Basil of Caesarea, Letters

greater, and a man more just than a man, and a bird swifter than a bird. If, therefore, comparisons are made among things of the same kind, and the Father is said to be greater than the Son by comparison, the Son is of one substance with the Father. But there is also another meaning lying within the saying. For what is surprising if he confessed the Father to be greater than himself, being the Word and having become flesh, when he was seen to be less than the angels in glory and than men in form? “For you have made him,” it says, “a little lower than the angels.” And again: “Him who was made a little lower than the angels.” And: “We saw him and he had no form nor beauty, but his form was lacking beyond all men.” And he endured all these things because of his great love for his creation, so that he might save the lost sheep and mingle it with the saved, and bring back the one who went down from Jerusalem to Jericho and because of this fell among robbers, healthy again to his own homeland. Or will the heretic reproach him for the manger, through which, being without reason, he was nourished by the Word, and bring up his poverty, because the carpenter's son had no little bed? For this reason the Son is less than the Father, because for your sake he became dead, so that he might free you from deadness and make you a partaker of heavenly life. Just as if someone were to blame the physician because, bending over the sicknesses, he partakes of the foul odor, in order to heal those who are suffering. 8.6 For your sake he does not know the hour and the day of the Judgment; and yet nothing escapes true Wisdom; for all things came to be through her. And no one, not even among men, is ever ignorant of what he has made. But he manages this on account of your weakness, so that neither those who have sinned might fall into despair because of the shortness of the deadline, as if no time were left for repentance, nor again that those who war long against the opposing power should desert on account of the length of the time. Therefore he manages both through this feigned ignorance; for the one, shortening the time on account of the good contest, and for the other, storing up a time for repentance on account of his sins. And yet in the Gospels he numbered himself among those who do not know, because of the weakness of the many, as I said, while in the Acts of the Apostles, speaking privately to them as to the perfect, he speaks with himself excepted. “It is not for you to know the times or seasons that the Father has set by his own authority.” And let these things be said rather crudely according to the first approach. But now we must examine the meaning of the saying more loftily and knock on the door of knowledge, if I might be able to rouse the master of the house who gives the spiritual loaves to those who ask him, since they are friends and brothers whom we are eager to feast. 8.7 The holy disciples of our Savior, having gone beyond contemplation, as is possible for men, and having been purified by the word, seek the end and long to know the final blessedness, which our Lord declared that both his angels and he himself do not know, calling 'day' the entire precise comprehension of the thoughts of God, and 'hour' the contemplation of the henad and monad, the knowledge of which he assigned to the Father alone. I suppose, therefore, that God is said to know concerning himself that which he is, and not to know that which he is not. For God is said to know righteousness and wisdom, being righteousness itself and wisdom, but to be ignorant of injustice and wickedness; for God who created us is not injustice and wickedness. If, therefore, God is said to know concerning himself that which he is, and not to know that which he is not, and our Lord, according to the concept of the incarnation and the cruder teaching, is not the final object of desire, then our Savior does not know the end and the final blessedness. “But not even the angels,” he says, “know it,” that is, neither the contemplation in them nor the principles of their ministries are the final object of desire. For their knowledge is also crude in comparison with face to face. But only the Father, he says, knows, since he himself is the end and

μείζονα καὶ ἄνθρωπον ἀνθρώπου δικαιότερον καὶ πτηνὸν πτηνοῦ ταχύτερον. Εἰ τοίνυν αἱ συγκρίσεις ἐπὶ τῶν ὁμοειδῶν γίνονται, μείζων δὲ κατὰ σύγκρισιν εἴρηται ὁ Πατὴρ τοῦ Υἱοῦ, ὁμοούσιος ὁ Υἱὸς τῷ Πατρί. Ἔστι δέ τις καὶ ἄλλη ἔννοια ἐναποκειμένη τῷ ῥητῷ. Τί γὰρ θαυμαστὸν εἰ μείζονα ἑαυτοῦ τὸν Πατέρα ὡμολόγησε, Λόγος ὢν καὶ σὰρξ γεγονώς, ὁπόταν καὶ ἀγγέλων ὤφθη κατὰ τὴν δόξαν ἐλάττων καὶ ἀνθρώπων κατὰ τὸ εἶδος; «Ἠλάττωσας γὰρ αὐτόν, φησί, βραχύ τι παρ' ἀγγέλους». Καὶ πάλιν· «Τὸν δὲ βραχύ τι παρ' ἀγγέλους ἠλαττωμένον». Καὶ τὸ «Εἴδομεν αὐτὸν καὶ οὐκ εἶχεν εἶδος οὐδὲ κάλλος, ἀλλὰ τὸ εἶδος αὐτοῦ ἐκλεῖπον παρὰ πάντας ἀνθρώπους». Τούτων δὲ πάντων ἠνέσχετο διὰ τὴν πολλὴν αὐτοῦ περὶ τὸ πλάσμα φιλανθρωπίαν, ἵνα τὸ ἀπολωλὸς πρόβατον ἀνασώσηται καὶ τὸ σωθὲν καταμίξῃ, καὶ τὸν κατελθόντα ἀπὸ Ἱερουσαλὴμ εἰς Ἱεριχὼ καὶ διὰ τοῦτο περιπεσόντα λῃσταῖς εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ὑγιαίνοντα πάλιν ἐπαναγάγῃ πατρίδα. Ἢ καὶ τὴν φάτνην αὐτῷ ὀνειδίσει ὁ αἱρετικός, δι' ἧς ἄλογος ὢν ἐτράφη ὑπὸ τοῦ Λόγου, καὶ τὴν πενίαν προοίσει, ὅτι κλινιδίου οὐκ ηὐπόρησεν ὁ τοῦ τέκτονος υἱός; ∆ιὰ τοῦτο τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐλάττων ὁ Υἱός, ὅτι διὰ σὲ γέγονε νεκρός, ἵνα σε τῆς νεκρότητος ἀπαλλάξῃ καὶ ζωῆς μέτοχον ἐπουρα νίου ποιήσῃ. Ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις καὶ τὸν ἰατρὸν αἰτιῷτο ὅτι συγκύπτων ἐπὶ τὰ πάθη τῆς δυσωδίας συναπολαύει, ἵνα τοὺς πεπονθότας ἰάσηται. 8.6 ∆ιὰ σὲ καὶ τὴν ὥραν καὶ τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς Κρίσεως ἀγνοεῖ· καίτοι οὐδὲν λανθάνει τὴν ὄντως Σοφίαν· πάντα γὰρ δι' αὐτῆς ἐγένετο. Οὐδεὶς δὲ οὐδὲ ἀνθρώπων πώποτε ὃ πεποίηκεν ἀγνοεῖ. Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο οἰκονομεῖ διὰ τὴν σὴν ἀσθένειαν, ἵνα μήτε τῷ στενῷ τῆς προθεσμίας οἱ ἁμαρτή σαντες τῇ ἀθυμίᾳ καταπέσωσιν ὡς οὐχ ὑπολελειμμένου καιροῦ μετανοίας, μηδ' αὖ πάλιν οἱ πολεμοῦντες μακρὰ τῇ ἀντικειμένῃ δυνάμει διὰ τὸ μῆκος τοῦ χρόνου λειποτακτή σωσιν. Ἑκατέρους τοίνυν διὰ τῆς προσποιητῆς ἀγνοίας οἰκονομεῖ· τῷ μὲν διὰ τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα συντέμνων τὸν χρόνον, τῷ δὲ διὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας καιρὸν μετανοίας ταμιευό μενος. Καίτοι ἐν τοῖς Εὐαγγελίοις ἑαυτὸν συγκαταριθμή σας τοῖς ἀγνοοῦσι διὰ τὴν τῶν πολλῶν, ὡς ἔφην, ἀσθένειαν, ἐν αἷς Πράξεσι τῶν Ἀποστόλων ὡς τελείοις κατ' ἰδίαν διαλεγόμενος καθ' ὑπεξαίρεσιν ἑαυτοῦ φησιν. «Οὐχ ὑμῶν ἐστι γνῶναι χρόνους ἢ καιροὺς οὓς ὁ Πατὴρ ἔθετο ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ». Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἐπιβολὴν εἰρήσθω παχύτερον. Ἤδη δὲ ἐξεταστέον ὑψηλότερον τὴν διάνοιαν τοῦ ῥητοῦ καὶ κρουστέον τὴν θύραν τῆς γνώσεως, εἴπη δυνηθείην ἐξεγεῖραι τὸν οἰκοδεσπότην τὸν τοὺς πνευματικοὺς ἄρτους διδόντα τοῖς αἰτοῦσιν αὐτόν, ἐπειδὴ φίλοι καὶ ἀδελφοί εἰσιν οὓς ἑστιᾶσαι σπουδάζομεν. 8.7 Οἱ ἅγιοι μαθηταὶ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν ἐπέκεινα θεωρίας, ὡς ἔνι ἀνθρώποις, ἐλθόντες καὶ καθαρθέντες ἀπὸ τοῦ λόγου τὸ τέλος ἐπιζητοῦσι καὶ τὴν ἐσχάτην μακαριότητα γνῶναι ποθοῦσιν, ὅπερ ἀγνοεῖν καὶ τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ καὶ αὐτὸν ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν ἀπεφήνατο, ἡμέραν μὲν λέγων πᾶσαν τὴν ἀκριβῆ κατάληψιν τῶν ἐπινοιῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὥραν δὲ τὴν ἑνάδος καὶ μονάδος θεωρίαν, ὧν τὴν εἴδησιν μόνῳ προσένειμε τῷ Πατρί. Ὑπονοῶ τοίνυν ὅτι ἐκεῖνο λέγεται περὶ ἑαυτοῦ εἰδέναι ὁ Θεός, ὅπερ ἐστί, κἀκεῖνο μὴ εἰδέναι, ὅπερ οὐκ ἔστι. ∆ικαιοσύνην μὲν γὰρ καὶ σοφίαν λέγεται εἰδέναι ὁ Θεός, αὐτοδικαιοσύνη καὶ σοφία ὑπάρ χων, ἀδικίαν δὲ καὶ πονηρίαν ἀγνοεῖν· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀδικία καὶ πονηρία ὁ κτίσας ἡμᾶς Θεός. Εἰ τοίνυν ἐκεῖνο λέγεται περὶ ἑαυτοῦ εἰδέναι ὁ Θεὸς ὅπερ ἐστί, κἀκεῖνο μὴ εἰδέναι ὅπερ οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐκ ἔστι δὲ ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν κατὰ τὴν τῆς ἐνανθρωπήσεως ἐπίνοιαν καὶ παχυτέραν διδασκαλίαν τὸ ἔσχατον ὀρεκτόν, οὐκ ἄρα οἶδεν ὁ Σωτὴρ ἡμῶν τὸ τέλος καὶ τὴν ἐσχάτην μακαριότητα. «Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ οἱ ἄγγελοι, φησίν, ἴσασι», τουτέστιν οὐδὲ ἡ ἐν αὐτοῖς θεωρία καὶ οἱ λόγοι τῶν διακονιῶν εἰσι τὸ ἔσχατον ὀρεκτόν. Παχεῖα γὰρ καὶ τούτων ἡ γνῶσις συγκρίσει τοῦ πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσω πον. Μόνος δὲ ὁ Πατήρ, φησίν, ἐπίσταται, ἐπειδὴ καὶ αὐτός ἐστι τὸ τέλος καὶ