On breathings (excerpts)

 Halea, the warmth, is aspirated by the Attics, but in the Universal [lexicon] it is unaspirated but you should make it unaspirated according to custo

 double, has a smooth breathing. For example Ate, harm. Ateramon, the harsh. Atreus, a proper name. Attelabos, the locust. Attic. Ater, instead of with

 a divine dream, having made itself like unto him, addressed him. and Ἔεργεν, instead of he prevented. and the rest. except for Ἑέρσα, the dew. and Ἕετ

 the good. as in, gods, givers of good things. a feast. I celebrate a feast. and Heo, instead of him. as in, He dishonored a man much better than him.

 I exist. and Eō, meaning I leave behind. and of those with augmentation, eōnymenos. eōkein. eōrgein. about which we will speak immediately.

 they were deceiving. and the like. H before L is unaspirated. Elias and Eli, proper names. electrum. Eleos, the foolish. Eleans, a nation, which some

 was vexed. and the rest. except for Hichi, for hopou. 203 The H before Ps from the inflection of apto and apto 203 mai is found, which is why it is al

 full of sea monsters. 205 But *Ixalos*, the impetuous one. And *ixos* (mistletoe), even if it comes from *hixai* (to arrive), it is nevertheless prono

 of teeth. smelling. and the 207 rest. except for ὁδός. and those from it. ὁδεύω, ὁδίτης, ὁδοιπόρος, ὁδοιδόκος, the robber. with these also Ὁδὶ, instea

 the hill. I am angry. Orrhos, the milk. I dread, I am afraid. I dance. straight. Orpex, the branch. Orpheus. and the rest. except for Horō, I see. hor

 Hōra, the season and of those from 211 it Hōros, the time. ripe. Hōra, beauty. and of those from it. beautiful. I beautify. Hōrakizō, to be pale. and

 1 The E in pronouns is unaspirated. For example ἐγὼ, ἐκεῖνος, ἐμὸς, ἐμοὶ, and the rest. Except for ἓ, from which also comes ἑαυτὸν, and ἕθεν according

 instead of the same. He followed, from a declension, instead of he was following. He set, instead of he sat, and he founded. he had stood. They were s

the hill. I am angry. Orrhos, the milk. I dread, I am afraid. I dance. straight. Orpex, the branch. Orpheus. and the rest. except for Horō, I see. horos, masculine. and those from it. for example, I define. definition. indicative. Horion, the landmark. and except for those having K or M following. for example, Hormos, the harbor. from which also Hormizō, I bring to harbor. a string. I rush. I am rushed. rushing. But Ormenos, the one aroused, as if from orrō, has a smooth breathing. oath. I make swear. Orgion, the mystery, I found with a rough breathing both in the works of Theodoretus and in others, although in common usage it has a smooth breathing. And Orpex in many has a smooth breathing. For from orouein (to dart) up high they give it a smooth breathing, but some give it a rough breathing from herpein (to creep). Ormathos by some has a smooth breathing. The O before S, when another consonant or S itself follows, in words of more than one syllable, has a smooth breathing. for example, oyster. potsherd. bone. Osphys, the area around the kidneys. from which also Osphyex, the one broken and weak in the loin. from Agō, axō, which means I break. as in, of a weak-loined old man. Ostia, the door among the Romans. and Ostiarios, the doorkeeper. Ossa, the rumor, and the oracle, and the name of a mountain. Ossō, I see. from which also Osse, the two eyes, in the dual. smell and the rest. is added "in words of more than one syllable." because of Hos, one's own. Hos, instead of this one. and Hos instead of whoever. but when a vowel follows, it has a rough breathing. for example, holy. I sanctify. how great. as much as. and Hosia, the burial. However Osiris, a proper name, when a vowel follows, has a smooth breathing. The O before T has a smooth breathing. for example, Otlos, the misery. and Otlēsai, to suffer misery. Ottotoi, (read: lamenting) instead of alas. Otrēros, the zealous. Otteia, the prophecy. and the rest. except for hote. hoti. hotan. Hotōi, instead of hōitini. Hoteoisin, instead of hoistisi. and ho te, instead of hoper in Homer, as in, But he did not give you valor, which is the greatest power. 210 The O before Ph has a smooth breathing. snake. Ophnei, proper name. benefit. Opheilē, the debt. I owe. eyebrow. Ophra, instead of hopōs, which, coming from tophra by removal of the unaspirated t, ought to have a rough breathing, but nevertheless has a smooth breathing because of the rule that says: E O before a rough sound has a smooth breathing. snake. nation. appeal. Ophelon, instead of if only. as in, if only my ways were directed. Opphikion, among the Romans, simply every service. The O before Ch has a smooth breathing. ochos, the chariot. clasp. handle. channel. strong. crowd. troublesome. Ocha, instead of eminently. and the rest. The O before Ps has a smooth breathing. sight. evening. late. cooked meat/fish. provisions/salary. fond of delicacies. small fish.

{1General rules concerning the breathing of O.}1 The O added to words beginning with consonants has a smooth breathing. brimō, obrimos. belos, obelos. staphis, ostaphis. kryoeis, okryoeis. The O before A, B, G, always has a smooth breathing, and before E, Z, K, Th, I, except only for hothi and hothen. likewise also before G, X, and Ph, Ch, Ps. The O before R, when it has a rough breathing, if it takes a Y, has a smooth breathing. for example, horos, ouros.

BEGINNING OF Y

1 The Y beginning any word has a rough breathing. for example, hyacinth. humpbacked. health. water.

glass. nonsense. matter/wood. your. ploughshare. upper lip/moustache. Hyrcania. Hys, the pig. style. height. son. grandson. except for ummes, instead of hymeis, in Aeolic. but because of the aforementioned rule Tyrannion in the poet gave hymmes a rough breathing. and rchas, the vessel for salted fish.

BEGINNING OF Ō.

1 The Ō in words of more than one syllable has a smooth breathing. for example, ōde and ōdi, instead of

here. ōchros, and ōchros. paleness. Ōschos, the branch. Ōmos, the cruel. Ōmos, the shoulder. Ōtos, proper name. Ōstos, the one driven away. Ōros and Ōriōn, proper names. except for the

ὁ βουνός. ὀργίζομαι. Ὀῤῥὸς, τὸ γάλα. Ὀῤῥωδῶ,τὸ δειλιῶ. ὀρχοῦμαι. ὀρθός. Ὄρπηξ, ὁ κλάδος. ὀρφεύς. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. πλὴν τοῦ Ὁρῶ, τὸ βλέπω. ὅρος, ἀρσενικόν. καὶ τῶν ἐξ αὐτοῦ. οἷον ὁρίζω. ὁρισμός. ὁριστικόν. Ὅριον, τὸ ὁροθέσιον. καὶ πλὴν τῶν ἐχόντων τὸ Κ ἢ τὸ Μ ἐπαγόμε νον. οἷον Ὅρμος, ὁ λιμήν. ἀφ' οὗ καὶ Ὁρμίζω, τὸ ἐλλι-μενίζω. ὁρμαθός. ὁρμῶ. ὁρμῶμαι. ὁρμώμενος. Ὄρμενος δὲ, ὁ διεγερθεὶς, ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄῤῥω, ψιλοῦται. ὅρκος. ὁρκίζω. τὸ Ὄργιον, τὸ μυστήριον, δασυνόμενον εὗρον ἔν τε τοῖς Θεοδωρίτου, καὶ ἐν ἑτέροις, καίπερ ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ ψιλού μενον. τὸ δὲ Ὄρπηξ ἐν πολλοῖς ψιλούμενον. ἀπὸ γὰρ τοῦ ὀρούειν εἰς ὕψος ψιλοῦσιν, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ἕρπειν δασύνουσι τινές. Ὀρμαθὸς παρά τισι ψιλοῦται. Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ Σ, ἑτέρου συμφώνου ἢ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Σ ἐπαγομένου, ἐν ταῖς ὑπὲρ μίαν συλλαβὴν λέξεσι, ψιλοῦται. οἷον ὄστρεον. ὄστρακον. ὀστοῦν. Ὀσφὺς, ὁ περὶ τοὺς νεφροὺς τόπος. ἀφ' οὗ καὶ Ὀσφυὴξ, ὁ κεκλασμένος καὶ ἀσθενὴς τὴν ὀσφύν. ἐκ τοῦ Ἄγω, ἄξω, ὃ δηλοῖ τὸ κλῶ. ὡς τὸ, γέροντος ὀσφυῆγος. Ὀστία, ἡ θύρα παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις. καὶ Ὀστιάριος,ὁ θυρωρός. Ὄσσα, ἡ φήμη, καὶ ἡ μαντεία, καὶ ὄνομα ὄρους. Ὄσσω, τὸ βλέπω. ἀφ' οὗ καὶ Ὄσσε, τὼ ὀφθαλμὼ, δυϊκῶς. ὄσφρησις καὶ τὰ λοιπά. πρόσκειται ἐν ταῖς ὑπὲρ μίαν συλλαβὴν λέξεσι. διὰ τὸ Ὃς, ὁ ἴδιος. Ὃς, ἀντὶ τοῦ οὗτος. καὶ Ὃς ἀντὶ τοῦ ὅστις. φωνήεντος δὲ ἐπαγομένου δασύνεται. οἷον ὅσιος. ὁσιῶ. ὅσος. ὅσον. καὶ Ὁσία, ἡ ταφή. τὸ μέντοι Ὄσιρις, κύριον, φωνήεντος ἐπαγομένου, ψιλοῦται. Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ Τ ψιλοῦται. οἷον Ὄτλος, ἡ κακοπά θεια. καὶ Ὀτλῆσαι, τὸ κακοπαθῆσαι. Ὀττοτοῖ, (γρ. θρη-νητικὸν) ἀντὶ τοῦ φεῦ. Ὀτρηρὸς, ὁ σπουδαῖος. Ὀττεία, ἡ μαντεία. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. πλὴν τοῦ ὅτε. ὅτι. ὅταν. Ὅτῳ, ἀντὶ τοῦ ᾧτινι. Ὁτέοισιν, ἀντὶ τοῦ οἷςτισι. καὶ ὅ τε, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὅπερ παρ' Ὁμήρῳ, ὡς τὸ, Ἀλκὴν δ' οὔ τοι δῶκεν, ὅ, τε κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον. 210 Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ Φ ψιλοῦται. ὄφις. Ὀφνεὶ, κύριον. ὄφελος. Ὀφειλὴ, τὸ χρέος. ὀφλισκάνω. ὀφρύς. Ὄφρα, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὅπως, ὅπερ, ἀπὸ τοῦ τόφρα κατὰ ἀφαίρεσιν γινόμενον τοῦ ψιλοῦ τ ὤφειλε δασύνεσθαι, ἀλλ' ὅμως ψιλοῦται διὰ τὸν λέγοντα κανόνα· τὸ Ε Ο πρὸ δασέος ψιλοῦται. ὄφις. ἔθνος. ἔφεσις. Ὄφελον, ἀντὶ τοῦ εἴθε. ὡς τὸ, ὄφελον κατευθυνθείκεσαν αἱ ὁδοί μου. Ὀφφίκιον, παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις, ἁπλῶς πᾶσα ὑπηρεσία. Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ Χ ψιλοῦται. ὄχος, τὸ ἅρμα. ὀχεύς. ὄχανον. ὀχετός. ὀχυρός. ὄχλος. ὀχληρός. Ὄχα, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐξόχως. καὶ τὰ λοιπά. Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ Ψ ψιλοῦται. ὄψις. ὀψία. ὀψέ. ὄψον. ὀψώνιον. ὀψοφάγος. ὀψάριον.

{1Καθολικοὶ κανόνες περὶ πνεύματος τοῦ Ο.}1 Τὸ Ο πλεονάζον ἐν ταῖς ἀπὸ συμφώνων ἀρχομέναις λέξεσι ψιλοῦται. βριμῶ, ὄβριμος. βέλος, ὀβελός. σταφὶς, ὀσταφίς. κρυόεις, ὀκρυόεις. Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ Α, Β, Γ, ψιλοῦται ἀεὶ, καὶ πρὸ τοῦ Ε, Ζ, Κ, Θ, Ι, πλὴν μόνων τοῦ ὅθι καὶ ὅθεν. ὡσαύτως καὶ πρὸ τοῦ Γ, Ξ, καὶ Φ, Χ, Ψ. Τὸ Ο πρὸ τοῦ Ρ δασυνόμενον, ὅτε προσλάβῃ τὸ Υ, ψιλοῦται. οἷον ὅρος, οὖρος.

ΑΡΧΗ ΤΟΥ Υ

1 Τὸ Υ πάσης λέξεως ἄρχον δασύνεται. οἷον ὑάκινθος. ὑβός. ὑγεία. ὕδωρ.

ὕελλος. ὕθλος. ὕλη. ὑμέτερος. ὕννις. ὑπήνη. ὑρκανία. Ὗς, ὁ χοῖρος. ὕφος. ὕψος. υἱός. υἱωνός. πλὴν τοῦ μμες, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὑμεῖς, Αἰολικῶς. ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸν ἄνω ῥηθέντα κανόνα ὁ Τυραννίων παρὰ τῷ ποιητῇ ἐδάσυνε τὸ ὕμμες. καὶ ρχας, τὸ ταριχηρὸν ἀγγεῖον.

ΑΡΧΗ ΤΟΥ Ω.

1 Τὸ Ω ἐν ταῖς ὑπὲρ μίαν συλλαβὴν λέξεσι ψιλοῦται. οἷον ὦδε καὶ ὠδὶ, ἀντὶ

τοῦ ἐνταῦθα. ὦχρος, καὶ ὠχρός. ὠχρότης. Ὦσχος, ὁ κλάδος. Ὠμὸς, ὁ ἀπηνής. Ὦμος, ἡῥάχις. Ὦτος, κύριον. Ὠστὸς, ὁ ἀποδεδιωγμένος. Ὦρος καὶὨρίων, κύρια. πλὴν τοῦ