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1.7.16 So much for the aforementioned author, who did not even mention the name of God in his cosmogony, but introduced a certain chance and automatic ordering of the universe. With him you would find in agreement most of the philosophers among the Greeks, whose opinions concerning first principles and whose dissensions and disagreements with one another, arising from conjecture and not from apprehension, I shall for the present set forth for you from Plutarch’s *Stromata*. But you, not in passing, but at leisure and with reason, observe the dissension of those mentioned with one another. 1.8.1 7. HOW MUCH THE NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS DISAGREED CONCERNING FIRST PRINCIPLES; [OPINIONS OF THE PHILOSOPHERS CONCERNING THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNIVERSE;] AND HOW

WE HAVE DEPARTED FROM THESE WITH JUDGMENT “They say that Thales was the first of all to posit water as the first principle of all things; for from it all things come to be and into it they pass away. 1.8.2 After him Anaximander, who was a companion of Thales, said that the infinite has the entire cause of the generation and destruction of the universe, from which he says both the heavens have been separated off and in general all the worlds, being infinite. He declared that destruction occurs, and much earlier generation, as they all complete their cycles from an infinite age. He says that the earth is cylindrical in shape, and has a depth that is a third of its breadth. He says that at the generation of this cosmos, the germ of hot and cold was separated from the eternal, and from this a sphere of flame grew around the air surrounding the earth like bark on a tree; and when this was broken off and enclosed in certain circles, the sun and the moon and the stars came into being. He further says that in the beginning man was born from animals of another species, because other animals quickly find food for themselves, but man alone requires prolonged nursing; for which reason he would not have survived in the beginning if he had been like that. So much for Anaximander. 1.8.3 But they say Anaximenes said air is the first principle of all things, and that this is infinite in its kind, but defined in its qualities; and that all things are generated by a certain condensation of this, and again by rarefaction. And that motion has existed from eternity; and when the air is condensed he says the earth was first formed, being very flat; for which reason it is reasonably supported by the air; and that the sun and the moon and the other stars have the beginning of their generation from the earth. At any rate, he declares the sun to be earth, but that through its swift motion it has received very sufficient heat [motion]. 1.8.4 But Xenophanes of Colophon, having followed a certain path of his own that was different from all those mentioned before, admits of neither generation nor destruction, but says that the all is always the same. For if it came to be, he says, it is necessary that before this it was not; but that which is not could not come to be, nor could that which is not make anything, nor could anything come to be from that which is not. He also declares that the senses are false, and in general along with them he disparages reason itself. He also declares that the earth is continually being carried down by time and little by little sinks into the sea. He also says that the sun is gathered from small and numerous sparks. He also declares concerning the gods that there is no rule among them; for it is not holy for any of the gods to be ruled; and that none of them is in need of anything at all; and that they hear and see as a whole and not in part. He also declares that the earth is infinite and is not contained by air on every side; and that all things are generated from earth, but he says the sun and the other stars are generated from the clouds. 1.8.5 But Parmenides of Elea, a companion of Xenophanes, at the same time both and

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1.7.16 Τοσαῦτα μὲν ὁ δηλωθεὶς συγγραφεύς, οὐδὲ μέχρις ὀνόματος τοῦ θεοῦ μνημονεύσας ἐν τῇ κοσμογονίᾳ, συντυχικὴν δέ τινα καὶ αὐτόματον εἰσηγησάμενος τὴν τοῦ παντὸς διακόσμησιν. τούτῳ δ' ἂν εὕροις συμφώνους καὶ τοὺς πλείστους τῶν παρ' Ἕλλησι φιλοσόφων, ὧν ἐγώ σοι τὰς περὶ ἀρχῶν δόξας καὶ τὰς πρὸς ἀλλήλους διαστάσεις καὶ διαφωνίας, ἐκ στοχασμῶν, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀπὸ καταλήψεως ὁρμηθείσας, ἀπὸ τῶν Πλουτάρχου Στρωματέων ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἐκθήσομαι. σὺ δὲ μὴ παρέργως, σχολῇ δὲ καὶ μετὰ λογισμοῦ θέα τῶν δηλουμένων τὴν πρὸς ἀλλήλους διάστασιν. 1.8.1 ζʹ. ΟΣΑ ΤΟΙΣ ΦΥΣΙΚΟΙΣ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΟΙΣ ΠΕΡΙ ΑΡΧΩΝ ∆ΙΑΠΕΦΩΝΗΤΑΙ· [∆ΟΞΑΙ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΩΝ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΗΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΝΤΟΣ ΣΥΣΤΑΣΕΩΣ·] ΚΑΙ ΩΣ

ΤΟΥΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑ ΚΡΙΣΕΩΣ ΑΠΕΣΤΗΜΕΝ «Θάλητα πρῶτον πάντων φασὶν ἀρχὴν τῶν ὅλων ὑποστήσασθαι τὸ ὕδωρ· ἐξ αὐτοῦ γὰρ εἶναι τὰ πάντα καὶ εἰς αὐτὸ χωρεῖν. 1.8.2 Μεθ' ὃν Ἀναξίμανδρον, Θάλητος ἑταῖρον γενόμενον, τὸ ἄπειρον φάναι τὴν πᾶσαν αἰτίαν ἔχειν τῆς τοῦ παντὸς γενέσεώς τε καὶ φθορᾶς, ἐξ οὗ δή φησι τούς τε οὐρανοὺς ἀποκεκρίσθαι καὶ καθόλου τοὺς ἅπαντας ἀπείρους ὄντας κόσμους. ἀπεφήνατο δὲ τὴν φθορὰν γίνεσθαι, καὶ πολὺ πρότερον τὴν γένεσιν, ἐξ ἀπείρου αἰῶνος ἀνακυκλουμένων πάντων αὐτῶν. ὑπάρχειν δέ φησι τῷ μὲν σχήματι τὴν γῆν κυλινδροειδῆ, ἔχειν δὲ τοσοῦτον βάθος ὅσον ἂν εἴη τρίτον πρὸς τὸ πλάτος. φησὶ δὲ τὸ ἐκ τοῦ ἀϊδίου γόνιμον θερμοῦ τε καὶ ψυχροῦ κατὰ τὴν γένεσιν τοῦδε τοῦ κόσμου ἀποκριθῆναι καί τινα ἐκ τούτου φλογὸς σφαῖραν περιφυῆναι τῷ περὶ τὴν γῆν ἀέρι ὡς τῷ δένδρῳ φλοιόν· ἧστινος ἀπορραγείσης καὶ εἴς τινας ἀποκλεισθείσης κύκλους ὑποστῆναι τὸν ἥλιον καὶ τὴν σελήνην καὶ τοὺς ἀστέρας. ἔτι φησὶν ὅτι κατ' ἀρχὰς ἐξ ἀλλοειδῶν ζῴων ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐγεννήθη ἐκ τοῦ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα δι' ἑαυτῶν ταχὺ νέμεσθαι, μόνον δὲ τὸν ἄνθρωπον πολυχρονίου δεῖσθαι τιθηνήσεως· διὸ καὶ κατ' ἀρχὰς οὐκ ἄν ποτε τοιοῦτον ὄντα διασωθῆναι. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ὁ Ἀναξίμανδρος. 1.8.3 Ἀναξιμένην δέ φασι τὴν τῶν ὅλων ἀρχὴν τὸν ἀέρα εἰπεῖν καὶ τοῦτον εἶναι τῷ μὲν γένει ἄπειρον, ταῖς δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν ποιότησιν ὡρισμένον· γεννᾶσθαί τε πάντα κατά τινα πύκνωσιν τούτου καὶ πάλιν ἀραίωσιν. τήν γε μὴν κίνησιν ἐξ αἰῶνος ὑπάρχειν· πιλουμένου δὲ τοῦ ἀέρος πρώτην γεγενῆσθαι λέγει τὴν γῆν, πλατεῖαν μάλα· διὸ καὶ κατὰ λόγον αὐτὴν ἐποχεῖσθαι τῷ ἀέρι· καὶ τὸν ἥλιον καὶ τὴν σελήνην καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἄστρα τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς γενέσεως ἔχειν ἐκ γῆς. ἀποφαίνεται γοῦν τὸν ἥλιον γῆν, διὰ δὲ τὴν ὀξεῖαν κίνησιν καὶ μάλ' ἱκανῶς θερμότητα [κίνησιν] λαβεῖν. 1.8.4 Ξενοφάνης δὲ ὁ Κολοφώνιος, ἰδίαν τινὰ ὁδὸν πεπορευμένος καὶ παρηλλαχυῖαν πάντας τοὺς προειρημένους, οὔτε γένεσιν οὔτε φθορὰν ἀπολείπει, ἀλλ' εἶναι λέγει τὸ πᾶν ἀεὶ ὅμοιον. εἰ γὰρ γίγνοιτο τοῦτο, φησίν, ἀναγκαῖον πρὸ τούτου μὴ εἶναι· τὸ μὴ ὂν δὲ οὐκ ἂν γένοιτο οὐδ' ἂν τὸ μὴ ὂν ποιήσαι τι οὔτε ὑπὸ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος γένοιτ' ἄν τι. ἀποφαίνεται δὲ καὶ τὰς αἰσθήσεις ψευδεῖς καὶ καθόλου σὺν αὐταῖς καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν λόγον διαβάλλει. ἀποφαίνεται δὲ καὶ τῷ χρόνῳ καταφερομένην συνεχῶς καὶ κατ' ὀλίγον τὴν γῆν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν χωρεῖν. φησὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν ἥλιον ἐκ μικρῶν καὶ πλειόνων πυρίων ἀθροίζεσθαι. ἀποφαίνεται δὲ καὶ περὶ θεῶν ὡς οὐδεμιᾶς ἡγεμονίας ἐν αὐτοῖς οὔσης· οὐ γὰρ ὅσιον δεσπόζεσθαί τινα τῶν θεῶν· ἐπιδεῖσθαί τε μηδενὸς αὐτῶν μηδένα μηδ' ὅλως· ἀκούειν δὲ καὶ ὁρᾶν καθόλου καὶ μὴ κατὰ μέρος. ἀποφαίνεται δὲ καὶ τὴν γῆν ἄπειρον εἶναι καὶ κατὰ πᾶν μέρος μὴ περιέχεσθαι ὑπὸ ἀέρος· γίνεσθαι δὲ ἅπαντα ἐκ γῆς, τὸν δὲ ἥλιόν φησι καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἄστρα ἐκ τῶν νεφῶν γίνεσθαι. 1.8.5 Παρμενίδης δὲ ὁ Ἐλεάτης, ἑταῖρος Ξενοφάνους, ἅμα μὲν καὶ