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of Heraclius, year 130 from the creation of the world. And the rebellion of these same Saracens happened in the month of September, on the third, a Thursday. In these same times the first leader of the Arabs, Mouameth, whom the Arabs call Mouchoumet, who also was called their prophet, held the rule of the Arabs for nine years. 17 From the Chronicle of the blessed Theophanes. In this year, that is 139, Mouameth died, the leader and false prophet of the Saracens, having appointed in his place Aboubacharon, also called Boupaktor, his kinsman. And the deluded Hebrews at the beginning of his appearance thought this man to be the Christ expected by them, so that some of their leaders approached him, and accepted his religion, and abandoned that of the God-seer Moses. But when they saw him eating camel, they knew that he was not the one they thought. And they taught him lawless things against the Christians, and they associated with him. These are the ones who taught him to accept certain parts of the law, both circumcision and certain other things, which the Saracens observe. Aboubachar therefore was the first to follow him and proclaimed him a prophet, for which reason he also left him as his successor. And his heresy prevailed in the regions of Aithribos, at first secretly for ten years, and then through war for likewise ten years, and openly for nine years. He taught his subjects that whoever kills an enemy or is killed by an enemy enters paradise without hindrance, and he said that paradise was of carnal eating and drinking and intercourse with women, and that a river of wine and honey and milk flows down, and that the sight of women is incomparable, not of the present ones, but others, and he said that intercourse was long-lasting and the pleasure enduring and certain other things full of debauchery and folly, and to have compassion for one another and to help those who are wronged. 18 Second leader of the Arabs, Aboubachar, for three years. This Aboubachar first takes the city of Gaza and all its surrounding region. And this same Aboubachar dies after being amir for three years, and Oumar takes over the rule, and he rules the Arabs for twelve years. 19 Third leader of the Arabs, Oumar. This same Oumar therefore campaigned against Palestine, and sitting down in it he besieged Jerusalem for a period of two years, and took it by treachery. For Sophronios, the bishop of Jerusalem, moved by divine zeal and distinguished for his sagacity, received from him a most secure promise on behalf of the churches of all Palestine, so that the churches would remain undemolished and unplundered. Seeing him, Sophronios said: "Truly this is the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in a holy place." This man sought the temple of the Jews, which Solomon had built, in order to make it a place of worship for his blasphemy. And it is so to this day. 20 Fourth leader of the Arabs, Outhman. This man takes Africa by war, and having arranged tributes with the Africans, he returned. His general was Mauias, who dismantled the colossus of Rhodes and sacked Cyprus the island and all its cities. This man also takes the island of Arados, and burned its city, and rendered the island uninhabited until now. This man, having seized the island of Rhodes, pulled down the colossus on it after one thousand three hundred and sixty years of its standing, which a certain Jewish merchant from Edessa purchased, and loaded its bronze onto 900 camels. This Mauias also campaigned against Constantinople, and ravaged Ephesus and Halicarnassus and Smyrna and the other cities of Ionia, who also became the fifth leader of the Arabs after the death of Outhman for twenty-four years. 21 From the Chronicle of Theophanes; year 171 from the creation of the world. It should be known that towards the end of Mauias, the leader of the Arabs, the Mardaites entered Lebanon, and took control from the Black Mountain to the holy city, and

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Ἡρακλείου, ἔτος ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου ρλʹ. Τὸ δὲ θεμάτιν τῶν αὐτῶν Σαρακηνῶν ἐγένετο εἰς μῆνα Σεπτέμβριον τρίτην, ἡμέρᾳ πέμπτῃ. Εἰς τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους πρῶτος ἀρχηγὸς τῶν Ἀράβων Μουάμεθ, ὃν οἱ Ἄραβες καλοῦσι Μουχούμετ, ὁ καὶ προφήτης αὐτῶν χρηματίσας, ἐκράτησε δὲ τῆς ἀρχῆς τῶν Ἀράβων ἔτη ἐννέα. 17 Ἐκ τοῦ Χρονικοῦ τοῦ μακαρίου Θεοφάνους. Τούτῳ τῷ ἔτει, ἤγουν ρλθʹ, ἀπεβίω Μουάμεθ, ὁ τῶν Σαρακηνῶν ἀρχηγὸς καὶ ψευδοπροφήτης, προχειρισάμενος ἀντ' αὐτοῦ Ἀβουβάχαρον, τὸν καὶ Βουπάκτωρα, συγγενῆ αὐτοῦ. Οἱ δὲ πεπλανημένοι Ἑβραῖοι ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ ἐνόμισαν εἶναι τοῦτον τὸν παρ' αὐτοῖς προσδοκώμενον Χριστόν, ὡς καί τινας τῶν προυχόντων αὐτῶν προσελθεῖν αὐτῷ, καὶ δέξασθαι τὴν αὐτοῦ θρησκείαν, καὶ καταλιπεῖν τὴν τοῦ θεόπτου Μωσέως. Θεωρήσαντες δὲ αὐτὸν ἐσθίοντα ἀπὸ καμήλου, ἔγνωσαν, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν, ὃν ἐνόμισαν. Ἐδίδασκον δὲ αὐτὸν ἀθέμιτα κατὰ τῶν Χριστιανῶν, καὶ διῆγον σὺν αὐτῷ. Οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ διδάξαντες αὐτὸν παραδέχεσθαι μέρη τινὰ τοῦ νόμου, τήν τε περιτομὴν καὶ ἄλλα τινά, ἅπερ παραφυλάττονται οἱ Σαρακηνοί. Πρῶτος οὖν Ἀβουβάχαρ ἠκολούθησεν αὐτὸν καὶ προφήτην ἐκήρυξεν, διὸ καὶ διάδοχον αὐτὸν κατέλιπεν. Ἐκράτησεν δὲ ἡ αἵρεσις αὐτοῦ τὰ μέρη τῆς Αἰθρίβου, πρώην μὲν ἐν κρυπτῷ ἔτη δέκα, τὸ δὲ ἔσχατον διὰ πολέμου ὁμοίως ἔτη δέκα, καὶ φανερῶς ἔτη ἐννέα. Ἐδίδαξεν δὲ τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ ὑπηκόους, ὅτι ὁ ἀποκτείνας ἐχθρὸν ἢ ἀπὸ ἐχθροῦ ἀποκτεννόμενος ἀκωλύτως εἰς τὸν παράδεισον εἰσέρχεται, τὸν δὲ παράδεισον σαρκικῆς βρώσεως καὶ πόσεως καὶ μίξεως γυναικῶν ἔλεγεν, ποταμὸν δὲ οἴνου καὶ μέλιτος καὶ γάλακτος καταρρεῖν, καὶ γυναικῶν τὴν ὅρασιν ἀσύγκριτον, οὐ τῶν παρόντων, ἀλλ' ἄλλων, καὶ τὴν μῖξιν πολυχρόνιον ἔφασκεν καὶ διαρκῆ τὴν ἡδονὴν καὶ ἄλλα τινὰ ἀσωτίας καὶ μωρίας ἔμπλεα, συμπαθεῖν τε ἀλλήλοις καὶ βοηθεῖν ἀδικουμένοις. 18 ∆εύτερος ἀρχηγὸς τῶν Ἀράβων, Ἀβουβάχαρ, ἔτη τρία. Οὗτος ὁ Ἀβουβάχαρ πρῶτος λαμβάνει τὴν πόλιν Γάζαν καὶ πᾶσαν αὐτῆς τὴν περίχωρον. Τελευτᾷ δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς Ἀβουβάχαρ ἀμηρεύσας ἔτη τρία, καὶ παραλαμβάνει τὴν ἀρχὴν Οὔμαρ, καὶ κρατεῖ τῶν Ἀράβων ἔτη δώδεκα. 19 Τρίτος ἀρχηγὸς Ἀράβων, Οὔμαρ. Ὁ αὐτὸς οὖν Οὔμαρ ἐπεστράτευσε κατὰ τῆς Παλαιστίνης, καὶ παρακαθίσας ἐν αὐτῇ ἐπολιόρκησεν τὴν Ἱερουσαλὴμ διετῆ χρόνον, καὶ παρέλαβεν αὐτὴν δόλῳ. Σωφρόνιος γάρ, ὁ Ἱεροσολύμων ἐπίσκοπος, θείῳ κινούμενος ζήλῳ καὶ ἀγχινοίᾳ διαπρέπων, λόγον ἔλαβεν παρ' αὐτοῦ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν τῆς πάσης Παλαιστίνης ἀσφαλέστατον, ὥστε ἀκαθαιρέτους μεῖναι τὰς ἐκκλησίας καὶ ἀπορθήτους. Τοῦτον ἰδὼν ὁ Σωφρόνιος ἔφη· "Ἐπ' ἀληθείας τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως, τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ ∆ανιὴλ τοῦ προφήτου ἑστὸς ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ." Οὗτος τὸν ναὸν ἐζήτησεν τῶν Ἰουδαίων, ὃν ᾠκοδόμησε Σολομών, πρὸς τὸ ποιῆσαι αὐτὸν προσκυνητήριον τῆς αὐτοῦ βλασφημίας. Καὶ ἔστι ἕως τῆς σήμερον. 20 Τέταρτος Ἀράβων ἀρχηγός, Οὐθμάν. Οὗτος λαμβάνει τὴν Ἀφρικὴν πολέμῳ, καὶ στοιχήσας φόρους μετὰ τῶν Ἄφρων ὑπέστρεψεν. Τούτου στρατηγὸς χρηματίζει Μαυίας, ὁ παραλύσας τὸν κολοσσὸν Ῥόδου καὶ πορθήσας Κύπρον τὴν νῆσον καὶ πάσας τὰς πόλεις αὐτῆς. Οὗτος παραλαμβάνει καὶ νῆσον τὴν Ἄραδον, καὶ τὴν πόλιν αὐτῆς ἐνέπρησεν, καὶ τὴν νῆσον ἀοίκητον κατέστησεν ἕως τοῦ νῦν. Οὗτος τὴν νῆσον Ῥόδον καταλαβὼν καθεῖλε τὸν ἐν αὐτῇ κολοσσὸν μετὰ χίλια τξʹ ἔτη τῆς αὐτοῦ ἱδρύσεως, ὃν Ἰουδαῖός τις ἔμπορος ὠνησάμενος Ἐδεσσηνός, ʹ καμήλους ἐφόρτωσεν αὐτοῦ τὸν χαλκόν. Οὗτος ὁ Μαυίας ἐπεστράτευσε καὶ κατὰ Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, καὶ ἐλυμήνατο τήν τε Ἔφεσον καὶ Ἁλικαρνασσὸν καὶ Σμύρνην καὶ τὰς λοιπὰς πόλεις Ἰωνίας, ὃς καὶ γέγονεν τῶν Ἀράβων ἀρχηγὸς πέμπτος μετὰ τὴν Οὐθμὰν τελευτὴν ἔτη εἴκοσι τέσσαρα. 21 Ἐκ τοῦ Χρονικοῦ Θεοφάνους· ἔτος ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου ροαʹ. Ἰστέον, ὅτι πρὸς τῇ τελευτῇ Μαυίου, τῶν Ἀράβων ἀρχηγοῦ, εἰσῆλθον οἱ Μαρδαῗται εἰς τὸν Λίβανον, καὶ ἐκράτησαν ἀπὸ τοῦ Μαύρου ὄρους ἕως τῆς ἁγίας πόλεως, καὶ