For to know certain people from their actions and words is possible even for a mere man. But Jesus, not being a mere man, but God become man, knows all things, the
secret of the mind. 〚For it is said of God alone, "The knower of secrets and who knows all things before their coming into being."〛 And since Jesus, being God, knows the secret of the heart, he does not need to receive testimony from man, knowing what is in man. For it is not said simply to know man, but what is in man. And since he knew they were not abiding in the faith they had in his name, he did not entrust himself to them. For they had believed from signs, but not from an understanding of God. Therefore they could also quickly change their minds, being deceived by themselves or by others misleading them that the signs were not truly or not rightly done. But the one who believes in him, having his conception from God, is not easily deceived. 34 Among the many who have believed in the name of Jesus must also be placed Nicodemus, being one of the Pharisees and a ruler of the Jews. Indeed, he thought Jesus was a teacher who had God with him, but not that he was God, as his own words indicate, saying, "You have come from God as a teacher," and as if adding truth to his knowledge about the teacher, he says next: "For no one can do these signs that you work, unless God is with him." Hence the evangelist accordingly recorded his approach as happening at night, since he came at such a time in which he was likely to escape the notice of the many Pharisees of whom he was one. Or rather, which is undeniable, he came by night for this reason, because having an ignorance concerning the God to whom he was coming, he was not yet enlightened. For the sun of righteousness had not yet risen for him, the maker of the intelligible day, for which Abraham also, having conceived a desire, was prepared to see it, and having seen it, he rejoiced. The Pharisees are men pursuing the prominent order and sect in Judaism, professing a rigorous life and precision in the law and the prophets. For which reason they are generally bold and arrogant. From which they also got this name. For Phares among the Hebrews means "The one separated." Therefore, since these men also separate themselves from every nation of the Jews, as excelling in thought and life, they wish to be called from Phares. 35 "From above" sometimes means "from the things above" and "from on high," as in "He who comes from above is above all," and sometimes "again," as in "To which you wish to be enslaved again", that is, "again." But the birth from above, about which the Savior teaches, comes from the taking up of virtue and the keeping of his commandments. For he says to the disciples: "Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may become sons of your Father who is in heaven." But even if Nicodemus answered what was said incorrectly, nevertheless what was spoken by him has something true, even if he himself did not understand it. For truly no one remaining in being a man so as to grow old in the human condition is able to receive the birth according to the spirit and from above. For just as no one remaining unjust and unbelieving can be born according to righteousness and faith, so no one remaining in human things and growing old in them is able to receive the renewing birth. Whence the teacher of truth writes to those who are eager to come to the divine birth to put off the old man with his deeds, so that having cast this off, they may put on the new "man created according to God in righteousness," which will be followed by, as one born from above, walking in newness of life. Exhorting to this birth, Jesus said to his disciples: "Unless you turn and become like children, you will not enter the kingdom of heaven." Pay attention also to the precision of this. Children do not defend themselves against those who have wronged them, not
τὸ γὰρ ἐκ πράξεων καὶ λόγων ἐπίστασθαί τινας καὶ ἀνθρώπῳ ψιλῷ δυνατόν. ἀλλ' Ἰησοῦς, οὐ ψιλὸς ἄνθρωπος ὤν, ἀλλὰ θεὸς γενόμενος ἄνθρωπος, πάντα οἶδεν, τὸ
κρυπτὸν καταλαμβάνων τοῦ νοῦ. 〚περὶ μόνου γὰρ θεοῦ λέγεται τὸ «Ὁ τῶν κρυπτῶν γνώστης καὶ εἰδὼς πάντα πρὶν γενέ «σεως αὐτῶν».〛 καὶ ἐπεὶ Ἰησοῦς, θεὸς ὤν, τῆς καρδίας τὸ κρυπτὸν ἐπίσταται, οὐ χρῄζει παρ' ἀνθρώπου μαρτυρίαν λαβεῖν, ἐπιστάμενος τί ἐστιν ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ. οὐ γὰρ εἴρηται γινώσκειν τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ τί ἐστιν ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ. καὶ ἐπεὶ ἐγίνωσκεν μὴ ἐμ μένοντας αὐτοὺς ἐν ᾗ εἶχον εἰς τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ πίστιν, οὐκ ἐπί στευσεν ἑαυτὸν αὐτοῖς. ἐκ σημείων γάρ, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐκ νοήσεως τῆς περὶ θεοῦ ἐπεπιστεύκεισαν. διὸ καὶ ταχέως μεταπίπτειν ἠδύναντο ἀπατηθησόμενοι παρ' ἑαυτῶν ἢ παρ' ἑτέρων σοφιζομένων αὐτοὺς μὴ ἄρα τὰ σημεῖα οὐκ ἀληθῶς ἢ οὐκ ὀρθῶς γέγονεν. ἀλλ' οὐκ εὐεξαπάτητος ὁ πιστεύων εἰς αὐτὸν παρὰ θεοῦ διάληψιν ἔχων. 34 Ἐν τοῖς πολλοῖς τοῖς πεπιστευκόσιν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ τακτέον καὶ τὸν Νικόδημον, ἕνα τῶν Φαρισαίων ὄντα καὶ ἄρχοντα τῶν Ἰουδαίων ὑπάρχοντα. ἀμέλει γοῦν διδάσκαλον εἶναι Ἰησοῦν ἔχοντα θεὸν μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλ' οὐ θεὸν εἶναι ἐνόμιζεν, ὡς αἱ αὐτοῦ λέξεις σημαίνουσιν, εἰπόντος ὅτι «Ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἐλήλυθας διδάσκαλος», καὶ ὥσπερ ἀλήθειαν ἐπιφέρων τῆς γνώσεως τῆς περὶ διδασκάλου ἑξῆς λέγει· «Οὐδεὶς γὰρ δύναται τὰ σημεῖα ταῦτα ποιεῖν ἃ σὺ ἐργάζῃ, «ἐὰν μὴ ᾖ ὁ θεὸς μετ' αὐτοῦ». ὅθεν τὴν πρόσοδον αὐτοῦ νυκτὸς γενομένην ἀκολούθως ἀνέγραψεν ὁ εὐαγγελιστής, προσελθόντος ἐν τοιούτῳ καιρῷ ἐν ᾧ λήσειν ἔμελλε τοὺς πολλοὺς Φαρισαίους ὧν εἷς ὑπῆρχε. μᾶλλον δ', ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀναντίρρητον, διὰ τοῦτο νυκτὸς προσελήλυθεν, ἐπείπερ ἄγνοιαν ἔχων τὴν περὶ θεοῦ ᾧ προσήρχετο οὔπω πεφώτιστο. οὐ γὰρ ἀνατετάλκει αὐτῷ ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἥλιος, ὁ ποιητικὸς τῆς νοητῆς ἡμέρας, ἧς καὶ ὁ Ἀβραὰμ ἔρωτα λαβὼν παρεσκεύαστο πρὸς τὸ ἰδεῖν αὐτήν, καὶ θεασάμενος ἐχάρη. Φαρισαῖοι δὲ ἄνθρωποί εἰσι τὴν προύχουσαν ἐν Ἰουδαϊσμῷ τάξιν καὶ αἵρεσιν μετερχόμενοι, εὔτονον βίον ἐπαγγελλόμενοι καὶ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν ἀκρίβειαν. διὸ καὶ ὡς ἐπίπαν θρασεῖς εἰσὶ καὶ ὑπερήφανοι. ὅθεν καὶ ταύτην ἔσχον τὴν ὀνομασίαν. Φαρὲς γὰρ παρ' Ἑβραίοις «Ὁ διῃρημένος». ἐπεὶ οὖν καὶ οὗτοι διαιροῦσιν ἑαυτοὺς ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔθνους τῶν Ἰουδαίων, ὡς ὑπερβάλλοντες φρονήσει καὶ βίῳ, ἀπὸ τοῦ Φαρὲς θέλουσι χρηματίζειν. 35 Τὸ «Ἄνωθεν» ὁτὲ μὲν «ἐκ τῶν ἄνω» καὶ «ὕψωθεν», ὡς τὸ «Ὁ «ἄνωθεν ἐρχόμενος ἐπάνω πάντων ἐστίν», ὁτὲ δὲ τὸ «αὖθις», ὡς ἐν τῷ «Οἷς ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε», τουτέστιν «αὖθις». γίνεται δὲ ἡ ἄνωθεν γέννησις, περὶ ἧς ὁ σωτὴρ διδάσκει, ἐξ ἀναλήψεως ἀρετῆς καὶ τηρήσεως τῶν ἐντολῶν αὐτοῦ. φησὶ γὰρ πρὸς τοὺς μαθητάς· «Ἀγαπᾶτε τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑμῶν καὶ προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων «ὑμᾶς, ἵνα γένησθε υἱοὶ τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν τοῦ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς». πλὴν εἰ καὶ ἐσφαλμένως ὁ Νικόδημος ἀπήντησε τοῖς εἰρημένοις, ἀλλ' οὖν ἔχει τι ἀληθὲς τὰ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ λεχθέντα, εἰ καὶ μὴ αὐτὸς ἐνενόει αὐτά. ἀληθῶς γὰρ οὐδεὶς καταμένων ἐν τῷ ἄνθρωπος εἶναι ὡς γηρᾶν ἐν τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ καταστάσει τὴν κατὰ πνεῦμα καὶ ἄνωθεν γέννησιν δέξασθαι δύναται. ὡς γὰρ οὐδεὶς ἄδικος καὶ ἄπιστος μένων κατὰ δικαιοσύνην καὶ πίστιν γεννηθῆναι δύναται, οὕτως οὐδεὶς καταμένων ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρωπίνοις καὶ παλαιούμενος ἐν αὐτοῖς τὴν ἀνανεοῦσαν γέννησιν οἷός τέ ἐστι λαβεῖν. ὅθεν ὁ τῆς ἀληθείας διδάσκαλος γράφει τοῖς προθυμουμένοις ἐπὶ τὴν θείαν γέννησιν ἐλθεῖν ἐκδύσασθαι τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον σὺν ταῖς πράξεσιν αὐτοῦ, ἵνα τούτου ἀποβληθέν τος ἐνδύσωνται τὸν νέον «ἄνθρωπον τὸν κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντα ἐν «δικαιοσύνῃ», ᾧ ἕψεται, ὡς ἄνωθεν γεννηθέντι, ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς περιπατῆσαι. ἐπὶ ταύτην τὴν γέννησιν παρορμῶν ὁ Ἰησοῦς τοῖς γνωρίμοις ἔλεγεν· «Ἐὰν μὴ στραφῆτε καὶ γένησθε ὡς τὰ παιδία, οὐ «μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν». πρόσχες καὶ τούτου τὴν ἀκρίβειαν. τὰ μὲν παιδία οὐκ ἀμύνεται τοὺς ἠδικηκότας, οὐ