Chapter XI.—What is the Philosophy Which the Apostle Bids Us Shun?

This, then, “the wisdom of the world is foolishness with God,” and of those who are “the wise the Lord knoweth their thoughts that they are vain.”119    1 Cor. iii. 19, 20. Let no man therefore glory on account of pre-eminence in human thought. For it is written well in Jeremiah, “Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, and let not the mighty man glory in his might, and let not the rich man glory in his riches: but let him that glorieth glory in this, that he understandeth and knoweth that I am the Lord, that executeth mercy and judgment and righteousness upon the earth: for in these things is my delight, saith the Lord.”120    Jer. ix. 23, 24. “That we should trust not in ourselves, but in God who raiseth the dead,” says the apostle, “who delivered us from so great a death, that our faith should not stand in the wisdom of men, but in the power of God.” “For the spiritual man judgeth all things, but he himself is judged of no man.”121    2 Cor. i. 9, 10; 1 Cor. ii. 5, 15. I hear also those words of his, “And these things I say, lest any man should beguile you with enticing words, or one should enter in to spoil you.”122    Col. ii. 4, 8. And again, “Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ;”123    Col. ii. 8. branding not all philosophy, but the Epicurean, which Paul mentions in the Acts of the Apostles,124    Acts xvii. 18. which abolishes providence and deifies pleasure, and whatever other philosophy honours the elements, but places not over them the efficient cause, nor apprehends the Creator.125    [Revived by some “scientists” of our days.]

The Stoics also, whom he mentions too, say not well that the Deity, being a body, pervades the vilest matter. He calls the jugglery of logic “the tradition of men.” Wherefore also he adds, “Avoid juvenile126    The apostle says “foolish,” 2 Tim. ii. 23. questions. For such contentions are puerile.” “But virtue is no lover of boys,” says the philosopher Plato. And our struggle, according to Gorgias Leontinus, requires two virtues—boldness and wisdom,—boldness to undergo danger, and wisdom to understand the enigma. For the Word, like the Olympian proclamation, calls him who is willing, and crowns him who is able to continue unmoved as far as the truth is concerned. And, in truth, the Word does not wish him who has believed to be idle. For He says, “Seek, and ye shall find.”127    Matt. vii. 7. But seeking ends in finding, driving out the empty trifling, and approving of the contemplation which confirms our faith. “And this I say, lest any man beguile you with enticing words,”128    Col. ii. 4. says the apostle, evidently as having learned to distinguish what was said by him, and as being taught to meet objections. “As ye have therefore received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk in Him, rooted and built up in Him, and stablished in the faith.”129    Col. ii. 6, 7. Now persuasion is [the means of] being established in the faith. “Beware lest any man spoil you of faith in Christ by philosophy and vain deceit,” which does away with providence, “after the tradition of men;” for the philosophy which is in accordance with divine tradition establishes and confirms providence, which, being done away with, the economy of the Saviour appears a myth, while we are influenced “after the elements of the world, and not after Christ.”130    Col. ii. 8. For the teaching which is agreeable to Christ deifies the Creator, and traces providence in particular events,131    [A special Providence notably recognised as a Christian truth.] and knows the nature of the elements to be capable of change and production, and teaches that we ought to aim at rising up to the power which assimilates to God, and to prefer the dispensation132    i.e., of the Gospel. as holding the first rank and superior to all training.

The elements are worshipped,—the air by Diogenes, the water by Thales, the fire by Hippasus; and by those who suppose atoms to be the first principles of things, arrogating the name of philosophers, being wretched creatures devoted to pleasure.133    [The Epicureans whom he censures just before.] “Wherefore I pray,” says the apostle, “that your love may abound yet more and more, in knowledge and in all judgment, that ye may approve things that are excellent.”134    Phil. i. 9, 10. “Since, when we were children,” says the same apostle, “we were kept in bondage under the rudiments of the world. And the child, though heir, differeth nothing from a servant, till the time appointed of the father.”135    Gal. iv. 1, 2, 3. Philosophers, then, are children, unless they have been made men by Christ. “For if the son of the bond woman shall not be heir with the son of the free,”136    Gen. xxi. 10; Gal. iv. 30. at least he is the seed of Abraham, though not of promise, receiving what belongs to him by free gift. “But strong meat belongeth to those that are of full age, even those who by reason of use have their senses exercised to discern both good and evil.”137    Heb. v. 14. “For every one that useth milk is unskilful in the word of righteousness; for he is a babe,”138    Heb. v. 13. and not yet acquainted with the word, according to which he has believed and works, and not able to give a reason in himself. “Prove all things,” the apostle says, “and hold fast that which is good,”139    1 Thess. v. 21. speaking to spiritual men, who judge what is said according to truth, whether it seems or truly holds by the truth. “He who is not corrected by discipline errs, and stripes and reproofs give the discipline of wisdom,” the reproofs manifestly that are with love. “For the right heart seeketh knowledge.”140    Prov. xv. 14. “For he that seeketh the Lord shall find knowledge with righteousness; and they who have sought it rightly have found peace.”141    The substance of these remarks is found in Prov. ii. “And I will know,” it is said, “not the speech of those which are puffed up, but the power.” In rebuke of those who are wise in appearance, and think themselves wise, but are not in reality wise, he writes: “For the kingdom of God is not in word.”142    1 Cor. iv. 19, 20. It is not in that which is not true, but which is only probable according to opinion; but he said “in power,” for the truth alone is powerful. And again: “If any man thinketh that he knoweth anything, he knoweth nothing yet as he ought to know.” For truth is never mere opinion. But the “supposition of knowledge inflates,” and fills with pride; “but charity edifieth,” which deals not in supposition, but in truth. Whence it is said, “If any man loves, he is known.”143    1 Cor. viii. 1, 2, 3.

Αὕτη οὖν ἡ σοφία τοῦ κόσμου μωρία παρὰ θεῷ ἐστιν, καὶ τούτων τῶν σοφῶν κύριος γινώσκει τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς ὅτι εἰσὶ μάταιοι. μηδεὶς τοίνυν καυχάσθω ἐν ἀνθρωπίνῃ προανέχων διανοίᾳ. εὖ γάρ τοι ἐν τῷ Ἱερεμίᾳ γέγραπται· μὴ καυχάσθω ὁ σοφὸς ἐν τῇ σοφίᾳ αὐτοῦ, καὶ μὴ καυχάσθω ὁ ἰσχυρὸς ἐν τῇ ἰσχύι αὐτοῦ, καὶ μὴ καυχάσθω ὁ πλούσιος ἐν τῷ πλούτῳ αὐτοῦ, ἀλλ' ἢ ἐν τούτῳ καυχάσθω ὁ καυχώμενος, συνιέναι καὶ γινώσκειν ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι κύριος ὁ ποιῶν ἔλεος καὶ κρίμα καὶ δικαιοσύνην ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ὅτι ἐν τούτοις τὸ θέλημά μου, λέγει κύριος. ἵνα μὴ πεποιθότες ὦμεν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῖς, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τῷ θεῷ τῷ ἐγείροντι τοὺς νεκρούς, ὁ ἀπόστολός φησιν, ὃς ἐκ τηλικούτου θανάτου ἐρρύσατο ἡμᾶς, ἵνα ἡ πίστις ἡμῶν μὴ ᾖ ἐν σοφίᾳ ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλ' ἐν δυνάμει θεοῦ. ὁ γὰρ πνευματικὸς ἀνακρίνει πάντα, αὐτὸς δὲ ὑπ' οὐδενὸς ἀνακρίνεται. ἐπαΐω δὲ κἀκείνων αὐτοῦ· ταῦτα δὲ λέγω, ἵνα μηδεὶς ὑμᾶς παραλογίζηται ἐν πιθανολογίᾳ μηδὲ ὑπεισέρχηται ὁ συλαγωγῶν. καὶ πάλιν· βλέπετε οὖν μή τις ἔσται ὑμᾶς ὁ συλαγωγῶν διὰ τῆς φιλοσοφίας καὶ κενῆς ἀπάτης κατὰ τὴν παράδοσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, κατὰ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου καὶ οὐ κατὰ Χριστόν, φιλοσοφίαν μὲν οὐ πᾶσαν, ἀλλὰ τὴν Ἐπικούρειον, ἧς καὶ μέμνηται ἐν ταῖς Πράξεσιν τῶν ἀποστόλων ὁ Παῦλος, διαβάλλων, πρόνοιαν ἀναιροῦσαν καὶ ἡδονὴν ἐκθειάζουσαν, καὶ εἰ δή τις ἄλλη τὰ στοιχεῖα ἐκτετίμηκεν μὴ ἐπιστήσασα τὴν ποιητικὴν αἰτίαν τούτοις, μηδὲ ἐφαντάσθη τὸν δημιουργόν. ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ Στωϊκοί, ὧν καὶ αὐτῶν μέμνηται, σῶμα ὄντα τὸν θεὸν διὰ τῆς ἀτιμοτάτης ὕλης πεφοιτηκέναι λέγουσιν, οὐ καλῶς. παράδοσιν δὲ ἀνθρωπίνην τὴν λογικὴν τερθρείαν λέγει. διὸ κἀκεῖνα ἐπιστέλλει· τὰς νεωτέρας ζητήσεις φεύγετε· μειρακιώδεις γὰρ αἱ τοιαῦται φιλονικίαι. ἀρετὴ δὲ οὐ φιλομειράκιον, ὁ φιλόσοφος λέγει Πλάτων· καὶ τὸ ἀγώνισμα ἡμῶν κατὰ τὸν Λεοντῖνον Γοργίαν διττῶν δὲ ἀρετῶν δεῖται, τόλμης καὶ σοφίας· τόλμης μὲν τὸ κίνδυνον ὑπομεῖναι, σοφίας δὲ τὸ αἴνιγμα γνῶναι. ὁ γάρ τοι λόγος καθάπερ τὸ κήρυγμα τὸ Ὀλυμπίασι καλεῖ μὲν τὸν βουλόμενον. στεφανοῖ δὲ τὸν δυνάμενον. Ἀκίνητον μὲν οὖν πρὸς ἀλήθειαν καὶ τῷ ὄντι ἀργὸν οὐ βούλεται εἶναι τὸν πιστεύσαντα ὁ λόγος· ζητεῖτε γὰρ καὶ εὑρήσετε λέγει, ἀλλὰ τὴν ζήτησιν εἰς εὕρεσιν περαιοῖ, τὴν κενὴν ἐξελάσας φλυαρίαν, ἐγκρίνων δὲ τὴν ὀχυροῦσαν τὴν πίστιν ἡμῖν θεωρίαν. τοῦτο δὲ λέγω, ἵνα μή τις ὑμᾶς παραλογίζηται ἐν πιθανολογίᾳ, φησὶν ὁ ἀπόστολος, διακρίνειν δηλονότι τὰ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ λεγόμενα μεμαθηκόσι καὶ ἀπαντᾶν πρὸς τὰ ἐπιφερόμενα δεδιδαγμένοις. ὡς οὖν παρελά βετε Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν τὸν κύριον. ἐν αὐτῷ περιπατεῖτε, ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ ἐποικοδομούμενοι ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ βεβαιούμενοι ἐν τῇ πίστει, πειθὼ δὲ ἡ βεβαίωσις τῆς πίστεως· βλέπετε μή τις ὑμᾶς ἔσται ὁ συλαγωγῶν ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως τῆς εἰς τὸν Χριστὸν διὰ τῆς φιλοσοφίας καὶ κενῆς ἀπάτης, τῆς ἀναιρούσης τὴν πρόνοιαν, κατὰ τὴν παράδοσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων· ἡ γὰρ κατὰ τὴν θείαν παράδοσιν φιλοσοφία ἵστησι τὴν πρόνοιαν καὶ βεβαιοῖ, ἧς ἀναιρεθείσης μῦθος ἡ περὶ τὸν σωτῆρα οἰκονομία φαίνεται, κατὰ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου καὶ οὐ κατὰ Χριστὸν φερομένων ἡμῶν. ἡ γὰρ ἀκόλουθος Χριστῷ διδασκαλία καὶ τὸν δημιουργὸν ἐκθειάζει καὶ τὴν πρόνοιαν μέχρι τῶν κατὰ μέρος ἄγει καὶ τρεπτὴν καὶ γενητὴν οἶδεν τὴν τῶν στοιχείων φύσιν καὶ πολιτεύεσθαι εἰς δύναμιν ἐξομοιωτικὴν τῷ θεῷ διδάσκει καὶ τὴν οἰκονομίαν ὡς ἡγεμονικὸν τῆς ἁπάσης προσίεσθαι παιδείας. στοιχεῖα δὲ σέβουσι ∆ιογένης μὲν τὸν ἀέρα, Θαλῆς δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ, Ἵππασος δὲ τὸ πῦρ, καὶ οἱ τὰς ἀτόμους ἀρχὰς ὑποτιθέμενοι, φιλοσοφίας ὄνομα ὑποδυόμενοι, ἄθεοί τινες ἀνθρωπίσκοι καὶ φιλήδονοι. διὰ τοῦτο προσεύχομαι, φησίν, ἵνα ἡ ἀγάπη ὑμῶν ἔτι μᾶλλον καὶ μᾶλλον περισσεύῃ ἐν ἐπιγνώσει καὶ πάσῃ αἰσθήσει, εἰς τὸ δοκιμάζειν ὑμᾶς τὰ διαφέροντα· ἐπεὶ ὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι, φησὶν ὁ αὐτὸς ἀπόστολος, ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου ἦμεν δεδουλωμένοι. ὁ δὲ νήπιος, κἂν κληρονόμος ᾖ, οὐδὲν δούλου διαφέρει ἄχρι τῆς προθεσμίας τοῦ πατρός. νήπιοι οὖν καὶ οἱ φιλόσοφοι, ἐὰν μὴ ὑπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἀπανδρωθῶσιν. εἰ γὰρ οὐ κληρονομήσει ὁ υἱὸς τῆς παιδίσκης μετὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τῆς ἐλευθέρας, ἀλλὰ γοῦν σπέρμα ἐστὶν Ἀβραὰμ τὸ μὴ ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας, τὸ ἴδιον εἰληφὸς δωρεάν. τελείων δέ ἐστιν ἡ στερεὰ τροφή, τῶν διὰ τὴν ἕξιν τὰ αἰσθητήρια γεγυμνασμένα ἐχόντων πρὸς διάκρισιν καλοῦ τε καὶ κακοῦ. πᾶς γὰρ ὁ μετέχων γάλακτος ἄπειρος λόγου δικαιοσύνης, νήπιος ὢν καὶ μηδέπω ἐπιστάμενος τὸν λόγον καθ' ὃν πεπίστευκέ τε καὶ ἐνεργεῖ, μηδὲ ἀποδοῦναι δυνάμενος τὴν αἰτίαν ἐν αὑτῷ. πάντα δὲ δοκιμάζετε, ὁ ἀπόστολός φησι, καὶ τὸ καλὸν κατέχετε, τοῖς πνευματικοῖς λέγων τοῖς ἀνακρίνουσι πάντα, κατὰ ἀλήθειαν λεγόμενα πότερον δοκεῖ ἢ ὄντως ἔχεται τῆς ἀληθείας. παιδεία δὲ ἀνεξέλεγκτος πλανᾶται, καὶ αἱ πληγαὶ καὶ οἱ ἔλεγχοι διδόασι παιδείαν σοφίας, οἱ μετ' ἀγάπης δηλονότι ἔλεγχοι· καρδία γὰρ εὐθεῖα ἐκζητεῖ γνῶσιν, ὅτι ὁ ζητῶν τὸν θεὸν εὑρήσει γνῶσιν μετὰ δικαιοσύνης, οἱ δὲ ὀρθῶς ζητήσαντες αὐτὸν εἰρήνην εὗρον. καὶ γνώσομαι, φησίν, οὐ τὸν λόγον τῶν πεφυσιωμένων, ἀλλὰ τὴν δύναμιν, τοὺς δοκησισόφους καὶ οἰομένους εἶναι, οὐκ ὄντας δὲ σοφοὺς ἐπιρραπίζων γράφει. οὐ γὰρ ἐν λόγῳ ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ, οὐ τῷ μὴ ἀληθεῖ, ἀλλὰ καθ' ὑπόληψιν πιθανῷ, ἐν δυνάμει δὲ εἶπεν· μόνη γὰρ ἡ ἀλήθεια δυνατή. καὶ πάλιν· εἴ τις δοκεῖ ἐγνωκέναι τι, οὔπω ἔγνω καθὸ δεῖ γνῶναι· οὐ γάρ ποτε ἡ ἀλήθεια οἴησις, ἀλλ' ἡ μὲν ὑπόληψις τῆς γνώσεως φυσιοῖ καὶ τύφου ἐμπίπλησιν, οἰκοδομεῖ δὲ ἡ ἀγάπη, μὴ περὶ τὴν οἴησιν, ἀλλὰ περὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἀναστρεφομένη. ὅθεν εἴ τις ἀγαπᾷ, οὗτος ἔγνωσται λέγει.