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they had corrupted. When Constantius learned these things, he sent men to bring 47 Gallus to him. But he sent his wife ahead to appease her brother; while she was still on her journey, the end of her life from disease overtook her. Therefore, when Constantius learned of his sister's death, he immediately sent men, stripped Gallus of his rank and placed him in exile. Then he also sent men to kill him, having been incited to this by those around him. But changing his mind again, he sent others to prevent the execution; whom those hostile to Gallus, and especially the eunuch Eusebius, who held the office of praepositus and had great power with Constantius, persuaded not to announce the imperial change of mind to those who had been ordered to kill Gallus before they knew the man had been killed. So he was killed; and since the barbarians beyond the Rhine were threatening the Gallic provinces, Silvanus was sent out to check their attacks, a man most skilled in strategy and excellent in warfare. But the emperor, believing the slanders against him (for his ears were inclined to slanders), plotted terrible things against the man. When that man learned this, he turned to rebellion and put on for himself the robe of a 48 Caesar; but he did not engage in the rebellion for long. For Ursicinus was sent there and, having corrupted some of his soldiers with money, through them he killed Silvanus and stopped the rebellion. However, as Constantius was departing from the western parts and returning towards Byzantium, ambassadors from the Persians met him near Sirmium, sent by Sapor, demanding that Mesopotamia and Armenia be given back to the Persians, so that they might thus cease fighting with the Romans; for these lands, he said, had belonged to them from of old from their ancestors; but if he would not be persuaded, he declared to the emperor that he would make the inquiry of the matter under Ares as judge. To this Constantius sent back to him that he was surprised if he had forgotten that the Persians had been slaves to the Macedonians, and that when the Macedonians were subjected to the Romans, those who were slaves to them also became subjects of the Romans. Provoked by this, Sapor looked to war. And again he set about the siege of Nisibis. But as he accomplished nothing against it, he departed and attempted other places. And when he was repulsed from those too, he came to Amida and took it. 49 But Constantius, being unable to govern the whole empire alone, being so great as to extend from almost the furthest ends of the earth to the furthest ends, summoned Julian, the full brother of Gallus, from Athens, proclaimed him Caesar, and gave him his own sister Helena in marriage. It is said that his mother, when pregnant with him, had a dream and seemed to have given birth to Achilles. And when she awoke and related the dream to her husband, she gave birth to him, having experienced almost no birth pangs for him and having given birth before she knew she was about to give birth. Hence, having great hopes for him, his parents entrusted him to Eusebius of Nicomedia to be initiated by him into the divine scripture. Having proclaimed him Caesar, the emperor Constantius sent him to Gaul with very few soldiers, so that from this arose the suspicion that Constantius had not chosen Julian as a partner in the empire, but had clothed him in the garb of Caesar as a pretext for a plot against him, 50 so that he might be destroyed by the enemies, not having sufficient force for the war against them. But he went away and, meeting with good fortune, engaged the enemy and unexpectedly won. And again, when the enemies had recovered themselves, he engaged them and set up a trophy, with many being killed, many perishing in the nearby river, and no fewer being taken alive. at which time they say even eleven thousand Roman captives were released from the bonds of captivity, when the enemies were defeated. Then he also waged war against the Alamanni and was successful against them, and when they begged him, he made a truce with the nation, when it had released from slavery the Roman prisoners of war who were with them. Therefore, Caesar Julian by these things

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διέφθειραν. Ταῦτα μαθὼν ὁ Κωνστάντιος ἔπεμψε τοὺς ἄξοντας τὸν 47 Γάλλον ὡς ἑαυτόν. ὁ δὲ τὴν γυναῖκα προέπεμψεν ἐξευμενισομένην τὸν ἀδελφόν· ἣν ὁδοιποροῦσαν ἔτι τὸ τέλος ἐκ νόσου κατέλαβε τῆς ζωῆς. γνοὺς οὖν τὸν τῆς ἀδελφῆς ὁ Κωνστάντιος θάνατον αὐτίκα στείλας γυμνοῖ τὸν Γάλλον τοῦ ἀξιώματος καὶ ὑπερόριον τίθησιν. εἶτα στέλλει καὶ τοὺς αὐτὸν ἀναιρήσοντας, παρὰ τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν πρὸς τοῦτο ἐρεθισθείς. μεταμεληθεὶς δ' αὖθις ἑτέρους στέλλει τοὺς εἴρξοντας τὴν ἀναίρεσιν· οὓς ἀνέπεισαν οἱ τῷ Γάλλῳ ἐχθραίνοντες, καὶ μᾶλλον ὁ εὐνοῦχος Εὐσέβιος, τὴν τοῦ πραιποσίτου διέπων ἀρχὴν καὶ μέγα παρὰ τῷ Κωνσταντίῳ δυνάμενος, μὴ πρότερον ἀπαγγεῖλαι τοῖς τὸν Γάλλον ἐνταλθεῖσι κτανεῖν τὴν βασιλικὴν μεταμέλειαν πρὶν ἂν γνοῖεν ἀνῃρημένον τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Ὁ μὲν οὖν ἀνῄρητο· τῶν πέραν δὲ τοῦ Ῥήνου βαρβάρων ταῖς Γαλλίαις ἐπικειμένων, ἐκπέμπεται Σιλβανὸς ἀνακόψων αὐτῶν τὰς ὁρμάς, ἀνὴρ στρατηγικώτατος καὶ ἄριστος τὰ πολέμια. διαβολαῖς δὲ κατ' αὐτοῦ πιστεύσας ὁ βασιλεύς (εἶχε γὰρ ἐπικλινεῖς τὰς ἀκοὰς πρὸς διαβολάς) ἐβυσσοδόμευε δεινὰ κατὰ τοῦ ἀνδρός. ὃ γνοὺς ἐκεῖνος πρὸς ἀποστασίαν ἀπέκλινε καὶ σχῆμα 48 Καίσαρος ἑαυτῷ περιέθετο· οὐκ ἐπὶ μακρὸν δὲ τῇ ἀποστασίᾳ ἐχρήσατο. σταλεὶς γὰρ Οὐρσικῖνος ἐκεῖ καὶ χρήμασι τῶν ἐκείνου στρατιωτῶν τινας ὑποφθείρας, δι' ἐκείνων ἀνεῖλε τὸν Σιλβανὸν καὶ τὴν ἀποστασίαν κατέπαυσε. Τῷ μέντοι Κωνσταντίῳ ἀναζευγνύντι ἀπὸ τῶν ἑσπερίων καὶ ἐπανιόντι πρὸς τὸ Βυζάντιον ἐκ τῶν Περσῶν πρέσβεις περὶ τὸ Σίρμιον συνηντήκασιν, ἐσταλμένοι παρὰ Σαπώρου, ἀπαιτοῦντος ἀποδοθῆναι Πέρσαις τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν καὶ Ἀρμενίαν, ἵν' οὕτω παύσαιντο Ῥωμαίοις μαχόμενοι· ταύτας γὰρ τὰς χώρας ἀνέκαθεν ἐκ προγόνων αὐτοῖς διαφέρειν· εἰ δ' οὐ πείθοιτο, δηλοῦντος τῷ αὐτοκράτορι ὑπὸ τῷ Ἄρει δικαστῇ ποιήσασθαι τὴν τῆς ὑποθέσεως ζήτησιν. πρὸς ταῦτα ἀνταπέστειλεν αὐτῷ ὁ Κωνστάντιος θαυμάζειν, εἰ ἐπελάθετο, ὅτι Πέρσαι Μακεδόσιν ἐδούλευσαν καὶ ὅτι Μακεδόνων Ῥωμαίοις ὑποταγέντων καὶ οἱ ἐκείνοις δουλεύοντες ὑπήκοοι Ῥωμαίοις ἐγένοντο. τούτοις ὁ Σαπώρης παροξυνθεὶς πρὸς πόλεμον ἀπεῖδε. καὶ αὖθις εἰς πολιορκίαν κατέστη Νισίβεως. ὡς δ' οὐδὲν ἐπέραινε κατ' αὐτῆς, ἀπέστη καὶ ἑτέρων ἀπεπειρᾶτο. ὡς δὲ κἀκείνων ἀπεκρούσθη, εἰς Ἄμιδαν κατηντήκει καὶ ταύτης ἐκράτησε. 49 Κωνστάντιος δὲ μὴ οἷός τε ὢν τὴν ὅλην διευθύνειν μόνος ἀρχήν, τοσαύτην οὖσαν ὡς ἐξ ἄκρων σχεδὸν περάτων γῆς εἰς ἄκρα πέρατα καταντᾶν, ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν τὸν τοῦ Γάλλου ὁμαίμονα τὸν Ἰουλιανὸν μετακαλεσάμενος Καίσαρά τε ἀνεῖπε καὶ Ἐλένην αὐτῷ τὴν οἰκείαν συνῴκισεν ἀδελφήν. λέγεται δὲ τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ κυούσῃ αὐτὸν ἐνύπνιον γενέσθαι καὶ δόξαι τὸν Ἀχιλλέα τεκεῖν. ἡ δὲ διυπνισθεῖσα καὶ τὸ ὄναρ διηγουμένη τῷ ἀνδρὶ ἔτεκε τοῦτον μήτ' ὠδίνων σχεδὸν ἐπ' αὐτῷ πειραθεῖσα καὶ τεκοῦσα πρὶν ἢ γνοίη ὡς μέλλει τίκτειν. ἐντεῦθεν μεγάλας ἐπ' αὐτῷ ἐσχηκότες ἐλπίδας οἱ τούτου γονεῖς Εὐσεβίῳ τῷ Νικομηδείας αὐτὸν παραδεδώκασι παρ' αὐτοῦ μυηθησόμενον τὴν θείαν γραφήν. Καίσαρα δὲ τοῦτον ἀναγορεύσας ὁ αὐτοκράτωρ Κωνστάντιος εἰς Γαλλίας ἐξέπεμψε μετ' ὀλίγων πάνυ στρατιωτῶν, ὡς ὑπόνοιαν ἐντεῦθεν ἐγγίνεσθαι ὅτι οὐ κοινωνὸν τῆς ἀρχῆς ὁ Κωνστάντιος εἵλετο τὸν Ἰουλιανόν, ἀλλ' εἰς ἐπιβουλῆς 50 αὐτῷ πρόφασιν τὸ σχῆμα περιέβαλε τὸ τοῦ Καίσαρος, ἵν' ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων διαφθαρῇ, μὴ ἔχων δύναμιν πρὸς τὸν κατ' ἐκείνων πόλεμον ἀξιόχρεων. ὁ δὲ ἀπελθὼν καὶ ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ χρησάμενος συμβάλλει τοῖς πολεμίοις καὶ ἀνελπίστως νικᾷ. καὶ αὖθις ἑαυτοὺς ἀνακτησαμένων τῶν πολεμίων, προσμίγνυται αὐτοῖς καὶ τρόπαιον ἵστησι, πολλῶν μὲν ἀναιρεθέντων, πολλῶν δ' ἀπολομένων ἐν τῷ παραρρέοντι ποταμῷ, καὶ ζωγρηθέντων οὐκ ἐλαττόνων. ὅτε καὶ ἕνδεκα φασὶ χιλιάδας αἰχμαλώτων Ῥωμαίων τῶν τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας ἀπολυθῆναι δεσμῶν, ἡττηθέντων τῶν πολεμίων. εἶτα καὶ Ἀλαμαννοῖς πολεμήσας καὶ κατὰ τούτων ηὐτύχησε καὶ δεηθέντων αὐτοῦ τῷ ἔθνει ἐσπείσατο, λύσαντι τῆς δουλείας τοὺς παρ' αὐτοῖς ὄντας δορυαλώτους Ῥωμαίους. Τούτοις οὖν ὁ Καῖσαρ Ἰουλιανὸς