a light unapproachable by the men from here. Those, therefore, who have elaborated geographies, have made a description of the regions as far as was possible for man; but being unable to speak of the things beyond, because of the impossibility of observation, they have alleged ebb-tides, and of the seas one to be full of seaweed, and another muddy, and of places, some to be fiery, and others cold and frozen. But we have learned through prophets the things unknown by us, who, being at once persuaded in their soul that the heavenly 20.3 spirit, the clothing of mortality, will possess immortality, foretold the things which the other souls did not know. And it is possible for everyone who is naked to acquire the adornment and to run back to his ancient kinship. 21.1 For we are not acting foolishly, men of Greece, nor do we report nonsense, when we announce that God has come to be in the form of a man. You who revile us, compare your myths with our narratives. Athena, as they say, was Deiphobus because of Hector, and for Admetus' sake, __P_h_o_e_b_u_s_ _o_f_ _t_h_e_ _u_n_s_h_o_r_n_ _h_a_i_r_ _h_e_r_d_e_d_ _t_h_e_ _t_r_a_i_l_i_n_g_-_f_o_o_t_e_d_ _c_a_t_t_l_e_, and the wife of Zeus comes to Semele as an old woman. So when you practice such things, how can you laugh at us? Your Asclepius is dead, and he who deflowered the fifty virgins of Thespiae in one night is gone, having given himself as food for the fire. Prometheus, fastened to Caucasus, endured punishment for his good deed to men. According to you, Zeus is envious and hides *** the dream, wishing for men 21.2 to perish. Therefore, having looked at your own *** memorabilia, receive us at least as telling myths in a similar way. And we, for our part, do not talk nonsense, but your tales are trifles. If you speak of a birth of gods, you will also show them to be mortal. For why does Hera not conceive now? Has she either grown old, or is she at a loss for someone to announce it to you? Be persuaded by me now, O men of Greece, and do not allegorize either your myths or your gods; for if you should attempt to do this, the divinity according to you is destroyed both by us and by you. For either the spirits among you, being such as they are said to be, are worthless in character, or, being transferred to a more physical sense, they are not such as they are said to be. 21.3 But to worship the substance of the elements I would neither be persuaded, nor could I persuade my neighbor. And Metrodorus of Lampsacus, in his work *On Homer*, has discoursed very foolishly, reducing everything to allegory. For he says that neither Hera nor Athena nor Zeus is what those who have established precincts and sacred enclosures for them believe, but substances of nature and arrangements of elements. And you will say, of course, that Hector and Achilles and Agamemnon and all the Greeks and barbarians without exception, along with Helen and Paris, belonging to the same nature, have been introduced for the sake of a plot, none of the aforesaid men actually existing. But we have proposed these things as if on a hypothesis; 21.4 for it is not holy even to compare our conception of God with those who are wallowing in matter and mire. 22.1 For what sort of things are your teachings? Who would not mock your public festivals, which, being performed on the pretext of wicked demons, turn men to infamy? I have often seen someone, and having seen I marveled, and after marveling I despised how inwardly he is one thing, but outwardly he falsifies what he is not, the one who acts very effeminately and is contorted in every way, and now flashes with his eyes, and now twists his two hands, and through a clay mask acts possessed, and sometimes becomes like Aphrodite, and sometimes like Apollo, one accuser of all the gods, an epitome of superstition, a slanderer of heroic deeds, a player of murders, a recorder of adultery, a treasury of madness, an instructor of catamites, a cause for those being condemned 22.2 and such a one is praised by all. But I have renounced him, who falsifies everything, both his atheism and his practices and the man himself. But you are led astray by these and those who do not

φέγγος τοῖς ἐντεῦθεν ἀνθρώποις ἀπρόσιτον. οἱ μὲν οὖν τὰς γεωγραφίας ἐκπονέσαντες, μέχρις ἦν δυνατὸν ἀνθρώπῳ, τῶν χωρίων· τὴν ἀναγραφὴν ἐποιήσαντο, τὰ δ' ἐπέκεινα λέγειν οὐκ ἔχοντες διὰ τὸ ἀδύνατον τῆς θεωρίας ἀμπώτεις ᾐτιάσαντο καὶ θαλασσῶν τὴν μὲν πρασώδη, τὴν δὲ πηλώδη, τόπων δὲ τῶν μὲν τὸ ἔκπυρον, τῶν δὲ τὸ ψυχρὸν καὶ διαπεπηγός. ἡμεῖς δὲ τὰ ὑφ' ἡμῶν ἀγνοούμενα διὰ προφητῶν μεμαθήκαμεν, οἵτινες ἅμα τῇ ψυχῇ πεπεισμένοι ὅτι πνεῦμα τὸ 20.3 οὐράνιον ἐπένδυμα τῆς θνητότητος τὴν ἀθανασίαν κεκτήσεται τὰ ὅσα μὴ ἐγίνωσκον αἱ λοιπαὶ ψυχαί, προὔλεγον. δυνατὸν δὲ παντὶ γυμνητεύοντι κτήσασθαι τὸ ἐπικόσμημα καὶ πρὸς τὴν συγγένειαν τὴν ἀρχαίαν ἀναδραμεῖν. 21.1 Οὐ γὰρ μωραίνομεν, ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, οὐδὲ λήρους ἀπαγγέλλομεν, θεὸν ἐν ἀνθρώπου μορφῇ γεγονέναι καταγγέλλοντες. οἱ λοιδοροῦντες ἡμᾶς συγκρίνατε τοὺς μύθους ὑμῶν τοῖς ἡμετέροις διηγήμασιν. ∆ηίφοβος, ὥς φασιν, ἦν ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ διὰ τὸν Ἕκτορα, καὶ χάριν Ἀδμήτου __Φ_ο_ῖ_β_ο_ς ὁ _ἀ_κ_ε_ρ_σ_ε_κ_ό_μ_η_ς τὰς _ε_ἰ_λ_ί_π_ο_δ_α_ς_ _β_ο_ῦ_ς ἐποίμαινε, καὶ πρεσβῦτις ἀφικνεῖται πρὸς τὴν Σεμέλην ἡ τοῦ ∆ιὸς γαμετή. τοιαῦτα δὲ μελετῶντες πῶς ἡμᾶς διαγελᾶτε; τέθνηκεν ὑμῶν ὁ Ἀσκληπιός, καὶ ὁ τὰς πεντήκοντα παρθένους μιᾷ νυκτὶ Θεσπιᾶσι διακορεύσας πυρὸς ἑαυτὸν παραδοὺς βορᾷ οἴχεται. Προμηθεὺς τῷ Καυκάσῳ προσαρτηθεὶς τιμωρίαν χάριν τῆς εἰς ἀνθρώπους εὐεργεσίας ὑπήνεγκε. φθονερὸς ὁ Ζεὺς καθ' ὑμᾶς καὶ κρύπτει *** τὸν ὄνειρον τοὺς ἀνθρώπους βουλόμενος 21.2 ἀπόλλυσθαι. διόπερ ἀποβλέψαντες πρὸς τὰ οἰκεῖα *** ἀπομνημονεύματα κἂν ὡς ὁμοίως μυθολογοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἀποδέξασθε. καὶ ἡμεῖς μὲν οὐκ ἀφραίνομεν, φλήναφα δὲ τὰ ὑμέτερα. γένεσιν ἂν λέγητε θεῶν, καὶ θνητοὺς αὐτοὺς ἀποφανεῖσθε. διὰ τί γὰρ οὐ κυεῖ νῦν ἡ Ἥρα; πότερον γεγήρακεν ἢ τοῦ μηνύσοντος ὑμῖν ἀπορεῖ; πείσθητέ μοι νῦν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἕλληνες, μηδὲ τοὺς μύθους μηδὲ τοὺς θεοὺς ὑμῶν ἀλληγορήσητε· κἂν γὰρ τοῦτο πράττειν ἐπιχειρήσητε, θεότης ἡ καθ' ὑμᾶς ἀνῄρηται καὶ ὑφ' ἡμῶν καὶ ὑφ' ὑμῶν. ἢ γὰρ τοιοῦτοι παρ' ὑμῖν ὄντες οἱ δαίμονες ὁποῖοι καὶ λέγονται, φαῦλοι τὸν τρόπον εἰσίν, ἢ μεταγόμενοι πρὸς τὸ φυσικώτερον οὔκ εἰσιν οἷοι καὶ λέγονται. 21.3 σέβειν δὲ τῶν στοιχείων τὴν ὑπόστασιν οὔτ' ἂν πεισθείην οὔτ' ἂν πείσαιμι τὸν πλησίον. καὶ Μητρόδωρος δὲ ὁ Λαμψακηνὸς ἐν τῷ Περὶ Ὁμήρου λίαν εὐήθως διείλεκται, πάντα εἰς ἀλληγορίαν μετάγων. οὔτε γὰρ Ἥραν οὔτε Ἀθηνᾶν οὔτε ∆ία τοῦτ' εἶναί φησιν ὅπερ οἱ τοὺς περιβόλους αὐτοῖς καὶ τεμένη καθιδρύσαντες νομίζουσιν, φύσεως δὲ ὑποστάσεις καὶ στοιχείων διακοσμήσεις. καὶ τὸν Ἕκτορα δὲ καὶ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα δηλαδὴ καὶ τὸν Ἀγαμέμνονα καὶ πάντας ἁπαξαπλῶς Ἕλληνάς τε καὶ βαρβάρους σὺν τῇ Ἑλένῃ καὶ τῷ Πάριδι τῆς αὐτῆς φύσεως ὑπάρχοντας χάριν οἰκονομίας ἐρεῖτε παρεισῆχθαι οὐδενὸς ὄντος τῶν προειρημένων ἀνθρώπων. ταῦτα δὲ ἡμεῖς προετείναμεν ὥσπερ ἐπὶ ὑποθέσεως· 21.4 τὴν γὰρ ἡμετέραν περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ κατάληψιν οὐδὲ συγκρίνειν ὅσιον τοῖς εἰς ὕλην καὶ βόρβορον κυλινδουμένοις. 22.1 Οἷα γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ διδάγματα; τίς οὐκ ἂν χλευάσειε τὰς δημοτελεῖς ὑμῶν πανηγύρεις, αἳ προφάσει πονηρῶν ἐπιτελούμεναι δαιμόνων εἰς ἀδοξίαν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους περιτρέπουσιν; εἶδόν τινα πολλάκις, καὶ ἰδὼν ἐθαύμασα καὶ μετὰ τὸ θαυμάσαι κατεφρόνησα πῶς ἔσωθεν μέν ἐστιν ἄλλος, ἔξωθεν δὲ ὅπερ οὐκ ἔστι ψεύδεται, τὸν ἁβρυνόμενον σφόδρα καὶ παντοίως διακλώμενον καὶ τοῦτο μὲν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς μαρμαρύσσοντα, τοῦτο δὲ καὶ τὼ χεῖρε λυγιζόμενον καὶ διὰ πηλίνης ὄψεως δαιμονῶντα καὶ ποτὲ μὲν ὡς Ἀφροδίτην, ποτὲ δὲ ὡς Ἀπόλλωνα γινόμενον, ἕνα κατήγορον πάντων τῶν θεῶν, δεισιδαιμονίας ἐπιτομήν, διάβολον ἡρωϊκῶν πράξεων, φόνων ὑποκριτήν, μοιχείας ὑπομνηματιστήν, θησαυρὸν μανίας, κιναίδων παιδευτήν, καταδικαζομένων ἀφορμὴν 22.2 καὶ τὸν τοιοῦτον ὑπὸ πάντων ἐπαινούμενον. ἐγὼ δὲ αὐτὸν παρῃτησάμην πάντα ψευδόμενον καὶ τὴν ἀθεότητα καὶ τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα καὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον. ὑμεῖς δὲ ὑπὸ τούτων συλαγωγεῖσθε καὶ τοὺς μὴ