§11. The deeds of heathen deities, and particularly of Zeus.

But of these and such like inventions of idolatrous madness, Scripture taught us beforehand long ago, when it said27    Wisd. xiv. 12 sqq., “The devising of idols was the beginning of fornication, and the invention of them, the corruption of life. For neither were they from the beginning, neither shall they be for ever. For the vainglory of men they entered into the world, and therefore shall they come shortly to an end. For a father afflicted with untimely mourning when he hath made an image of his child soon taken away, now honoured him as a god which was then a dead man, and delivered to those that were under him ceremonies and sacrifices. Thus in process of time an ungodly custom grown strong was kept as a law. And graven images were worshipped by the commands of kings. Whom men could not honour in presence because they dwelt afar off, they took the counterfeit of his visage from afar, and made an express image of the king whom they honoured, to the end that by this their forwardness they might flatter him that was absent as if he were present. Also the singular diligence of the artificer did help to set forward the ignorant to more superstition: for he, peradventure, willing to please one in authority, forced all his skill to make the resemblance of the best fashion: and so the multitude, allured by the grace of the work, took him now for a god, which a little before was but honoured as a man: and this was an occasion to deceive the world, for men serving either calamity or tyranny, did ascribe unto stones and stocks the incommunicable Name.” 2. The beginning and devising of the invention of idols having been, as Scripture witnesses, of such sort, it is now time to shew thee the refutation of it by proofs derived not so much from without as from these men’s own opinions about the idols. For to begin at the lowest point, if one were to take the actions of them they call gods, one would find that they were not only no gods, but had been even of men the most contemptible. For what a thing it is to see the loves and licentious actions of Zeus in the poets! What a thing to hear of him, on the one hand carrying off Ganymede and committing stealthy adulteries, on the other in panic and alarm lest the walls of the Trojans should be destroyed against his intentions! What a thing to see him in grief at the death of his son Sarpedon, and wishing to succour him without being able to do so, and, when plotted against by the other so-called gods, namely, Athena and Hera and Poseidon, succoured by Thetis, a woman, and by Ægaeon of the hundred hands, and overcome by pleasures, a slave to women, and for their sakes running adventures in disguises consisting of brute beasts and creeping things and birds; and again, in hiding on account of his father’s designs upon him, or Cronos bound by him, or him again mutilating his father! Why, is it fitting to regard as a god one who has perpetrated such deeds, and who stands accused of things which not even the public laws of the Romans allow those to do who are merely men?

11 Ταύτας δὲ καὶ τὰς τοιαύτας τῆς εἰδωλομανίας εὑρέσεις ἄνωθεν καὶ πρὸ πολλοῦ προεδίδασκεν ἡ γραφὴ λέγουσα· Ἀρχὴ πορνείας ἐπίνοια εἰδώλων· εὕρεσις δὲ αὐτῶν φθορὰ ζωῆς. οὔτε γὰρ ἦν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς, οὔτε εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ἔσται. κενοδοξίᾳ γὰρ ἀνθρώπων ἦλθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο σύντομον αὐτῶν τέλος ἐπενοήθη. ἀώρῳ γὰρ πένθει τρυχόμενος πατήρ, τοῦ ταχέως ἀφαιρεθέντος τέκνου εἰκόνα ποιήσας, τὸν τότε νεκρὸν ἄνθρωπον νῦν ὡς ζῶντα ἐτίμησε, καὶ παρέδωκε τοῖς ὑποχειρίοις μυστήρια καὶ τελετάς. εἶτ' ἐν χρόνῳ κρατυνθὲν τὸ ἀσεβὲς ἔθος, ὡς νόμος ἐφυλάχθη. καὶ τυράννων ἐπιταγαῖς ἐθρησκεύετο τὰ γλυπτά, οὓς ἐν ὄψει μὴ δυνάμενοι τιμᾷν ἄνθρωποι, διὰ τὸ μακρὰν οἰκεῖν, τὴν πόρρωθεν ὄψιν ἀνατυπωσάμενοι, ἐμφανῆ εἰκόνα τοῦ τετι μημένου βασιλέως ἐποίησαν, ἵνα τὸν ἀπόντα ὡς παρόντα κολακεύωσι διὰ τῆς σπουδῆς. εἰς ἐπίτασιν δὲ θρησκείας καὶ τοὺς ἀγνοοῦντας ἡ τοῦ τεχνίτου προετρέψατο φιλο τιμία· ὁ μὲν γάρ, ἴσως τῷ κρατοῦντι βουλόμενος ἀρέσαι, ἐξεβιάσατο τῇ τέχνῃ τὴν ὁμοιότητα ἐπὶ τὸ κάλλιον· τὸ δὲ πλῆθος, ἐφελκόμενον διὰ τὸ εὔχαρι τῆς ἐργασίας, τὸν πρὸ ὀλίγου τιμηθέντα ἄνθρωπον νῦν σέβασμα ἐλογίσαντο· καὶ τοῦτο ἐγεγόνει τῷ βίῳ εἰς ἔνεδρον· ὅτι, ἢ συμφορᾷ ἢ τυραννίδι δουλεύσαντες ἄνθρωποι, τὸ ἀκοινώνητον ὄνομα λίθοις καὶ ξύλοις περιέθηκαν. τοιαύτης τοίνυν τῆς εἰδώλων εὑρέσεως ἐπὶ μάρτυρι τῇ γραφῇ παρὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἀρξαμένης καὶ ἀναπλασθείσης, ὥρα λοιπόν σοι καὶ τὸν κατ' αὐτῆς ἔλεγχον ἀποδεῖξαι, οὐ τοσοῦτον ἔξωθεν, ὅσον ἀφ' ὧν οὗτοι περὶ αὐτῶν φρονοῦσι τὰ τεκμήρια λαμβανόντας. Εἰ γάρ τις τῶν παρ' αὐτοῖς λεγομένων θεῶν, ἵνα πρῶτον ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν κάτωθεν ἄρξωμαι, λάβοι τὰς πράξεις, εὑρήσει μὴ μόνον οὐκ εἶναι αὐτοὺς θεούς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοὺς αἰσχίστους γεγονότας. οἷον γάρ, οἷόν ἐστιν ἰδεῖν τοὺς παρὰ ποιηταῖς τοῦ ∆ιὸς ἔρωτας, καὶ τὰς ἀσελγείας. οἷόν ἐστιν αὐτὸν ἀκούειν ἁρπάζοντα μὲν τὸν Γανυμήδην, καὶ τὰς κλοπιμαίους ἐργαζόμενον μοιχείας, δεδιότα δὲ καὶ δειλιῶντα μὴ παρὰ γνώμην αὐτοῦ τὰ τῶν Τρώων ἀπόληται τείχη. οἷόν ἐστιν ἰδεῖν αὐτὸν ἀχθόμενον ἐπὶ τῷ θανάτῳ τοῦ υἱέος αὐτοῦ Σαρπηδόνος, καὶ βουλόμενον αὐτῷ βοηθῆσαι καὶ μὴ δυνά μενον· καὶ ἐπιβουλευόμενον μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων λεγομένων θεῶν, Ἀθηνᾶς δὴ λέγω καὶ Ἥρας καὶ Ποσειδῶνος, βοηθούμενον δὲ ὑπὸ Θέτιδος γυναικὸς καὶ τοῦ ἑκατονταχείρου Αἰγαίωνος· καὶ νικώμενον ὑπὸ ἡδονῶν, δουλεύοντα δὲ γυναιξί, καὶ δι' αὐτὰς ἐν ἀλόγοις ζώοις τετράποσί τε καὶ πτηνοῖς ταῖς φαντασίαις παρακινδυνεύοντα· καὶ πάλιν αὐτὸν μὲν κρυπτόμενον διὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς ἐπιβουλήν, τὸν δὲ Κρόνον ὑπ' αὐτοῦ δεσμευόμενον, κἀκεῖνον ἀποτέμνοντα τὸν πατέρα. ἆρ' οὖν ἄξιον τοῦτον ὑπονοεῖν θεόν, τοσαῦτα δράσαντα, καὶ διαβλη θέντα, ἃ μηδὲ οἱ κοινοὶ Ῥωμαίων νόμοι καὶ τοὺς ἁπλῶς ἀνθρώπους ἐπιτρέπουσι ποιεῖν;