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he laid claim to his opinions, and at the same time attempted the contrary position. For he declares the universe to be eternal and immovable, even according to the truth of things; for it is alone, only-begotten, unshaken, and uncreated; but he casts out of the truth the generation of things which seem falsely to exist according to opinion, and also the senses. And he says that if anything exists besides that which is, this is not that which is; and that which is not is not in the universe at all. Thus, therefore, he leaves that which is as uncreated. And he says that the earth came to be from dense air that flowed down. 1.8.6 Zeno of Elea, however, set forth nothing of his own, but raised many difficulties about these things. 1.8.7 Democritus of Abdera supposed the universe to be infinite because it was in no way created by anyone; moreover, he says it is also unchangeable; and in general, concerning what the universe is, he explicitly sets forth that the causes of the things now coming into being have no beginning, but that from the outset absolutely all things that have been and are and will be are held beforehand by necessity from infinite time. And he speaks of a generation of the sun and moon; that these move on their own, not yet having at all a hot nature, nor indeed a particularly bright one, but on the contrary one similar to the nature around the earth; for each of these had come into being still earlier, according to a particular subjection of a world, and later, as the circle around the sun was magnified, fire was caught up within it. 1.8.8 Epicurus, son of Neocles, of Athens, tries to suppress the conceit concerning the gods; but also, he says, nothing comes to be from that which is not, because the universe was always such and will be such; that nothing new is brought to pass in the universe beyond the infinite time that has already been; that everything is body, and not only unchangeable, but also infinite; that the end of good things is pleasure. 1.8.9 Aristippus the Cyrenaic: the end of good things, pleasure; but of bad things, pain; and he rejects the rest of natural philosophy, saying that the only useful thing is to seek "what evil and good has been wrought for you in your halls." 1.8.10 Empedocles of Acragas: four elements, fire, water, aether, earth; and their causes, Love and Strife. He says that from the first mixture of the elements the air was separated off and poured around in a circle, and after the air, the fire, running out and having no other place, runs upward under the frost of the air. And that there are two hemispheres carried around the earth in a circle, one entirely of fire, and the other a mixture of air and a little fire, which he thinks is night. And that the beginning of motion came about from the chance weighing down of the fire in the gathering. The sun is not fire by nature, but a reflection of fire, similar to that which happens from water. And he says the moon was formed by itself from the air that was cut off by the fire; for this was solidified, just like hail; and that it has its light from the sun. The ruling principle is neither in the head nor in the chest, but in the blood; whence, in whatever part of the body the ruling principle is more greatly interspersed, in that he thinks men excel. 1.8.11 Metrodorus of Chios says that the universe is eternal, because if it were created, it would have been from that which is not; and infinite, because it is eternal, for it has no beginning from which it began, nor boundary nor end; but neither does the universe partake of motion. For it is impossible to be moved without changing place; and it is necessary to change place either into a plenum or into a void. And that the aether, by being condensed, makes clouds, then water, which, descending upon the sun, extinguishes it; and again, by being rarefied, it is kindled. And in time the sun is solidified by the dryness and makes stars from the bright water, and from its extinction and kindling it produces night and day and, in general, the eclipses. 1.8.12 Diogenes of Apollonia assumes air to be the element; and that all things are in motion and that the worlds are infinite. And he makes worlds in this way: that as the whole moves and becomes in one part rare and in another dense, wherever the dense chanced to come together it made a rotating mass, and thus the other things in the same way, with the lightest things, taking the upper position, forming the sun.” 1.8.13 Such, then, the teachings of the all-wise Greeks, the natural philosophers

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τῶν τούτου δοξῶν ἀντεποιήσατο, ἅμα δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐναντίαν ἐνεχείρησεν στάσιν. ἀΐδιον μὲν γὰρ τὸ πᾶν καὶ ἀκίνητον ἀποφαίνεται καὶ κατὰ τὴν τῶν πραγμάτων ἀλήθειαν· εἶναι γὰρ αὐτὸ μοῦνον μουνογενές τε καὶ ἀτρεμὲς ἠδ' ἀγένητον· γένεσιν δὲ τῶν καθ' ὑπόληψιν ψευδῆ δοκούντων εἶναι καὶ τὰς αἰσθήσεις ἐκβάλλει ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας. φησὶ δὲ ὅτι εἴ τι παρὰ τὸ ὂν ὑπάρχει, τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστιν ὄν· τὸ δὲ μὴ ὂν ἐν τοῖς ὅλοις οὐκ ἔστιν. οὕτως οὖν τὸ ὂν ἀγένητον ἀπολείπει. λέγει δὲ τὴν γῆν τοῦ πυκνοῦ καταρρυέντος ἀέρος γεγονέναι. 1.8.6 Ζήνων δὲ ὁ Ἐλεάτης ἴδιον μὲν οὐδὲν ἐξέθετο, διηπόρησεν δὲ περὶ τούτων ἐπὶ πλεῖον. 1.8.7 ∆ημόκριτος ὁ Ἀβδηρίτης ὑπεστήσατο τὸ πᾶν ἄπειρον διὰ τὸ μηδαμῶς ὑπό τινος αὐτὸ δεδημιουργῆσθαι· ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἀμετάβλητον αὐτὸ λέγει· καὶ καθόλου, οἷον πᾶν ἐστιν, ῥητῶς ἐκτίθεται μηδεμίαν ἀρχὴν ἔχειν τὰς αἰτίας τῶν νῦν γιγνομένων, ἄνωθεν δ' ὅλως ἐξ ἀπείρου χρόνου προκατέχεσθαι τῇ ἀνάγκῃ πάνθ' ἁπλῶς τὰ γεγονότα καὶ ἐόντα καὶ ἐσόμενα. ἡλίου δὲ καὶ σελήνης γένεσίν φησιν· κατ' ἰδίαν φέρεσθαι ταῦτα μηδέπω τὸ παράπαν ἔχοντα θερμὴν φύσιν μηδὲ μὴν καθόλου λαμπροτάτην, τοὐναντίον δὲ ἐξωμοιωμένην τῇ περὶ τὴν γῆν φύσει· γεγονέναι γὰρ ἑκάτερον τούτων πρότερον ἔτι κατ' ἰδίαν ὑποβολήν τινα κόσμου, ὕστερον δὲ μεγεθοποιουμένου τοῦ περὶ τὸν ἥλιον κύκλου ἐναποληφθῆναι ἐν αὐτῷ τὸ πῦρ. 1.8.8 Ἐπίκουρος Νεοκλέους Ἀθηναῖος τὸν περὶ θεῶν τῦφον πειρᾶται καταστέλλειν· ἀλλὰ καὶ οὐθέν, φησίν, γίγνεται ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος, ὅτι τὸ πᾶν ἀεὶ τοιοῦτον ἦν καὶ ἔσται τοιοῦτον· ὅτι οὐδὲν ξένον ἐν τῷ παντὶ ἀποτελεῖται παρὰ τὸν ἤδη γεγενημένον χρόνον ἄπειρον· ὅτι πᾶν ἐστι σῶμα, καὶ οὐ μόνον ἀμετάβλητον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄπειρον· ὅτι τέλος τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἡδονή. 1.8.9 Ἀρίστιππος ὁ Κυρηναῖος τέλος ἀγαθῶν τὴν ἡδονήν, κακῶν δὲ τὴν ἀλγηδόνα· τὴν δὲ ἄλλην φυσιολογίαν περιγράφει, μόνον ὠφέλιμον εἶναι λέγων τὸ ζητεῖν ὅττι τοι ἐν μεγάροισι κακόν τ' ἀγαθόν τε τέτυκται. 1.8.10 Ἐμπεδοκλῆς ὁ Ἀκραγαντῖνος στοιχεῖα τέσσαρα, πῦρ, ὕδωρ, αἰθέρα, γαῖαν· αἰτίαν δὲ τούτων φιλίαν καὶ νεῖκος. ἐκ πρώτης φησὶ τῆς τῶν στοιχείων κράσεως ἀποκριθέντα τὸν ἀέρα περιχυθῆναι κύκλῳ, μετὰ δὲ τὸν ἀέρα τὸ πῦρ ἐκδραμὸν καὶ οὐκ ἔχον ἑτέραν χώραν ἄνω ἐκτρέχειν ὑπὸ τοῦ περὶ τὸν ἀέρα πάγου. εἶναι δὲ κύκλῳ περὶ τὴν γῆν φερόμενα δύο ἡμισφαίρια, τὸ μὲν καθόλου πυρός, τὸ δὲ μικτὸν ἐξ ἀέρος καὶ ὀλίγου πυρός, ὅπερ οἴεται τὴν νύκτα εἶναι. τὴν δὲ ἀρχὴν τῆς κινήσεως συμβῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ τετυχηκέναι κατὰ τὸν ἀθροισμὸν ἐπιβρίσαντος τοῦ πυρός. ὁ δὲ ἥλιος τὴν φύσιν οὐκ ἔστι πῦρ, ἀλλὰ τοῦ πυρὸς ἀντανάκλασις, ὁμοία τῇ ἀφ' ὕδατος γινομένῃ. σελήνην δέ φησιν συστῆναι καθ' ἑαυτὴν ἐκ τοῦ ἀποληφθέντος ἀέρος ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρός· τοῦτον γὰρ παγῆναι, καθάπερ καὶ τὴν χάλαζαν· τὸ δὲ φῶς αὐτὴν ἔχειν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου. τὸ δὲ ἡγεμονικὸν οὔτε ἐν κεφαλῇ οὔτε ἐν θώρακι, ἀλλ' ἐν αἵματι· ὅθεν καθ' ὅ τι ἂν μέρος τοῦ σώματος πλεῖον ᾖ παρεσπαρμένον τὸ ἡγεμονικόν, οἴεται κατ' ἐκεῖνο προτερεῖν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. 1.8.11 Μητρόδωρος ὁ Χῖος ἀΐδιον εἶναί φησι τὸ πᾶν, ὅτι εἰ ἦν γενητόν, ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος ἂν ἦν· ἄπειρον δέ, ὅτι ἀΐδιον, οὐ γὰρ ἔχειν ἀρχὴν ὅθεν ἤρξατο οὐδὲ πέρας οὐδὲ τελευτήν· ἀλλ' οὐδὲ κινήσεως μετέχειν τὸ πᾶν. κινεῖσθαι γὰρ ἀδύνατον μὴ μεθιστάμενον· μεθίστασθαι δὲ ἀναγκαῖον ἤτοι εἰς πλῆρες ἢ εἰς κενόν. πυκνούμενον δὲ τὸν αἰθέρα ποιεῖν νεφέλας, εἶτα ὕδωρ, ὃ καὶ κατιὸν ἐπὶ τὸν ἥλιον σβεννύναι αὐτόν· καὶ πάλιν ἀραιούμενον ἐξάπτεσθαι. χρόνῳ δὲ πήγνυσθαι τῷ ξηρῷ τὸν ἥλιον καὶ ποιεῖν ἐκ τοῦ λαμπροῦ ὕδατος ἀστέρας, νύκτα τε καὶ ἡμέραν ἐκ τῆς σβέσεως καὶ ἐξάψεως καὶ καθόλου τὰς ἐκλείψεις ἀποτελεῖν. 1.8.12 ∆ιογένης ὁ Ἀπολλωνιάτης ἀέρα ὑφίσταται στοιχεῖον· κινεῖσθαι δὲ τὰ πάντα ἀπείρους τε εἶναι τοὺς κόσμους. κοσμοποιεῖ δὲ οὕτως· ὅτι τοῦ παντὸς κινουμένου καὶ ᾗ μὲν ἀραιοῦ, ᾗ δὲ πυκνοῦ γινομένου, ὅπου συνεκύρησεν τὸ πυκνὸν συστροφὴν ποιῆσαι, καὶ οὕτως τὰ λοιπὰ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον, τὰ κουφότατα, τὴν ἄνω τάξιν λαβόντα τὸν ἥλιον ἀποτελέσαι.» 1.8.13 Τοιαύτη καὶ τῶν πανσόφων Ἑλλήνων τῶν δὴ φυσικῶν