§12. Other shameful actions ascribed to heathen deities. All prove that they are but men of former times, and not even good men.

For, to mention a few instances out of many to avoid prolixity, who that saw his lawless and corrupt conduct toward Semele, Leda, Alcmene, Artemis, Leto, Maia, Europe, Danae, and Antiope, or that saw what he ventured to take in hand with regard to his own sister, in having the same woman as wife and sister, would not scorn him and pronounce him worthy of death? For not only did he commit adultery, but he deified and raised to heaven those born of his adulteries, contriving the deification as a veil for his lawlessness: such as Dionysus, Heracles, the Dioscuri, Hermes, Perseus, and Soteira. 2. Who, that sees the so-called gods at irreconcileable strife among themselves at Troy on account of the Greeks and Trojans, will fail to recognise their feebleness, in that because of their mutual jealousies they egged on even mortals to strife? Who, that sees Ares and Aphrodite wounded by Diomed, or Hera and Aïdoneus from below the earth, whom they call a god, wounded by Heracles, Dionysus by Perseus, Athena by Arcas, and Hephæstus hurled down and going lame, will not recognise their real nature, and, while refusing to call them gods, be assured (when he hears that they are corruptible and passible) that they are nothing but men28    This explanation of gods as deified men is known as Euhemerism, from Euhemerus, who broached the theory in the third century, b.c. (supra, 10, note 1); but ‘there were Euhemerists in Greece before Euhemerus’ (Jowett’s Plato, 2. 101). The Fathers very commonly adopt the theory, for which, however, there are very slight grounds. Such cases as those of Antinous and the Emperors, as well as the legends of heroes and demigods, gave it some plausibility (see Döllinger; Gentile and Jew, vol. i. p. 344, Eng. Tr.)., and feeble men too, and admire those that inflicted the wounds rather than the wounded? 3. Or who that sees the adultery of Ares with Aphrodite, and Hephæstus contriving a snare for the two, and the other so-called gods called by Hephæstus to view the adultery, and coming and seeing their licentiousness, would not laugh and recognise their worthless character? Or who would not laugh at beholding the drunken folly and misconduct of Heracles toward Omphale? For their deeds of pleasure, and their unconscionable loves, and their divine images in gold, silver, bronze, iron, stone, and wood, we need not seriously expose by argument, since the facts are abominable in themselves, and are enough taken alone to furnish proof of the deception; so that one’s principal feeling is pity for those deceived about them. 4. For, hating the adulterer who tampers with a wife of their own, they are not ashamed to deify the teachers of adultery; and refraining from incest themselves they worship those who practise it; and admitting that the corrupting of children is an evil, they serve those who stand accused of it and do not blush to ascribe to those they call gods things which the laws forbid to exist even among men.

12 Ἵνα γὰρ ἐκ πολλῶν ὀλίγα μνημονεύσω διὰ τὸ πλῆθος, τίς ἰδὼν αὐτοῦ τὴν εἰς Σεμέλην καὶ Λήδαν καὶ Ἀλκμήνην καὶ Ἄρτεμιν καὶ Λητὼ καὶ Μαῖαν καὶ Εὐρώπην καὶ ∆ανάην καὶ Ἀντιόπην παρανομίαν καὶ φθοράν· ἢ τίς, ἰδὼν τὴν εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν ἀδελφὴν αὐτοῦ ἐπιχείρη σιν καὶ τόλμαν, ὅτι τὴν αὐτὴν ἀδελφὴν εἶχε καὶ γυναῖκα, οὐκ ἂν χλευάσειε, καὶ ζημιώσειε θανάτῳ; ὅτι μὴ μόνον ἐμοίχευσεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἐκ τῆς μοιχείας γενομένους αὐτῷ παῖδας θεοποιήσας ἀνέθηκεν, ἐπικάλυμμα τῆς παρανομίας αὐτοῦ τὴν τῆς θεοποιίας φαντασίαν κατασκευάζων· ὧν εἰσι ∆ιόνυσος καὶ Ἡρακλῆς καὶ ∆ιόσκουροι καὶ Ἑρμῆς καὶ Περσεὺς καὶ Σώτειρα. τίς, ἰδὼν τὴν τῶν λεγομένων θεῶν ἀκατάλλακτον πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς ἔριν ἐν Ἰλίῳ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τῶν Τρώων χάριν, οὐ καταγνώσεται τῆς ἀσθενείας αὐτῶν, ὅτι διὰ τὴν πρὸς ἀλλήλους φιλονεικίαν καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους παρώξυναν; τίς, ἰδὼν ὑπὸ μὲν ∆ιομήδους τιτρωσκομένους Ἄρεα καὶ Ἀφροδίτην, ὑπὸ δὲ Ἡρακλέους τὴν Ἥραν καὶ τὸν Ὑποχθόνιον ὃκαλοῦσι θεὸν Ἀϊδωνέα, καὶ ∆ιόνυσον μὲν ὑπὸ Περσέως, Ἀθηνᾶν δὲ ὑπὸ Ἀρκάδος, καὶ τὸν Ἥφαιστον ῥιπτόμενον καὶ χωλαίνοντα, οὐ καταγνώσεται τῆς φύσεως, καὶ ἀποστραφήσεται μὲν τοῦ λέγειν αὐτοὺς ἔτι εἶναι θεούς, φθαρτοὺς δὲ καὶ παθητοὺς αὐτοὺς ἀκούων, οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἢ ἀνθρώπους αὐτούς, καὶ ἀνθρώπους ἀσθενεῖς ἐπιγνώσε ται, καὶ μᾶλλον τοὺς τρώσαντας ἢ τοὺς τρωθέντας θαυμάσειεν; ἢ τίς, ἰδὼν τὴν Ἄρεως πρὸς Ἀφροδίτην μοιχείαν, καὶ τὸν Ἡφαίστουκατ' ἀμφοτέρων κατασκευαζόμενον δόλον, καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους λεγο μένους θεοὺς ἐπὶ θέαν τῆς μοιχείας ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἡφαίστου καλουμένους, καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐρχομένους, καὶ ὁρῶντας αὐτῶν τὴν ἀσέλγειαν, οὐκ ἂν γελάσειε καὶ καταγνώσεται τῆς φαυλότητος αὐτῶν; ἢ τίς οὐκ ἂν γελάσειεν ὁρῶν τὴν Ἡρακλέους πρὸς τὴν Ὀμφάλην ἐκ μέθης παραφροσύνην καὶ ἀσωτίαν; Τὰς γὰρ καθ' ἡδονὴν αὐτῶν πράξεις, καὶ τοὺς παραλόγους αὐτῶν ἔρωτας, καὶ τὰς ἐν χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ, καὶ χαλκῷ καὶ σιδήρῳ, καὶ λίθοις καὶ ξύλοις θεοπλαστίας, οὐ δεῖ διελέγχειν μετὰ σπουδῆς, τῶν πραγμάτων καὶ ἀφ' ἑαυτῶν ἐχόντων τὸ μύσος, καὶ δι' ἑαυτῶν ἐπιδεικνυμένων τὸ τῆς πλάνης γνώρισμα· ἐφ' οἷς μάλιστα καὶ οἰκτειρήσειεν ἄν τις τοὺς ἀπατωμένους ἐν αὐτοῖς. τῇ γὰρ ἑαυτῶν γυναικὶ μισοῦντες τὸν ἐπιβαίνοντα μοιχόν, τοὺς τῆς μοιχείας διδα σκάλους θεοποιοῦντες οὐκ αἰσχύνονται· καὶ ταῖς ἀδελφαῖς αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐπιμισγόμενοι τοὺς τοῦτο ποιήσαντας προσκυνοῦσι· καὶ ὁμολο γοῦντες εἶναι κακὸν τὴν παιδοφθορίαν, τοὺς ἐπὶ ταύτῃ διαβαλλο μένους θρησκεύουσι· καὶ ἃ μηδὲ ἐν ἀνθρώποις εἶναι ἐπιτρέπουσιν οἱ νόμοι, ταῦτα τοῖς ὑπ' αὐτῶν ὀνομαζομένοις εἶναι θεοῖς περιτιθέντες οὐκ ἐρυθριῶσιν.