Chapter XII.—Argument for the Resurrection From the Purpose Contemplated in Man’s Creation.

The argument from the cause will appear, if we consider whether man was made at random and in vain, or for some purpose; and if for some purpose, whether simply that he might live and continue in the natural condition in which he was created, or for the use of another; and if with a view to use, whether for that of the Creator Himself, or of some one of the beings who belong to Him, and are by Him deemed worthy of greater care. Now, if we consider this in the most general way, we find that a person of sound mind, and who is moved by a rational judgment to do anything, does nothing in vain which he does intentionally, but either for his own use, or for the use of some other person for whom he cares, or for the sake of the work itself, being moved by some natural inclination and affection towards its production. For instance (to make use of an illustration, that our meaning may be clear), a man makes a house for his own use, but for cattle and camels and other animals of which he has need he makes the shelter suitable for each of them; not for his own use, if we regard the appearance only, though for that, if we look at the end he has in view, but as regards the immediate object, from concern for those for whom he cares. He has children, too, not for his own use, nor for the sake of anything else belonging to him, but that those who spring from him may exist and continue as long as possible, thus by the succession of children and grandchildren comforting himself respecting the close of his own life, and hoping in this way to immortalize the mortal. Such is the procedure of men. But God can neither have made man in vain, for He is wise, and no work of wisdom is in vain; nor for His own use, for He is in want of nothing. But to a Being absolutely in need of nothing, no one of His works can contribute anything to His own use. Neither, again, did He make man for the sake of any of the other works which He has made. For nothing that is endowed with reason and judgment has been created, or is created, for the use of another, whether greater or less than itself, but for the sake of the life and continuance of the being itself so created. For reason cannot discover any use which might be deemed a cause for the creation of men, since immortals are free from want, and in need of no help from men in order to their existence; and irrational beings are by nature in a state of subjection, and perform those services for men for which each of them was intended, but are not intended in their turn to make use of men: for it neither was nor is right to lower that which rules and takes the lead to the use of the inferior, or to subject the rational to the irrational, which is not suited to rule. Therefore, if man has been created neither without cause and in vain (for none of God’s works is in vain, so far at least as the purpose of their Maker is concerned), nor for the use of the Maker Himself, or of any of the works which have proceeded from Him, it is quite clear that although, according to the first and more general view of the subject, God made man for Himself, and in pursuance of the goodness and wisdom which are conspicuous throughout the creation, yet, according to the view which more nearly touches the beings created, He made him for the sake of the life of those created, which is not kindled for a little while and then extinguished. For to creeping things, I suppose, and birds, and fishes, or, to speak more generally, all irrational creatures, God has assigned such a life as that; but to those who bear upon them the image of the Creator Himself, and are endowed with understanding, and blessed with a rational judgment, the Creator has assigned perpetual duration, in order that, recognising their own Maker, and His power and skill, and obeying law and justice, they may pass their whole existence free from suffering, in the possession of those qualities with which they have bravely borne their preceding life, although they lived in corruptible and earthly bodies. For whatever has been created for the sake of something else, when that has ceased to be for the sake of which it was created, will itself also fitly cease to be, and will not continue to exist in vain, since, among the works of God, that which is useless can have no place; but that which was created for the very purpose of existing and living a life naturally suited to it, since the cause itself is bound up with its nature, and is recognised only in connection with existence itself, can never admit of any cause which shall utterly annihilate its existence. But since this cause is seen to lie in perpetual existence, the being so created must be preserved for ever, doing and experiencing what is suitable to its nature, each of the two parts of which it consists contributing what belongs to it, so that the soul may exist and remain without change in the nature in which it was made, and discharge its appropriate functions (such as presiding over the impulses of the body, and judging of and measuring that which occurs from time to time by the proper standards and measures), and the body be moved according to its nature towards its appropriate objects, and undergo the changes allotted to it, and, among the rest (relating to age, or appearance, or size), the resurrection. For the resurrection is a species of change, and the last of all, and a change for the better of what still remains in existence at that time.

Ἔστι δὲ ὁ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς αἰτίας λόγος, ἐὰν ἐπισκοπῶμεν πότερον ἁπλῶς καὶ μάτην γέγονεν ἄνθρωπος ἢ τινὸς ἕνεκεν· εἰ δὲ τινὸς ἕνεκεν, πότερον ἐπὶ τῷ γενόμενον αὐτὸν ζῆν καὶ διαμένειν καθ' ἣν ἐγένετο φύσιν ἢ διὰ χρείαν τινός· εἰ δὲ κατὰ χρείαν, ἤτοι τὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ποιήσαντος ἢ ἄλλου τινὸς τῶν αὐτῷ προσηκόντων καὶ πλείονος φροντίδος ἠξιωμένων. ὃ δὴ καὶ κοινότερον σκοποῦντες εὑρίσκομεν ὅτι πᾶς εὖ φρονῶν καὶ λογικῇ κρίσει πρὸς τὸ ποιεῖν τι κινούμενος οὐδὲν ὧν κατὰ πρόθεσιν ἐνεργεῖ ποιεῖ μάτην, ἀλλ' ἤτοι τῆς ἰδίας ἕνεκεν χρήσεως ἢ διὰ χρείαν ἄλλου τινὸς ὧν πεφρόντικεν ἢ δι' αὐτὸ τὸ γινόμενον, ὁλκῇ τινι φυσικῇ καὶ στοργῇ πρὸς τὴν αὐτοῦ γένεσιν κινούμενος· οἷον (λεγέσθω γὰρ δι' εἰκόνος τινὸς, ἵνα σαφὲς γένηται τὸ προκείμενον) ἄνθρωπος ποιεῖ μὲν οἶκον διὰ τὴν ἰδίαν χρείαν, ποιεῖ δὲ βουσὶ καὶ καμήλοις ἢ τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις, ὧν ἐστιν ἐνδεής, τὴν ἑκάστῳ τούτων ἁρμόζουσαν σκέπην οὐκ ἰδίας ἕνεκεν χρήσεως κατὰ τὸ φαινόμενον, ἀλλὰ κατὰ μὲν τὸ τέλος διὰ τοῦτο, κατὰ δὲ τὸ προσεχὲς διὰ τὴν τούτων ὧν πεφρόντικεν ἐπιμέλειαν· ποιεῖται δὲ καὶ παῖδας οὔτε διὰ χρείαν ἰδίαν οὔτε δι' ἕτερόν τι τῶν αὐτῷ προσηκόντων, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τῷ εἶναί τε καὶ διαμένειν καθόσον οἷόν τε τοὺς ὑπ' αὐτοῦ γεννωμένους, τῇ τῶν παίδων καὶ τῶν ἐγγόνων διαδοχῇ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ τελευτὴν παραμυθούμενος καὶ ταύτῃ τὸ θνητὸν ἀπαθανατίζειν οἰόμενος. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ὑπὸ τούτων· ὁ μέντοι θεὸς οὔτ' ἂν μάτην ἐποίησεν τὸν ἄνθρωπον· ἔστι γὰρ σοφός, οὐδὲν δὲ σοφίας ἔργον μάταιον· οὔτε διὰ χρείαν ἰδίαν· παντὸς γάρ ἐστιν ἀπροσδεής, τῷ δὲ μηδενὸς δεομένῳ τὸ παράπαν οὐδὲν τῶν ὑπ' αὐτοῦ γενομένων συντελέσειεν ἂν εἰς χρείαν ἰδίαν. ἀλλ' οὐδὲ διά τινα τῶν ὑπ' αὐτοῦ γενομένων ἔργων ἐποίησεν ἄνθρωπον. οὐδὲν γὰρ τῶν λόγῳ καὶ κρίσει χρωμένων οὔτε τῶν μειζόνων οὔτε τῶν καταδεεστέρων γέγονεν ἢ γίνεται πρὸς ἑτέρου χρείαν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ἰδίαν αὐτῶν τῶν γενομένων ζωήν τε καὶ διαμονήν. οὐδὲ γὰρ ὁ λόγος εὑρίσκει τινὰ χρείαν τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων γενέσεως αἰτίαν, τῶν μὲν ἀθανάτων ἀνενδεῶν ὄντων καὶ μηδεμιᾶς μηδαμῶς παρ' ἀνθρώπων συντελείας πρὸς τὸ εἶναι δεομένων, τῶν δὲ ἀλόγων ἀρχομένων κατὰ φύσιν καὶ τὰς πρὸς ὃ πέφυκεν ἕκαστον χρείας ἀνθρώποις ἀποπληρούντων ἀλλ' οὐκ αὐτῶν τούτοις χρῆσθαι πεφυκότων· θέμις γὰρ οὔτε ἦν οὔτε ἐστὶ τὸ ἄρχον καὶ ἡγεμονοῦν ὑπάγειν εἰς χρῆσιν τοῖς ἐλάττοσιν ἢ τὸ λογικὸν ὑποτάττειν ἀλόγοις, οὖσιν πρὸς τὸ ἄρχειν ἀνεπιτηδείοις. οὐκοῦν εἰ μήτε ἀναιτίως καὶ μάτην γέγονεν ἄνθρωπος (οὐδὲν γὰρ τῶν ὑπὸ θεοῦ γενομένων μάταιον κατά γε τὴν τοῦ ποιήσαντος γνώμην) μήτε χρείας ἕνεκεν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ποιήσαντος ἢ ἄλλου τινὸς τῶν ὑπὸ θεοῦ γενομένων ποιημάτων, εὔδηλον ὅτι κατὰ μὲν τὸν πρῶτον καὶ κοινότερον λόγον δι' ἑαυτὸν καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ πάσης τῆς δημιουργίας θεωρουμένην ἀγαθότητα καὶ σοφίαν ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς ἄνθρωπον, κατὰ δὲ τὸν προσεχέστερον τοῖς γενομένοις λόγον διὰ τὴν αὐτῶν τῶν γενομένων ζωὴν, οὐκ ἐπὶ μικρὸν ἐξαπτομένην εἶτα παντελῶς σβεννυμένην. ἑρπετοῖς γὰρ, οἶμαι, καὶ πτηνοῖς καὶ νηκτοῖς ἢ καὶ κοινότερον εἰπεῖν πᾶσι τοῖς ἀλόγοις τὴν τοιαύτην ζωὴν ἀπένειμεν θεός, τοῖς δὲ αὐτὸν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἀγαλματοφοροῦσι τὸν ποιητὴν νοῦν τε συνεπιφερομένοις καὶ λογικῆς κρίσεως μεμοιραμένοις τὴν εἰς ἀεὶ διαμονὴν ἀπεκλήρωσεν ὁ ποιήσας, ἵνα γινώσκοντες τὸν ἑαυτῶν ποιητὴν καὶ τὴν τούτου δύναμίν τε καὶ σοφίαν νόμῳ τε συνεπόμενοι καὶ δίκῃ τούτοις συνδιαιωνίζωσιν ἀπόνως, οἷς τὴν προλαβοῦσαν ἐκράτυναν ζωὴν καίπερ ἐν φθαρτοῖς καὶ γηΐνοις ὄντες σώμασιν. ὁπόσα μὲν γὰρ ἄλλου του χάριν γέγονεν, παυσαμένων ἐκείνων ὧν ἕνεκεν γέγονεν, παύσεται εἰκότως καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ γενόμενα τοῦ εἶναι καὶ οὐκ ἂν διαμένοι μάτην, ὡς ἂν μηδεμίαν ἐν τοῖς ὑπὸ θεοῦ γενομένοις τοῦ ματαίου χώραν ἔχοντος· τά γε μὴν δι' αὐτὸ τὸ εἶναι καὶ ζῆν καθὼς πέφυκεν γενόμενα, ὡς αὐτῆς τῆς αἰτίας τῇ φύσει συνειλημμένης καὶ κατ' αὐτὸ μόνον τὸ εἶναι θεωρουμένης, οὐδεμίαν οὐδέποτε δέξαιτ' ἂν τὴν τὸ εἶναι παντελῶς ἀφανίζουσαν αἰτίαν. ταύτης δὲ ἐν τῷ εἶναι πάντοτε θεωρουμένης, δεῖ σῴζεσθαι πάντως καὶ τὸ γενόμενον ζῷον, ἐνεργοῦν τε καὶ πάσχον ἃ πέφυκεν, ἑκατέρου τούτων ἐξ ὧν γέγονεν τὰ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ συνεισφέροντος καὶ τῆς μὲν ψυχῆς οὔσης τε καὶ διαμενούσης ὁμαλῶς ἐν ᾗ γέγονεν φύσει καὶ διαπονούσης ἃ πέφυκεν (πέφυκεν δὲ ταῖς τοῦ σώματος ἐπιστατεῖν ὁρμαῖς καὶ τὸ προσπῖπτον ἀεὶ τοῖς προσήκουσι κρίνειν καὶ μετρεῖν κριτηρίοις καὶ μέτροις), τοῦ δὲ σώματος κινουμένου κατὰ φύσιν πρὸς ἃ πέφυκεν καὶ τὰς ἀποκληρωθείσας αὐτῷ δεχομένου μεταβολάς, μετὰ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν κατὰ τὰς ἡλικίας ἢ κατ' εἶδος ἢ μέγεθος τὴν ἀνάστασιν. εἶδος γάρ τι μεταβολῆς καὶ πάντων ὕστατον ἡ ἀνάστασις ἥ τε τῶν κατ' ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον περιόντων ἔτι πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον μεταβολή.