Chapter IX.

It remains for us, lest ancient times may perhaps have had the sacrament55    Tertullian means martyrdom.—Tr. (exclusively) their own, to review the modern Christian system, as though, being also from God, it might be different from what preceded, and besides, therefore, opposed thereto in its code of rules likewise, so that its Wisdom knows not to murder her own sons! Evidently, in the case of Christ both the divine nature and the will and the sect are different from any previously known!  He will have commanded either no martyrdoms at all, or those which must be understood in a sense different from the ordinary, being such a person as to urge no one to a risk of this kind as to promise no reward to them who suffer for Him, because He does not wish them to suffer; and therefore does He say, when setting forth His chief commands, “Blessed are they who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.”56    Matt. v. 10; Luke vi. 23. The following statement, indeed, applies first to all without restriction, then specially to the apostles themselves:  “Blessed shall ye be when men shall revile you, and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you, for my sake. Rejoice and be exceeding glad, since very great is your reward in heaven; for so used their fathers to do even to the prophets.” So that He likewise foretold their having to be themselves also slain, after the example of the prophets. Though, even if He had appointed all this persecution in case He were obeyed for those only who were then apostles, assuredly through them along with the entire sacrament, with the shoot of the name, with the layer of the Holy Spirit, the rule about enduring persecution also would have had respect to us too, as to disciples by inheritance, and, (as it were,) bushes from the apostolic seed. For even thus again does He address words of guidance to the apostles: “Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves;” and, “Beware of men, for they will deliver you up to the councils, and they will scourge you in their synagogues; and ye shall be brought before governors and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles,” etc.57    Matt. x. 16. Now when He adds, “But the brother will deliver up the brother to death, and the father the child; and the children shall rise up against their parents, and cause them to be put to death,” He has clearly announced with reference to the others, (that they would be subjected to) this form of unrighteous conduct, which we do not find exemplified in the case of the apostles. For none of them had experience of a father or a brother as a betrayer, which very many of us have. Then He returns to the apostles: “And ye shall be hated of all men for my name’s sake.” How much more shall we, for whom there exists the necessity of being delivered up by parents too! Thus, by allotting this very betrayal, now to the apostles, now to all, He pours out the same destruction upon all the possessors of the name, on whom the name, along with the condition that it be an object of hatred, will rest. But he who will endure on to the end—this man will be saved. By enduring what but persecution,—betrayal,—death? For to endure to the end is nought else than to suffer the end. And therefore there immediately follow, “The disciple is not above his master, nor the servant above his own lord;” because, seeing the Master and Lord Himself was stedfast in suffering persecution, betrayal and death, much more will it be the duty of His servants and disciples to bear the same, that they may not seem as if superior to Him, or to have got an immunity from the assaults of unrighteousness, since this itself should be glory enough for them, to be conformed to the sufferings of their Lord and Master; and, preparing them for the endurance of these, He reminds them that they must not fear such persons as kill the body only, but are not able to destroy the soul, but that they must dedicate fear to Him rather who has such power that He can kill both body and soul, and destroy them in hell. Who, pray, are these slayers of the body only, but the governors and kings aforesaid—men, I ween? Who is the ruler of the soul also, but God only? Who is this but the threatener of fires hereafter, He without whose will not even one of two sparrows falls to the ground; that is, not even one of the two substances of man, flesh or spirit, because the number of our hairs also has been recorded before Him? Fear ye not, therefore. When He adds, “Ye are of more value than many sparrows,” He makes promise that we shall not in vain—that is, not without profit—fall to the ground if we choose to be killed by men rather than by God. “Whosoever therefore will confess in me before men, in him will I confess also before my Father who is in heaven;58    The words in the Greek, though correctly rendered in our authorized version, are, when translated literally, what Tertullian represents them to be.—Tr. and whosoever shall deny me before men, him will I deny also before my Father who is in heaven.” Clear, as I think, are the terms used in announcing, and the way to explain, the confession as well as the denial, although the mode of putting them is different. He who confesses himself a Christian, beareth witness that he is Christ’s; he who is Christ’s must be in Christ. If he is in Christ, he certainly confesses in Christ, when he confesses himself a Christian.  For he cannot be this without being in Christ. Besides, by confessing in Christ he confesses Christ too: since, by virtue of being a Christian, he is in Christ, while Christ Himself also is in him. For if you have made mention of day, you have also held out to view the element of light which gives us day, although you may not have made mention of light. Thus, albeit He has not expressly said, “He who will confess me,” (yet) the conduct involved in daily confession is not different from what is meant in our Lord’s declaration. For he who confesses himself to be what he is, that is, a Christian, confesses that likewise by which he is it, that is, Christ. Therefore he who has denied that he is a Christian, has denied in Christ, by denying that he is in Christ while he denies that he is a Christian; and, on the other hand, by denying that Christ is in him, while He denies that he is in Christ, he will deny Christ too. Thus both he who will deny in Christ, will deny Christ, and he who will confess in Christ will confess Christ. It would have been enough, therefore, though our Lord had made an announcement about confessing merely. For, from His mode of presenting confession, it might be decided beforehand with reference to its opposite too—denial, that is—that denial is repaid by the Lord with denial, just as confession is with confession. And therefore, since in the mould in which the confession has been cast the state of (the case with reference to) denial also may be perceived, it is evident that to another manner of denial belongs what the Lord has announced concerning it, in terms different from those in which He speaks of confession, when He says, “Who will deny me,” not “Who will deny in me.” For He had foreseen that this form of violence also would, for the most part, immediately follow when any one had been forced to renounce the Christian name,—that he who had denied that he was a Christian would be compelled to deny Christ Himself too by blaspheming Him.  As not long ago, alas, we shuddered at the struggle waged in this way by some with their entire faith, which had had favourable omens. Therefore it will be to no purpose to say, “Though I shall deny that I am a Christian, I shall not be denied by Christ, for I have not denied Himself.” For even so much will be inferred from that denial, by which, seeing he denies Christ in him by denying that he is a Christian, he has denied Christ Himself also. But there is more, because He threatens likewise shame with shame (in return): “Whosoever shall be ashamed of me before men, of him will I also be ashamed before my Father who is in heaven.” For He was aware that denial is produced even most of all by shame, that the state of the mind appears in the forehead, and that the wound of shame precedes that in the body.

CAPUT IX.

Superest, ne antiquitas suum quoque habuerit sacramentum, novitatem christianam recensere, quasi et de Deo aliam, ac proinde disciplina quoque aemulam, cujus sophia filios suos jugulare non norit. Plane alia in Christo et divinitas et voluntas et schola, martyria aut nulla in totum, aut aliter intelligenda mandarit, qui neminem ad hujusmodi discrimen hortetur, qui pro eo passis nihil repromittat, quia pati eos nolit. Et ideo praeceptorum principia deducens: Beati, inquit (Matth., V, 10), 0138Cqui persecutionem patiuntur ob justitiam, quoniam illorum est regnum coelorum. Hoc quidem absolute ad omnes, dehinc proprie ad Apostolos ipsos: Beati eritis cum vos dedecoraverint, et persecuti fuerint, et dixerint adversus vos omnia mala propter me; gaudete et exultate, quoniam merces vestra plurima in coelo: sic enim faciebant et prophetis patres eorum (ibid., V, 11). Ut 0139A etiam prophetaret quod et ipsi occidi haberent ad exemplum prophetarum. Quanquam et si omnem hanc persecutionem conditionalem in solos tunc Apostolos destinasset, utique per illos cum toto sacramento, cum propagine nominis, cum traduce Spiritus Sancti in nos quoque spectasset etiam persecutionis obeundae disciplina, ut in haereditarios discipulos, et apostolici seminis frutices. Nam et rursus ad Apostolos dirigit (Matth., X, 16): Ecce ego mitto vos tanquam oves in medio luporum; et (v. 17): Cavete ab hominibus; tradent enim vos in consessus, et in synagogis suis flagellabunt vos, et ad praesides et reges perducemini, mei caussa, in testimonium illis et nationibus, etc. Cum autem subjicit (v. 21): Tradet autem frater fratrem, et pater filium in mortem, et insurgent filii in 0139Bparentes, et mortificabunt eos; manifeste iniquitatem istam in caeteros pronuntiavit, quam in Apostolis non invenimus. Nemo enim eorum aut fratrem aut patrem passus est traditorem, quod plerique jam nostri. Dehinc ad Apostolos revocat (v. 22), Et eritis odio omnibus propter nomen meum. Quanto magis nos, quos a parentibus quoque tradi oportet? Ita, ipsa hac permistione nunc ad Apostolos, nunc ad omnes disponendo, eumdem in universos nominis exitum effudit, in quibus consederit nomen cum odii sui lege. Qui autem sustinuerit usque in finem, iste salvus fiet (ibid). Quid sustinendo, nisi persecutionem, nisi traditionem, nisi occisionem? Nec enim aliud est sustinere in finem, quam pati finem. Et ideo: Non est discipulus super magistrum (ib., v. 25). Statim sequitur: Nec servus 0139Csuper dominum suum; quia cum magister et dominus ipse perpessus sit persecutionem et traditionem et occisionem, multo magis servi et discipuli eamdem expendere debebunt, ne quasi superiores exempti de iniquitate videantur; quando hoc ipsum sufficere eis ad gloriam debeat, aequari passionibus Domini et Magistri; ad quarum tolerantiam aedificans monet (ibid., v, 28), non eos timendos, qui solum corpus occidant, animam autem interficere non valeant: sed illi potius metum consecrandum, qui et corpus et animam occidere et perdere possit in gehenna. Quinam hi solius corporis interemptores, nisi praesides et reges supradicti? homines opinor. Quis etiam animae dominator, nisi Deus solus? Quis iste ignium comminator, nisi is, sine cujus voluntate nec passerum alter 0139D in terram cadit; id est, nec altera ex duabus substantiis hominis, caro aut anima? Quia et capillorum apud eum regestus est numerus (ibid., v. 31). Nolite 0140Aergo metuere cum super dicit, multis passeribus antistatis; non frustra, id est, non sine emolumento casuros in terram repromittit; si magis ab hominibus quam a Deo occidi eligamus. Omnis igitur qui in me confessus fuerit coram hominibus, et ego confitebor in illo coram Patre meo qui in coelis est. Et omnis qui negaverit me coram hominibus, et ego negabo illum coram Patre meo qui in coelis est (ibid., v. 33). Manifesta, ut opinor, definitio et ratio est tam confessionis quam negationis, etsi dispositio diversa est. Qui se christianum confitetur, Christi esse testatur. Qui Christi est, in Christo sit necesse est. Si in Christo est, in Christo utique confitetur, cum se christianum confitetur. Hoc enim non potest esse, nisi sit in Christo. Porro, in Christo confitendo, Christum quoque 0140B confitetur qui sit in Christo, dum et ipse in illo est, utpote christianus. Nam et si diem dixeris, lucis rem ostendis quae diem praestat, licet non dixeris lucem, ita, etsi non directo pronuntiavit, «qui me confessus fuerit»; non est diversus actus quotidianae confessionis, a sensu Dominicae pronuntiationis. Quod enim est qui se confitetur, id est christianum, etiam id per quod est confitetur, id est Christum. Proinde qui se negavit christianum, in Christo negavit, negando se in Christo esse, dum negat se christianum, et Christum autem in se negando, dum se in Christo negat, Christum quoque negabit. Ita et qui in Christo negaverit, Christum negabit. Et qui in Christo confessus fuerit, Christum confitebitur. Suffecisset igitur et si de confitendo 0140C tantummodo Dominus pronuntiasset. Ex forma enim confessionis, contrario quoque ejus praejudicaretur, id est negationi; perinde negationi negationem rependi a Domino, quemadmodum confessioni confessionem. Et ideo cum in forma confessionis, etiam negationis conditio intelligatur, apparet ad alium modum negationis pertinere, quod de ea aliter Dominus pronuntiavit, quam de confessione, dicendo: Qui me negaverit; non, «Qui in me». Prospexerat enim et hanc vim plerumque in expugnatione nominis subsecuturam; ut qui se christianum negasset, ipsum quoque Christum compelleretur blasphemando negare. Sicut non olim pro . . . spice cum tota fide quorumdam colluctatum hoc modo horruimus. 0140D Itaque frustra erit dicere, «Etsi me negavero christianum, non negabor a Christo; non enim ipsum negavi.» Ex illa enim negatione tantumdem tenebitur, 0141A qua se christianum negando, Christum in se negans, etiam ipsum negavit. Plus est autem, quod et confusioni confusionem comminatur: Qui me confusus fuerit coram hominibus, et ego confundar eum coram Patre meo qui in coelis est. Sciebat enim a confusione vel maxime formari negationem: mentis statum in fronte consistere; priorem esse pudoris, quam corporis plagam.