Hōra, the season and of those from 211 it Hōros, the time. ripe. Hōra, beauty. and of those from it. beautiful. I beautify. Hōrakizō, to be pale. and hōrakiō, the same. Hōrikos ox, the beautiful. and of those from Hōra, care. Hōrō, to guard. watch-house. Hōde, instead of in such a manner. And Hōdi, the same. it is added in words of more than one syllable because of the ᾧ, instead of ᾧτινι, a postpositive article of the dative case of the singulars. and ᾧ, to his own. ὧν, instead of ὧντινων, for the genitive of the plurals. and ὧν, of their own. But the Ὢ, an adverb of complaint, and ὦ of the vocative, and ὦ a subjunctive verb, instead of I exist. and ὢν, the one who exists, is unaspirated. {1Universal rules concerning breathings.}1 Every vowel ending in R, when a rough consonant follows, is unaspirated. for example ἀρχή. ἔρχομαι. ὀρφανός. ὀρθός. and the like. wherefore also the Aeolians, as has been said, do not aspirate ρχας. Every vowel before a rough consonant is unaspirated. ὄφις. ἔθνος. ἔφεσις. ἴχνος. ἦχος. ἦθος. except for ἁφή. whence also Hephaestus, the fire, allegorically, from burning by touch. But Ἧχι, instead of where, is by extension of the syllable χι.

CONCERNING EXISTENTIAL VERBS.

1 The existential verbs are unaspirated. for example Εἰμὶ, to exist. Ἦν, instead of

he existed, third person. and Ἦν, instead of I existed. as that in Euripides, "And I was the youngest of Priam's sons." And Polydorus says this about himself. Εἴην, instead of I might exist, optative, if ὦ is subjunctive, and all the persons of this and the participles, ὢν, οὖσα, ὄν.

CONCERNING ARTICLES.

1 Every prepositive, or postpositive, article, beginning with a vowel,

is aspirated. prepositive, for example, ὁ, οἱ, ἡ, αἱ, and postpositive ὃς, instead of ὅστις. οὗ, ᾧ, ὧν. duals, ὣ, οἷν. plurals, οἳ, ὧν, οἷς, οὕς, feminines, ἣ, instead of ἥτις. ἧς, ᾗ, ἥν. duals, ἃ, αἷν. plurals, αἳ, ὧν, αἷς, ἅς. neuters, ὃ, οὖ, ᾧ, ὅ. duals, ὣ, οἷν. plurals, ἃ, ὧν, οἷς, ἅ. But the unaspirated ὦ of the vocative 212 is in many ways proven not to be an article, but a vocative adverb. First, because every article beginning with a vowel must be aspirated; but this is unaspirated. Second, because every prepositive article takes either a breathing or an accent; but this takes both. Third, because every article must differ in the three genders and in the three numbers; in the three genders, for example ὁ αἴας, ἡ μοῦσα, τὸ βῆμα; and in the three numbers, for example ὁ αἴας, τὼ αἴαντε, οἱ αἴαντες, ἡ μοῦσα, τὰ μούσα, αἱ μοῦσαι, τὸ βῆμα, τὼ βήματε, τὰ βήματα; but this does not differ, neither in the three genders, nor in the three numbers. Fourth, because every article must be of the first person or the third, not of the second; but this is of the second person. Fifth, because every article must signify a clear and manifest number. Sixth, because it does not keep the rule that says, every vocative must have the same length as its own nominative, or less, but never more; for this is longer than its own nominative.

CONCERNING PRONOUNS.

Ὥρα, ὁ καιρὸς καὶ τῶν παρ' 211 αὐτοῦ Ὧρος, ὁ χρόνος. ὥριμος. Ὥρα, ἡ εὐμορφία. καὶ τῶν ἐξ αὐτοῦ. ὡραῖος. ὡραΐζω. Ὡρακίζω, τὸ ὠχριῶ. καὶ ὡρακίω, τὸ αὐτό. Ὡρικὸς βοῦς, ὁ ὡραῖος. καὶ τῶν παρὰ τὸ Ὥρα, ἡ φροντίς. Ὡρῶ, τὸ φυλάσσω. ὡρεῖον. Ὧδε, ἀντὶ τοῦ κατὰ τοιοῦτον τὸν τρόπον. καὶ Ὡδὶ, τὸ αὐτό. πρόσκειται ἐν ταῖς ὑπὲρ μίαν συλλαβὴν λέξεσι διὰ τὸ ᾧ, ἀντὶ τοῦ ᾧτινι, ὑποτακτικὸν ἄρθρον πτώσεως δοτικῆς τῶν ἑνικῶν. καὶ ᾧ, τῷ ἰδίῳ. ὧν, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὧντινων, ἐπὶ γενικῆς τῶν πληθυν τικῶν. καὶ ὧν, τῶν ἰδίων. τὸ μέντοι Ὢ, σχετλιαστικὸν ἐπίῤ ῥημα, καὶ ὦ τῆς κλητικῆς, καὶ ὦ ῥῆμα ὑποτακτικὸν, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὑπάρχω. καὶ ὢν, ὁ ὑπάρχων, ψιλοῦται. {1Καθολικοὶ κανόνες περὶ πνευμάτων.}1 Πᾶν φωνῆεν εἰς Ρ λῆγον, ἐπιφερομένου συμφώνου δασέος, ψιλοῦται. οἷον ἀρχή. ἔρχομαι. ὀρφανός. ὀρθός. καὶ τὰ ὅμοια. διὸ καὶ οἱ Αἰολεῖς, ὡς εἴρηται, τὸ ρχας ψιλοῦσιν. Πᾶν φωνῆεν πρὸ δασέος ψιλοῦται. ὄφις. ἔθνος. ἔφεσις. ἴχνος. ἦχος. ἦθος. πλὴν τοῦ ἁφή. ὅθεν καὶ Ἥφαιστος, τὸ πὺρ, ἀλληγορικῶς, ἀπὸ τοῦ τὴν ἁφὴν αἴθειν. τὸ δὲ Ἧχι, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὅπου, κατ' ἐπέκτασίν ἐστι τῆς χι συλλαβῆς.

ΠΕΡΙ ΥΠΑΡΚΤΙΚΩΝ ΡΗΜΑΤΩΝ.

1 Τὰ ὑπαρκτικὰ ῥήματα ψιλοῦνται. οἷον Εἰμὶ, τὸ ὑπάρχω. Ἦν, ἀντὶ τοῦ

ὑπῆρχε, τρίτον πρόσωπον. καὶ Ἦν, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὑπῆρχον ἐγώ. ὡς τὸ παρ' Εὐριπίδῃ, Νεώτατος δ' ἦν Πριαμιδῶν. λέγει δὲ περὶ ἑαυτοῦ τοῦτο ὁ Πολύδωρος. Εἴην, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὑπάρχοιμι, εὐκτικὸν, ἐὰν ὦ ὑποτακτικὸν, καὶ πάντα τὰ πρόσωπα τούτου καὶ αἱ μετοχαὶ, ὢν, οὖσα, ὄν.

ΠΕΡΙ ΑΡΘΡΩΝ.

1 Πᾶν ἄρθρον προτακτικὸν, ἢ ὑποτακτικὸν, ἀπὸ φω νήεντος ἀρχόμενον,

δασύνεται. προτακτικὸν μὲν, οἷον, ὁ, οἱ, ἡ, αἱ, ὑποτακτικὸν δὲ ὃς, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὅστις. οὗ, ᾧ, ὧν. δυϊκὰ, ὣ, οἷν. πληθυντικὰ, οἳ, ὧν, οἷς, οὕς, θηλυκὰ, ἣ, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἥτις. ἧς, ᾗ, ἥν. δυϊκὰ, ἃ, αἷν. πληθυντικὰ, αἳ, ὧν, αἷς, ἅς. οὐδέτερα, ὃ, οὖ, ᾧ, ὅ. δυϊκὰ, ὣ, οἷν. πλη θυντικὰ, ἃ, ὧν, οἷς, ἅ. τὸ δὲ ὦ τῆς κλητικῆς ψιλούμενον 212 πολλαχῶς ἐλέγχεται μὴ εἶναι ἄρθρον, ἀλλὰ κλητικὸν ἐπίῤ ῥημα. πρῶτον μὲν, ὅτι πᾶν ἄρθρον ἀπὸ φωνήεντος ἀρχό μενον δασύνεσθαι θέλει· τοῦτο δὲ ψιλοῦται. δεύτερον, ὅτι πᾶν ἄρθρον προτακτικὸν ἢ πνεῦμα ἢ τόνον ἐπιδέχεται· τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἀμφότερα. τρίτον, ὅτι πᾶν ἄρθρον διαλλάτ τειν θέλει ἐν τοῖς τρισὶ γένεσι καὶ ἐν τοῖς τρισὶν ἀριθμοῖς· ἐν μέντοι τρισὶ γένεσιν, οἷον ὁ αἴας, ἡ μοῦσα, τὸ βῆμα· ἐν δὲ τοῖς τρισὶν ἀριθμοῖς, οἷον ὁ αἴας, τὼ αἴαντε, οἱ αἴαντες, ἡ μοῦσα, τὰ μούσα, αἱ μοῦσαι, τὸ βῆμα, τὼ βήματε, τὰ βήματα· τοῦτο δὲ οὐ διαλλάσσουσιν, οὔτε ἐν τοῖς τρισὶ γένεσι, οὔτε ἐν τοῖς τρισὶν ἀριθμοῖς. τέταρτον, ὅτι πᾶν ἄρθρον πρώτου προσώπου θέλει εἶναι ἢ τρίτου, οὐχὶ δευτέρου· τοῦτο δὲ δευτέρου προσώπου ἐστί. πέμπτον, ὅτι πᾶν ἄρθρον φανερὸν θέλει σημαίνειν καὶ πρόδηλον ἀριθμόν. ἕκτον, ὅτι οὐ φυλάττει τὸν κανόνα τὸν λέγοντα, πᾶσα κλητικὴ τὸν ἴσον χρόνον θέλει ἔχειν τῆς ἰδίας εὐ θείας, ἢ ἐλάττονα, οὐδέποτε δὲ μείζονα· τοῦτο γὰρ μεῖζον ἐστὶ τῆς ἰδίας εὐθείας.

ΠΕΡΙ ΑΝΤΩΝΥΜΙΩΝ.