LETTER XXI. [A.D.386.]

S. AMBROSE ends his letter to his sister with foreboding's of more troubles, Nor was he wrong. One of the next steps taken was a challenge to dispute publicly before the Emperor with Auxentius the Arian (so-called) Bishop, with regular umpires (judices) appointed on both sides. This letter is his reply to the Emperor, setting forth his ground for refusing, as he had before done at the time of the Council of Aquileia, to allow laymen to be judges of questions of Faith. (See above. Council of Aquil. § 51, 52, 53.)

TO THE MOST CLEMENT EMPEROR, HIS BLESSED MAJESTY VALENTINIAN, AMBROSE, BISHOP, SENDS GREETING.

1. DALMATIUS the tribune and notary cited me at your Clemency's bidding, as he alleged, requiring that I also should choose umpires as Auxentius had done. He did not mention the names of those who had been called for, but he added that the trial would take place in the Consistory, and that your pious judgment would decide between us.

2. To this I make, as I consider, a sufficient answer. No one ought to deem me contumacious for asserting what your father of illustrious memory not only declared by word of mouth  03-1  1. a A reply of Valentinian the 1st to some Bishops of the Hellespont and Bithynia, who demanded permission to meet 'to amend the doctrine of the faith,' is given by Sozomen. (vi. 7.) His words are, 'It is not lawful for me, as a layman, to busy myself about such matters as these: let the Bishops, whose business it is, meet by themselves wherever they will.' To the same effect are the words of his which Theodoret reports, (iv. (5.) when bidding the Bishops of the province elect a successor to Auxentius. He bids them choose a fit person, 'that we also, who rule. the. empire, may sincerely bow our heads to him, and welcome his reproofs, (for, being men, we cannot but stumble,) as a remedial discipline.' What law is referred to is uncertain. The Benedictine Editors, after mentioning some which had been suggested 'think it more probable thatthe law referred to is not extant.' but sanctioned by his laws; that in a matter of the Faith or of any ecclesiastical ordinance, the judges ought to be qualified for it, both competent by office and qualified by profession: (these are the words of the Rescript), that is to say, he would have Bishops judge Bishops. Moreover if a bishop were accused elsewhere also, and a charge of a moral nature to be examined, this too he willed should be referred to the judgment of Bishops.

3. Who then is it who makes a contumacious answer to your Clemency? He who would have you like your Father, or he who would have you unlike? Unless perhaps some persons count cheaply the opinion of that great Emperor, whose faith has been approved by the constancy of his confession  03-2  2. b Gibbon (ch. xxv.) in his character of Valentinian says, 'In the time of Julian he provoked the danger of disgrace by the contempt which he publicly expressed for the reigning religion.' The story is told by Theod. Eccles. Hist. iii. 16. Valentian was in official attendance on the Emperor Julian on one occasion when he went to the temple of Fortune to perform rites. 'On either side of the door were stationed attendants, who sprinkled all who came in with lustral water to purify them, as they believed. When some of the, drops fell on his cloak, Valentinian struck the attendants with his fist, saying that he was defiled not purified by them.' For this he was dismissed from the court, and sent to a solitary garrison. The same story is told with slight variations by Sozomen. Hist. vi. 6. , and his wisdom proclaimed by the improved condition of the State.

4. When have you ever heard, most gracious Emperor, that laymen had judged a Bishop in a matter pertaining to the Faith? Does their flattery make us cringe so low as to forget the rights of the priesthood, and suppose that what God has committed to me I should entrust to others? If a layman may teach a Bishop, what will follow? a layman, will dispute, and a Bishop listen, a Bishop learn of a layman. Assuredly, if we revert to the volume of Holy Scripture or to the time of old, who is there who will deny that in a cause of the Faith, in a cause, I say, of the Faith, Bishops are wont to judge Christian Emperors, not Emperors to judge Bishops.

5. Hereafter, you will, by God's favour, reach a more mature age, and then you will judge what kind of Bishop he must be who submits the rights of the priesthood to laymen. Your father, who by God's favour attained a riper age, used to say: 'It is not for me to judge between Bishops:' your Majesty now says, 'I ought to judge.' He, although baptized into Christ, considered himself unequal to the weight of so important a judgment; does your Majesty, who have yet to earn for yourself the Sacrament of Baptism, claim to decide concerning the Faith, although still ignorant of the Sacrament of this Faith?

6. But what sort of judges he will have selected we may leave to be guessed, seeing that he fears to disclose their names. Let them come openly, if indeed there be any, to the Church; let them attend together with the people, not to sit as judges, but for every one to prove his own feelings and choose whom he will follow. The cause is concerning the Bishop of that Church; if the people hear him and suppose he has the better of the argument, let them follow his Faith; I shall not be jealous.

7. I forbear to mention that the people themselves have already decided; I do not urge that the Bishop  03-3  3. c He is alluding to his own election. whom they have they demanded from your Majesty's father; I urge not that your father promised tranquillity for the future if he, having been elected, took upon him the Bishopric. It was in reliance on these promises that I acted.

8. But if he prides himself on the support of any foreigners let him be Bishop in the place whence those come who hold that he should be invested with the name of a Bishop. For I neither acknowledge him as Bishop, nor know whence he comes.

9. How, your Majesty, can we be said to settle a matter in which you have already declared your judgment; nay, have yourself published laws precluding others from deciding otherwise. And when you laid down this rule for others you laid it down also for yourself; for the laws which the Emperor makes he ought to be the first to keep. Would you then have me make trial whether those who are chosen judges will meet, contrary to your decree, or whether they will allege that they have not been able to contravene so rigid and peremptory a command of the Emperor?

10. But this is the part of a contumacious not of a respectful Bishop. See, your Majesty, how you yourself partially rescind your own law; but I would that you would do so not partially but universally, for I would not wish your law to be above the law of God. The law of God has taught us what we should follow, human laws cannot teach us this. They can compel a change in the timid, but they cannot inspire faith.

11. Who therefore when he learns that in one moment it has been published through so many provinces that whoever shall resist the Emperor shall be put to death, whoever shall not give up the temple of God shall immediately be slain; who is there, I say, who either alone or with a few others can say to the Emperor; 'I do not approve your law?' The priesthood are not allowed to say this; are then the laity allowed? And shall he judge concerning the faith, who either hopes for favour or fears giving offence?

12. Lastly, shall I venture to nominate laymen for umpires, who if they keep true to their Faith must be proscribed or put to death, as that law passed concerning the Faith prescribes. Shall I then expose them to the hazard either of prevarication or of punishment?

13. Ambrose is not of such importance as to degrade the priesthood on his account. One man's life is not of us much value as the dignity of the whole priesthood, by whose advice I gave my direction when they suggested that there might be some heathen or Jew, chosen by Auxentius, to whom we might give a triumph over Christ if we committed to him judgment concerning Christ. What else pleases them but to hear of wrong done to Christ? What else can please them but the denial (which God forbid) of the Divinity of Christ? Clearly they agree entirely with the Arian, who calls Christ a creature, which heathens and Jews too are willing enough to confess.

14. This was decreed at the synod of Ariminum, and with good reason do I abhor that Council; following as I do the doctrine of the Nicene Council, from which neither death nor the sword can ever separate me. This Faith your Majesty's father, the blessed Emperor Theodosius, both followed and approved. This Faith the provinces of Gaul and of Spain hold, and this they keep with the pious confession of the Divine Spirit.

15. If I have to preach, I have learnt to preach in the Church, as my predecessors did. If a conference is to be held on a matter of Faith, it ought to be a conference of Bishops, as was the case under Constantine of august memory, who laid down no laws beforehand, but left to the Bishops the liberty of judging. The same was the case also under Constantius of illustrious memory, who inherited his father's dignity, but what began well ended badly. For the Bishops had at first subscribed an orthodox confession, but, through the wish of certain persons to judge of the Faith in agreement with the palace, the result was that these judgments of the Bishops were fraudulently changed; they however immediately recalled this perverted decision. And there is no doubt that the majority at Ariminum approved the creed of the Nicene Council  03-4  4. d This is true of the first decision of the Council, but as S. Ambrose says, 'it ended badly,' for the Bishopswere inveigled into accepting a less orthodox formula. See Prof. Bright's Hist. p. 94, 98. and condemned the Arian decrees.

16. If Auxentius appeals to a Synod to discuss questions concerning the Faith, though it would be needless to disturb so many Bishops on one person's account, who, were he an Angel from heaven, ought not to be preferred to the Church's peace, I too will not be absent when I hear that the Synod is assembled. Let the law then be repealed, if you would have the contest entered upon.

17. I would have come to your Majesty's Consistory, to offer this plea in your presence, could I have obtained leave from the Bishops or the people; but they said that an argument concerning the Faith ought to be held in the Church in the presence of the people.

18. I could have wished that your Majesty had not declared that I might go into exile, whither I chose. I went abroad daily, no man guarded me. You should then have sent me wherever you thought fit, for I was ready to submit to any thing; now the Bishops say to me, 'There is little difference between voluntarily leaving Christ's altar and betraying it, for if you leave you will betray it.'

19. And I would I were certain that the Church would not be given up to the Arians, I would then willingly surrender myself to your Majesty's disposal. But if it is I only who am an intruder, why has the command been given to invade all other Churches also? I would it were certain, that no one would disturb the Churches, I would gladly then have any sentence which seems good passed concerning myself.

20. Let your Majesty then be pleased graciously to accept my reasons for not coming to the Church. I have not learned how to stand up in the Consistory except in your behalf  03-5  5. c S. Ambrose here delicately alludes to the service; he had rendered to Valentinian in going on his behalf to the court of the usurper Maximus after the death of Gratian, which is referred to in Letter xxiv. ; and within the palace I cannot contend, for I neither seek after nor know the secrets of the palace.

21. I, Bishop Ambrose, offer this remonstrance to the most clement Emperor, his blessed Majesty Valentinian.

860 EPISTOLA XXI.

 Excusat Ambrosius quod vocatus non venerit ad consistorium, asserens in causa fidei vel ecclesiastica judicare nisi sacerdotes neminem debere; nec se in   1003A  eo contumacem, quod injuriam ordint suo non inurat. Addit Auxentium forte Judaeos aut infideles electurum judicum loco, id est, Christi inimicissimos: nec recusare quominus in Ecclesia vel in synodo de his disputaret: haec demum se coram fuisse dicturum, nisi a coepiscopis et populo esset prohibitus. 

Clementissimo imperatori, et beatissimo Augusto VALENTINIANO, AMBROSIUS episcopus.

1. Dalmatius me tribunus et notarius mandato, ut allegavit, clementiae convenit tuae, postulans ut et ipse judices legerem, sicut elegisset Auxentius. Nec tamen expressit eorum nomina, qui fuerant postulati: sed id addidit, quod in consistorio esset futura certatio, arbitro pietatis judicio tuae.

2. Cui rei respondeo, ut arbitror, competenter. Nec quisquam contumacem judicare me debet, cum hoc asseram, quod augustae memoriae pater tuus non solum sermone respondit, sed etiam legibus suis  1003B sanxit: In causa fidei vel ecelesiastici alicujus ordinis eum judicare debere, qui nec munere impar sit, nec jure dissimilis; haec enim verba rescripti sunt, hoc est, sacerdotes de sacerdotibus voluit judicare. Quinetiam si alias quoque argueretur episcopus, et morum esset examinanda causa, etiam haec voluit ad episcopale judicium pertinere.

3. Quis igitur contumaciter respondit clementiae tuae? Ille qui te patris similem esse desiderat, an qui vult esse dissimilem? Nisi forte vilis quibusdam tanti imperatoris aestimatur sententia, cujus et fides confessionis constantia comprobata est, et sapientia melioratae reipublicae profectibus praedicatur.

4. Quando audisti, clementissime Imperator, in  1003C causa fidei laicos de episcopo judicasse? Ita ergo quadam adulatione curvamur, ut sacerdotalis juris simus immemores, et quod Deus donavit mihi, hoc ipse aliis putem esse credendum? Si docendus est episcopus a laico, quid sequetur? Laicus ergo disputet,  1004A et episcopus audiat: episcopus discat a laico. At certe 861 si vel Scripturarum seriem divinarum, vel vetera tempora retractemus, quis est qui abnuat in causa fidei, in causa, inquam, fidei episcopos solere de imperatoribus Christianis, non imperatores de episcopis judicare?

5. Eris, Deo favente, etiam senectutis maturitate provectior, et tunc de hoc censebis qualis ille episcopus sit, qui laicis jus sacerdotale substernit. Pater tuus, Deo favente, vir maturioris aevi, dicebat: Non est meum judicare inter episcopos; tua nunc dicit clementia: Ego debeo judicare. Et ille baptizatus in Christo inhabilem se ponderi tanti putabat esse judicii: clementia tua, cui adhuc emerenda baptismatis sacramenta servantur, arrogat de fide judicium; cum fidei ipsius sacramenta non noverit?

6. Quales autem elegerit judices, possumus existimationi relinquere, quando eorum nomina timet  1004B prodere. Veniant plane, si qui sunt, ad Ecclesiam: audiant cum populo, non ut quisquam judex resideat, sed ut unusquisque de suo affectu habeat examen, eligat quem sequatur. Agitur de istius Ecclesiae sacerdote: si audierit illum populus, et putaverit melius disputare, sequatur fidem ejus: non invidebo.

7. Omitto quia jam ipse populus judicavit: taceo quia eum, quem habet, de patre tuae clementiae postulavit: taceo quia pater pietatis tuae quietem futuram spopondit, si electus susciperet sacerdotium. Hanc fidem secutus sum promissorum.

8. Quod si de aliquorum peregrinorum assentatione se jactat, ibi sit episcopus, unde sunt ii, qui eum episcopatus putant nomine esse donandum.  1004C Nam ego nec episcopum novi, nec unde sit scio.

9. Ubi illud constituimus, Imperator, quod jam ipse tuum judicium declarasti; immo etiam dedisti leges, nec cui esset liberum aliud judicare? Quod cum praescripsisti aliis, praescripsisti et tibi: Leges  1005A enim imperator fert, quas primus ipse custodiat. Visne igitur experiar, ut incipiant ii, qui judices eliguntur, aut adversus tuam venire sententiam, aut certe excusare quod imperatoris tam severo, et tam districto imperio non potuerint obviare?

10. Sed hoc contumacis, non modesti est sacerdotis. Ecce, imperator, legem tuam jam ex parte rescindis: sed utinam non ex parte, sed in universum! legem enim tuam nollem esse supra Dei legem. Dei lex nos docuit quid sequamur, humanae leges hoc docere non possunt. Extorquere solent timidis commutationem, fidem inspirare non possunt.

862 11. Quis erit igitur ille, qui cum legat per tot provincias uno momento esse mandatum, ut quicumque obviaverit imperatori, feriatur gladio: quicumque  1005B Dei templum non tradiderit, protinus occidatur? quis, inquam, est qui possit vel unus, vel inter paucos dicere imperatori: Lex tua mihi non probatur? Non permittitur hoc dicere sacerdotibus, permittitur laicis? Et judicabit de fide, qui aut gratiam sperat, aut metuit offensam?

12. Deinde ipse committam, ut eligam judices laicos, qui cum tenuerint fide veritatem, aut proscribantur, aut necentur, quod lex de fide lata decernit? Ego igitur aut praevaricationi offeram homines, aut poenae?

13. Non tanti est Ambrosius, ut propter se dejiciat sacerdotium. Non tanti est unius vita, quanti est dignitas omnium sacerdotum, quorum de consilio ista dictavi, intimantibus ne forte etiam gentilis  1005C esset aliquis, aut Judaeus, qui ab Auxentio esset electus, quibus traderemus de Christo triumphum, si de Christo judicium committeremus. Quid illos aliud, nisi Christi injuriam audire delectat? Quid illis aliud potest placere, nisi (quod absit) ut Christi divinitas denegetur? Cum iis plane bene convenit [Ariano], qui creaturam Christum dicit, quod etiam gentiles ac Judaei promptissime confitentur.

14. Hoc scriptum est in Ariminensi synodo; meritoque concilium illud exhorreo, sequens tractatum concilii Nicaeni, a quo me nec mors, nec gladius poterit  1006A separare. Quam fidem etiam parens clementiae tuae Theodosius beatissimus imperator et sequitur, et probavit. Hanc fidem Galliae tenent, hanc Hispaniae, et cum pia divini Spiritus confessione custodiunt.

15. Si tractandum est, tractare in Ecclesia didici: quod majores fecerunt mei. Si conferendum de fide, sacerdotum debet esse ista collatio, sicut factum est sub Constantino augustae memoriae principe, qui nullas leges ante praemisit, sed liberum dedit judicium sacerdotibus. Factum est etiam sub Constantio augustae memoriae imperatore, paternae dignitatis haerede: sed quod bene coepit, aliter consummatum est. Nam episcopi sinceram primo scripserant fidem: sed dum volunt quidam de fide intra palatium judicare, id egerunt, ut circumscriptionibus  1006B illa episcoporum judicia mutarentur. Qui tamen inflexam statim revocavere sententiam. Et certe major numerus Arimini, Nicaeni concilii fidem probavit, [Ariana] decreta damnavit.

863 16. Si ad synodum provocat Auxentius, ut de fide disputet (licet non sit necesse propter unum tot episcopos fatigari, qui etiam si angelus de coelo esset, paci Ecclesiarum non deberet praeferri);, cum audiero synodum congregari, et ipse non deero. Tolle igitur legem, si vis esse certamen.

17. Venissem, imperator, ad consistorium clementiae tuae, ut haec coram suggererem; si me vel episcopi, vel populus permisissent, dicentes de fide in Ecclesia coram populo debere tractari.

18. Atque utinam, Imperator, non denuntiasses,  1006C ut quo vellem pergerem! Quotidie prodibam, nemo me asservabat. Debuisti me, quo volueras, destinare, quem ipse omnibus offerebam. Nunc mihi a sacerdotibus dicitur: Non multum interest, utrum volens relinquas, an tradas altare Christi; cum enim reliqueris, trades.

19. Atque utinam liquido mihi pateret quod Arianis Ecclesia minime traderetur! sponte me offerrem tuae pietatis arbitrio. Sed si ego solus interstrepo, cur etiam de aliis omnibus invadendis Ecclesiis est praeceptum? Utinam confirmetur, ut Ecclesiis nullus  1007A molestus sit! Opto ut de me, qualis videtur, sententia proferatur.

20. Dignanter igitur, Imperator, accipe quod ad consistorium venire non potui. Ego in consistorio nisi pro te stare non didici: et intra palatium certare non possum, qui palatii secreta nec quaero, nec novi.

21. Ego Ambrosius episcopus hunc libellum obtuli clementissimo imperatori, et beatissimo augusto Valentiniano.