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to condemn the error of some, but for himself the God who is beyond all things, having honored Him throughout his whole life, to find Him savior and guardian of his kingdom and provider of every good thing. Having judged these things within himself and reasoned them well, how those who had trusted in a multitude of gods had fallen into manifold destructions, so that neither family nor stock nor root was left to them, nor name nor memory among men, but that his father’s God had given clear and very many proofs of His power to his father, but also having considered those who before had already waged war against the tyrant, who had made their battle array with a multitude of gods but had endured a shameful end; for one of them retreated from the engagement in shame, without success, and another was slain in the midst of his own armies and became a secondary work of death; therefore having gathered all these things in his mind, he supposed it to be a work of folly to waste time on the gods who are nothing and to go astray after such refutation, and he thought it necessary to honor his father’s God alone. He therefore called upon Him in prayers, beseeching and supplicating Him to reveal Himself to him, who He was, and to stretch out His right hand for the present affairs. And as the emperor was praying and earnestly entreating these things, a most marvelous sign from God appeared, which perhaps would not have been easy to accept if told by another, but since the victorious emperor himself reported it to us who are narrating this writing, long after, when we were deemed worthy of his acquaintance and company, and confirmed the account with oaths, who would hesitate to believe the narration? Especially when the time that followed provided true testimony to the account. About the midday hours of the sun, when the day was already declining, he said he saw with his own eyes the trophy of a cross of light in the sky itself, above the sun, and an inscription attached to it, saying: By this, conquer. And amazement at the sight seized both him and the whole army, which was following him on some march and became a witness of the miracle. And he said that he was perplexed with himself as to what the apparition might be. And while he was considering this and pondering it for a long time, night came on and overtook him. Then, while he was sleeping, the Christ of God appeared to him with the sign that had appeared in the sky, and commanded him, after making a copy of the sign that had appeared in the sky, to use this as a protection in the encounters with the enemy. And rising at dawn, he declared the secret to his friends. And then, having summoned craftsmen of gold and precious stones, he sat down in their midst and described the image of the sign, and he commanded them to imitate it in gold and precious stones. Which, indeed, the emperor himself once deemed us worthy to see with our own eyes, God granting this also. It was constructed in the following form. A tall spear, overlaid with gold, had a transverse bar arranged in the shape of a cross. And on top, at the very end of the whole thing, a wreath made of precious stones and gold woven together was fixed, on which was the symbol of the saving name, two letters indicating the name of Christ by means of the initial characters, the rho being intersected at its very center by the chi. These, indeed, the emperor was accustomed to wear also on his helmet in later times. And from the crossbar that was fixed on the spear, a certain cloth hung suspended, a royal fabric, covered with an embroidery of interwoven precious stones that glittered with rays of light, and woven with much gold, presenting a certain inexpressible beauty to those who saw it. This banner, then, hanging from the crossbar, received a symmetrical outline of length and width; but the upright spear, being greatly extended from its lower part, high in the air, below the trophy of the cross, at the very top edges of the described fabric, bore a golden bust-length image of the God-beloved emperor, and likewise of his children. With this, therefore, the

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τῶν μὲν πλάνην καταγνῶναι, αὐτὸν δὲ τὸν ἐπέκεινα τῶν ὅλων θεόν, διὰ πάσης τιμήσαντα ζωῆς, σωτῆρα καὶ φύλακα τῆς βασιλείας 1.27.3 ἀγαθοῦ τε παντὸς χορηγὸν εὕρασθαι. ταῦτα παρ' ἑαυτῷ διακρίνας εὖ τε λογισάμενος, ὡς οἱ μὲν πλήθει θεῶν ἐπιθαρρήσαντες καὶ πλείοσιν ἐπιπεπτώκασιν ὀλέθροις, ὡς μηδὲ γένος μηδὲ φυὴν μὴ ῥίζαν αὐτοῖς, μηδ' ὄνομα μηδὲ μνήμην ἐν ἀνθρώποις ἀπολειφθῆναι, ὁ δὲ πατρῷος αὐτῷ θεὸς τῆς αὐτοῦ δυνάμεως ἐναργῆ καὶ πάμπολλα δείγματα εἴη δεδωκὼς τῷ αὐτοῦ πατρί, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἤδη καταστρατεύσαντας πρότερον τοῦ τυράννου διασκεψάμενος σὺν πλήθει μὲν θεῶν τὴν παράταξιν πεποιημένους αἰσχρὸν δὲ τέλος ὑπομείναντας· ὁ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν σὺν αἰσχύνῃ τῆς συμβολῆς ἄπρακτος ἀνεχώρει, ὁ δὲ καὶ μέσοις αὐτοῖς τοῖς στρατεύμασι κατασφαγεὶς πάρεργον ἐγένετο θανάτου· ταῦτ' οὖν πάντα συναγαγὼν τῇ διανοίᾳ, τὸ μὲν περὶ τοὺς μηθὲν ὄντας θεοὺς ματαιάζειν καὶ μετὰ τοσοῦτον ἔλεγχον ἀποπλανᾶσθαι μωρίας ἔργον ὑπελάμβανε, τὸν δὲ πατρῷον τιμᾶν μόνον ᾤετο δεῖν θεόν. 1.28.1 Ἀνεκαλεῖτο δῆτα ἐν εὐχαῖς τοῦτον, ἀντιβολῶν καὶ ποτνιώμενος φῆναι αὐτῷ ἑαυτὸν ὅστις εἴη καὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ δεξιὰν χεῖρα τοῖς προκειμένοις ἐπορέξαι. εὐχομένῳ δὲ ταῦτα καὶ λιπαρῶς ἱκετεύοντι τῷ βασιλεῖ θεοσημεία τις ἐπιφαίνεται παραδοξοτάτη, ἣν τάχα μὲν ἄλλου λέγοντος οὐ ῥᾴδιον ἦν ἀποδέξασθαι, αὐτοῦ δὲ τοῦ νικητοῦ βασιλέως τοῖς τὴν γραφὴν διηγουμένοις ἡμῖν μακροῖς ὕστερον χρόνοις, ὅτε ἠξιώθημεν τῆς αὐτοῦ γνώσεώς τε καὶ ὁμιλίας, ἐξαγγείλαντος ὅρκοις τε πιστωσαμένου τὸν λόγον, τίς ἂν ἀμφιβάλοι μὴ οὐχὶ πιστεῦσαι τῷ διηγήματι; μάλισθ' ὅτε καὶ ὁ μετὰ ταῦτα χρόνος ἀληθῆ τῷ 1.28.2 λόγῳ παρέσχε τὴν μαρτυρίαν. ἀμφὶ μεσημβρινὰς ἡλίου ὥρας, ἤδη τῆς ἡμέρας ἀποκλινούσης, αὐτοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἰδεῖν ἔφη ἐν αὐτῷ οὐρανῷ ὑπερκείμενον τοῦ ἡλίου σταυροῦ τρόπαιον ἐκ φωτὸς συνιστάμενον, γραφήν τε αὐτῷ συνῆφθαι λέγουσαν· τούτῳ νίκα. θάμβος δ' ἐπὶ τῷ θεάματι κρατῆσαι αὐτόν τε καὶ τὸ στρατιωτικὸν ἅπαν, ὃ δὴ στελλομένῳ ποι πορείαν συνείπετό τε καὶ 1.29.1 θεωρὸν ἐγίνετο τοῦ θαύματος. καὶ δὴ διαπορεῖν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἔλεγε, τί ποτε εἴη τὸ φάσμα. ἐνθυμουμένῳ δ' αὐτῷ καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺ λογιζομένῳ νὺξ ἐπῄει καταλαβοῦσα. ἔνθα δὴ ὑπνοῦντι αὐτῷ τὸν Χριστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ σὺν τῷ φανέντι κατ' οὐρανὸν σημείῳ ὀφθῆναί τε καὶ παρακελεύσασθαι, μίμημα ποιησάμενον τοῦ κατ' οὐρανὸν ὀφθέντος σημείου τούτῳ πρὸς τὰς τῶν πολεμίων συμβολὰς ἀλεξήματι χρῆσθαι. ἅμα δ' ἡμέρᾳ διαναστὰς τοῖς φίλοις ἐξηγόρευε τὸ ἀπόρρητον. κἄπειτα χρυσοῦ καὶ λίθων πολυτελῶν δημιουργοὺς συγκαλέσας μέσος αὐτὸς καθιζάνει καὶ τοῦ σημείου τὴν εἰκόνα φράζει, ἀπομιμεῖσθαί τε αὐτὴν χρυσῷ καὶ πολυτελέσι λίθοις διεκελεύετο. ὃ δὴ καὶ ἡμᾶς ὀφθαλμοῖς ποτε παραλαβεῖν αὐτὸς βασιλεύς, θεοῦ καὶ τοῦτο χαρισαμένου, ἠξίωσεν. Ἦν δὲ τοιῷδε σχήματι κατεσκευασμένον. ὑψηλὸν δόρυ χρυσῷ κατημφιεσμένον κέρας εἶχεν ἐγκάρσιον σταυροῦ σχήματι πεποιημένον, ἄνω δὲ πρὸς ἄκρῳ τοῦ παντὸς στέφανος ἐκ λίθων πολυτελῶν καὶ χρυσοῦ συμπεπλεγμένος κατεστήρικτο, καθ' οὗ τῆς σωτηρίου ἐπηγορίας τὸ σύμβολον δύο στοιχεῖα τὸ Χριστοῦ παραδηλοῦντα ὄνομα διὰ τῶν πρώτων ὑπεσήμαινον χαρακτήρων, χιαζομένου τοῦ ῥῶ κατὰ τὸ μεσαίτατον· ἃ δὴ καὶ κατὰ τοῦ κράνους 1.31.2 φέρειν εἴωθε κἀν τοῖς μετὰ ταῦτα χρόνοις ὁ βασιλεύς. τοῦ δὲ πλαγίου κέρως τοῦ κατὰ τὸ δόρυ πεπαρμένου ὀθόνη τις ἐκκρεμὴς ἀπῃώρητο, βασιλικὸν ὕφασμα ποικιλίᾳ συνημμένων πολυτελῶν λίθων φωτὸς αὐγαῖς ἐξαστραπτόντων καλυπτόμενον σὺν πολλῷ τε καθυφασμένον χρυσῷ, ἀδιήγητόν τι χρῆμα τοῖς ὁρῶσι παρέχον τοῦ κάλλους. τοῦτο μὲν οὖν τὸ φᾶρος τοῦ κέρως ἐξημμένον σύμμετρον μήκους τε καὶ πλάτους περιγραφὴν ἀπελάμβανε· τὸ δ' ὄρθιον δόρυ, τῆς κάτω ἀρχῆς ἐπὶ πολὺ μηκυνόμενον ἄνω μετέωρον, ὑπὸ τῷ τοῦ σταυροῦ τροπαίῳ πρὸς αὐτοῖς ἄκροις τοῦ διαγραφέντος ὑφάσματος τὴν τοῦ θεοφιλοῦς βασιλέως εἰκόνα χρυσῆν μέχρι στέρνων τῶν τ' αὐτοῦ 1.31.3 παίδων ὁμοίως ἔφερε. τούτῳ μὲν οὖν τῷ