give to the taking away of legacies which no law no casualty has made void? Freedmen may take legacies, slaves are allowed  02-59  59. e In strict law a slave's peculium was the property of his owner, but custom had allowed it to be regarded as his own property. a due latitude of bequeathing by will, only the noble virgins and ministers of sacred rites are excluded from inheriting lands devised to them. What advantage is it to dedicate one's virginity to the public safety, and to support the immortality of the empire with heavenly protection, to conciliate friendly powers to your arms and eagles, to take upon oneself vows salutary for all, and to refrain from commerce with mankind in general? Slavery then is a happier condition, whose service is given to men. It is the state which is wronged, whose interest it never is to be ungrateful.

14. Let me not be supposed to be defending the cause of the ancient religions only; from acts of this kind all the calamities of the Roman nation have arisen. The laws of our ancestors provided for the Vestal virgins and the ministers of the gods a moderate maintenance and just privileges. This gift was preserved inviolate till the time of the degenerate moneychangers, who diverted the maintenance of sacred chastity into a fund for the payment of base porters. A public famine ensued on this act, and a bad harvest disappointed the hopes of all the provinces. The soil was not here in fault, we ascribe no influence to the stars, no mildew blighted the crops, nor did tares choke the corn, it was sacrilege which rendered the year barren, for it was necessary that all should lose that which they had denied to religion.

15. By all means, if there is any instance of such an evil, let us attribute this famine to the effect of the seasons. An unhealthy wind has caused this blight, and so life is supported by means of shrubs and leaves, and the peasants in their want have had resource once more to the oaks of Dodona  02-60  60. f Another trace of Virgil: . When did the provinces suffer such a calamity, so long as the ministers of religion were supported by the public bounty? When were oaks shaken for the food of man, when were roots dug up, when were opposite regions of the earth cursed with sterility, so long as provisions were furnished in common to the people and to the sacred virgins? The produce of the earth was blessed by its support of the priests, and thus the gift was rather in the nature of a safeguard than of a largess. Can it be doubted that the gift was for the common benefit, now that a general scarcity has attended its discontinuance?

16. But it may be said that public aid is rightly refused to the cost of an alien religion. Far be it from good rulers to suppose that what has been bestowed from the common stock on certain individuals is within the disposal of the Imperial treasury. For as the commonwealth consists of individuals, so that which comes from it becomes again the property of individuals. You govern all, but you preserve for each his own, and justice has more power with you than arbitrary will. Consult your own generous feelings, whether that ought still to be deemed public property which has been conferred on others. Gifts once devoted to the honour of the city are placed out of the power of the donors, and that which originally was a free-gift becomes by usage and length of time a debt. Vain therefore is the fear which they would impress upon your minds who assert that unless you incur the odium of withdrawing the gift you share the responsibility of the donors of it.

17. May the unseen patrons of all sects be propitious to your Majesties, and may those in particular who of old assisted your ancestors, aid you and be worshipped by us. We ask for that religious condition which preserved the empire to your Majesties' father  02-61  61. g Valentinian the 1st, as Symmachus mentions above, had tolerated the heathen rites, and this he here represents as having availed to win the special favour of the gods. , and blessed him with lawful heirs. That venerable sire beholds from his starry seat the tears of the priests, and feels himself censured by the infraction of that custom which he readily observed.

18. I beg you also to amend for your departed brother what he did by the advice of others, to cover the act by which he unknowingly offended the Senate. For it is certain that the reason why the embassage was refused admittance was, to prevent the decision of the state from reaching him. It is due to the credit of past times to abolish without hesitation that which has been found not to have been the doing of the Emperor.

RELATIO SYMMACHI URBIS PRAEFECTI.

 Imperatoribus supplicat senatus nomine, ut veteres religiones instaurentur, ac reparetur ara Victoriae, ut ad eam jusjurandum exigatur more antiquo; non enim superiores principes in eo imitandos, quod eam sustulere, sed in eo quod alios ritus non sustulerunt. Hoc ab eis Romam poscere, et profecto sine damno aerarii concedi posse: iniquum autem illud habendum, quod bona sibi legata Vestales sacrificique adire prohibeantur: quam rem dii ulti dicuntur immissa   0966B  fame. Negat denique dicendum, quod petit, sumptum publicum: et orationem cohortando imperatores ad postulata sibi praestanda claudit. 

1. «Ubi primum senatus amplissimus, semperque vester, subjecta legibus vitia cognovit, et a principibus piis vidit purgari famam proximorum temporum, boni saeculi auctoritatem secutus, evomuit diu pressum dolorem, atque iterum me querelarum suarum jussit esse legatum: cui ideo divi principis denegata est ab improbis audientia quia non erat justitia defutura, domini imperatores Valentiniane, Theodosi, et Arcadi inclyti, victores ac triumphatores, semper augusti.

2. «Gemino igitur functus officio, et ut praefectus vester gesta publica prosequor, et ut legatus civium  0966C mandata commendo. Nulla est hic dissensio voluntatum; quia jam credere homines desierunt aulicorum se studio praestare, si discrepent. Amari, coli, diligi, majus imperio est. Quis ferat obfuisse reipublicae privata certamina? Merito illos senatus insequitur, qui potentiam suam famae principis praetulerunt.

3. «Noster autem labor pro clementia vestra ducit excubias. 829 Cui enim magis commodat quod instituta majorum, quod patriae jura et fata defendimus, quam temporum gloriae: quae tum major est, cum vobis contra morem parentum intelligitis nil licere? Repetimus igitur religionum statum, qui reipublicae diu profuit. Certe numerentur principes  0967A utriusque sectae, utriusque sententiae; proximus eorum ceremonias patrum coluit, recentior non removit. Si exemplum non facit religio veterum, faciat dissimulatio proximorum.

4. «Quis ita familiaris est barbaris, ut aram victoriae non requirat? Cauti in posterum sumus, et talium rerum ostenta vitamus. Reddatur tamen saltem nomini honor, qui numini denegatus est. Multa victoriae debet aeternitas vestra, et adhuc plura debebit. Aversentur hanc potestatem, quibus nihil profuit: vos amicum triumphis patrocinium nolite deserere. Cunctis potentia ista votiva est: nemo colendam neget, quam profitetur optandam.

5. «Quod si hujus ominis non esset justa vitatio, ornamentis saltem curiae decuit abstinere. Praestate,  0967B oro vos, ut ea quae pueri suscepimus, senes posteris relinquamus. Consuetudinis amor magnus est. Merito divi Constantii factum diu non stetit. Omnia vobis exempla vitanda sunt, quae mox remota didicistis. Aeternitatem curamus famae et nominis vestri; ne quid futura aetas inveniat corrigendum.

6. «Ubi in leges vestras et verba jurabimus? qua religione mens falsa terrebitur; ne in testimoniis mentiatur? Omnia quidem Deo plena sunt, nec ullus perfidis tutus est locus: sed plurimum valet ad metum delinquendi etiam praesentia religionis urgeri. Illa ara concordiam tenet omnium, illa ara fidem convenit singulorum: neque aliquid magis auctoritatem facit sententiis nostris, quam quod omnia quasi juratus noster ordo decernit. Patebit  0967C ergo sedes profana perjuriis, et hoc inclyti principes  0968A mei probabile judicabunt, qui sacramento publico tuti sunt.

7. «Sed divus Constantius idem fecisse dicitur. Caetera potius illius principis aemulemur: qui nihil tale esset aggressus, si quis ante se alius deviasset. 830 Corrigit enim sequentem lapsus prioris, et de reprehensione antecedentis exempli nascitur emendatio. Fas fuit ut parens ille clementiae vestrae in re adhuc nova non caveret invidiam. Num potest etiam nobis eadem defensio convenire, si imitemur, quod meminimus improbatum?

8. «Accipiat aeternitas vestra alia ejusdem principis facta, quae in usum dignius trahat. Nil ille decerpsit sacrarum virginum privilegiis, replevit nobilibus sacerdotia, Romanis ceremoniis non negavit  0968B impensas, et per omnes vias aeternae Urbis laetum secutus senatum, vidit placido ore delubra, legit inscripta fastigiis deorum nomina, percontatus est templorum origines, miratus est conditores. Cumque alias religiones ipse sequeretur, has servavit imperio; suus enim cuique mos, suus cuique ritus est. Varios custodes urbibus et cultus mens divina distribuit. Ut animae nascentibus, ita populis fatales genii dividuntur. Accedit utilitas, quae maxime homini deos asserit. Nam cum ratio omnis in operto sit, unde rectius quam de memoria atque documentis rerum secundarum cognitio venit numinum? Jam si longa aetas auctoritatem religionibus faciat, servanda est tot saeculis fides, et sequendi sunt nobis parentes, qui secuti sunt feliciter suos.

 0968C 9. «Romam nunc putemus assistere, atque his  0969A vobiscum agere sermonibus: Optimi principes, patres patriae reveremini annos meos, in quos me pius ritus adduxit. Utar cerimoniis avitis; neque enim poenitet. Vivam meo more, quia libera sum. Hic cultus in leges meas orbem redegit: haec sacra Annibalem a moenibus, a Capitolio Senonas repulerunt. Ad hoc ergo servata sum, ut longaeva reprehendar? Videro quod instituendum putatur; sera tamen et contumeliosa emendatio senectutis.

10. «Ergo diis patriis, diis indigetibus pacem rogamus. Aequum est quidquid omnes colunt, unum putari. Eadem spectamus astra, commune coelum est, idem nos mundus involvit. Quid interest qua quisque prudentia verum requirat? Uno itinere non potest perveniri ad tam grande secretum: sed  0969B haec otiosorum disputatio est: nunc preces, non certamina offerimus.»

831 11. «Quanto commodo sacri aerarii vestri Vestalium virginum praerogativa detracta est? Sub largissimis imperatoribus denegatur, quod parcissimi praestiterunt? Honor solus est in illo velut stipendio castitatis. Ut vitae earum capiti decus faciunt, ita insigne ducitur sacrificii vacare muneribus. Nudum quodammodo nomen immunitatis requirunt; quoniam paupertate a dispendio tutae sunt. Itaque amplius laudi earum tribuunt, qui aliquid rei detrahunt; siquidem saluti publicae dicata virginitas crescit merito, cum caret praemio.

12. «Absint ab aerarii vestri puritate ista compendia. Fiscus bonorum principum non sacerdotum  0969C damnis, sed hostium spoliis augeatur. Ullumne lucrum compensat invidia? Et quia avaritia in mores vestros non cadit, hoc miseriores sunt, quibus subsidia vetera decerpta sunt. Etenim sub imperatoribus, qui alieno abstinent, qui resistunt cupiditati, ad solam detrahitur amittentis injuriam, quod desiderium non movet auferentis.

13. «Agros etiam virginibus et ministris deficientium voluntate legatos fiscus retentat. Oro vos, justitiae sacerdotes, ut urbis vestrae sacris reddatur privata successio. Dictent testamenta securi, et sciant  0970A sub principibus non avaris stabile esse, quod scripserint. Delectet vos ista felicitas generis humani, coepit causae hujus exemplum sollicitare morientes. Ergo Romanae religiones sub Romana jura non pertinent? Quod nomen accipiet ablatio facultatum, quas nulla lex, nullus casus fecit caducas? Capiunt legata liberti, servis testamentorum justa commoda non negantur: tantum nobiles virgines, et fatalium sacrorum ministri excluduntur praediis haereditate quaesitis? Quid juvat saluti publicae castum corpus dicare, et imperii aeternitatem coelestibus fulcire praesidiis, armis vestris, aquilis vestris amicas applicare virtutes, pro omnibus efficacia vota suscipere, et jus cum omnibus non habere? Itaque melior est servitus, quae hominibus impenditur? Rempublicam  0970B laedimus, cui numquam expedit ut ingrata sit.

14. «Nemo me putet solam causam religionum tueri: ex hujusmodi facinoribus orta sunt cuncta Romani generis incommoda. Honoraverat lex parentum vestales virgines, ac ministros deorum, victu modico, justisque privilegiis: Stetit muneris hujus integritas usque ad degeneres trapezitas, qui ad mercedem vilium bajulorum sacrae castitatis alimenta verterunt. Secuta est hoc factum fames publica, et spem provinciarum omnium messis aegra decepit. Non sunt haec vitia terrarum. Nihil imputamus astris. Nec rubigo segetibus obfuit, nec 832 avena fruges necavit: sacrilegio annus exaruit; necesse enim fuit perire omnibus, quod religionibus negabatur.

 0970C 15. «Certe si est hujus mali aliquod exemplum, imputemus tantam famem viribus annorum: Gravis hanc sterilitatem aura constrinxit: silvestribus arbustis vita producitur, et rursus ad Dodonaeas arbores plebis rusticae inopia convolavit. Quid tale provinciae pertulerunt, cum religionum ministros honor publicus pasceret? Quando in usum hominum concussa quercus, quando vulsae sunt herbarum radices, quando alternos regionum defectus deseruit fecunditas mutua; cum populo et virginibus sacris  0971A communis esset annona? Commendabat enim terrarum proventus victus antistitum, et remedium magis, quam largitas erat. An dubium est semper pro copia omnium datum, quod nunc inopia omnium vindicavit?

16. «Dicet aliquis sumptum publicum denegatum alienae religionis impendiis. Absit a bonis principibus ista sententia; ut quod de communi quibusdam tributum est, in jure fisci esse videatur. Nam cum respublica de singulis constet; quod ab ea proficiscitur, sit rursus proprium singulorum. Omnia regitis, sed suum cuique servatis: plusque apud vos justitia. quam licentia valet. Consulite certe munificentiam vestram, an haec publica velit existimari, quae in alios transtulistis? Semel honori urbis  0971B delata compendia desinunt esse tribuentium: et quod a principio beneficium fuit, usu atque aetate fit debitum. Inanem igitur metum divino animo vestro tentat incutere, si quis asserit conscientiam vos habere praebentium, nisi detrahentium subieritis invidiam.

17. «Faveant clementiae vestrae sectarum omnium arcana praesidia: et haec maxime, quae majores vestros aliquando juverunt, vos defendant, a nobis colantur. Eum religionum statum petimus, qui divo parenti culminis vestri servavit imperium, qui fortunato principi legitimos suffecit haeredes. Spectat senior ille divus ex arce siderea lacrymas sacerdotum, et se culpatum putat more violato, quem libenter ipse servavit.

 0971C 18. «Praestate etiam divo fratri vestro alieni consilii correctionem: tegite factum quod senatui displicuisse nescivit; Siquidem constat ideo exclusam legationem, ne ad eum judicium publicum perveniret. Pro existimatione est temporum superiorum, ut non dubitetis abolere, quod probatum est principis non fuisse.»