John Chrysostom, On the Tempting Devil

They were darkened, he says, in their reasonings, the philosophers, and they revered, and they served the creation rather than the creator. Nowhere is the devil here, nowhere is a demon here, but creation is set forth in the midst as the sole teacher of the knowledge of God. How then has it become a cause of impiety? Not because of its own nature, but because of the negligence of those who do not pay attention. What then? shall we also do away with creation, tell me? And what am I saying about creation? Let us come to our own members; for indeed we shall find these also to be causes of destruction, if we do not pay attention, not because of their own nature, but because of our laziness. Consider now: The eye was given, that seeing creation you might glorify the Master; but if you do not use the eye well, it becomes for you an agent of adultery; and the tongue was given, that you may speak well, that you may praise the Maker; but if you do not pay attention well, it becomes for you a cause of blasphemy; and hands were given, that you might lift them up in prayer; but if you are not sober, you extend them to greed; feet were given, that you might run to good works; but if you are negligent, you will perform evil deeds through them. Do you see that everything harms the weak person? do you see that even saving medicines cast the weak person into death, not because of their own nature, but because of that one's weakness? God made the heaven, so that, admiring the work, you might worship the Master; but others, leaving the Maker, worshipped the heaven itself; and this from their laziness and folly. But why do I speak of creation? And yet what could be more saving than the cross? but this cross has become a stumbling block to the weak; For the word of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to those who are being saved it is the power of God; and again: We preach Christ crucified, to the Jews a stumbling block, but to the Gentiles foolishness. What could be more instructive than Paul and the apostles? but these apostles became a fragrance of death to many; for he says: to some a fragrance of death unto death, but to others of life unto life. Do you see that the weak one is harmed even by Paul, but the strong one is not wronged even by the devil? 4. Do you wish that we should also exercise the argument concerning Christ? What is equal to that salvation? what is more useful than that coming? but this saving, this useful coming, has become for many an addition of punishment; For judgment, he says, I came into this world, that those who do not see may see, and that those who see may become blind. What do you say? has the light become a cause of blinding? The light has not become a cause of blinding, but the weakness of the eyes of the soul was not strong enough to receive the light. Have you seen that the weak is harmed from every side, while the strong is benefited from every side? For everywhere the choice is the cause, everywhere the will is sovereign; since the devil, if you wish to learn, is also useful to us, if we use him as is necessary, and benefits us in great things, and we gain not insignificant things And this 49.262 we have shown many times also from Job; but it is also possible to learn from Paul; for writing about the one who had committed fornication he speaks thus: Hand over such a one to Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that the spirit may be saved. Behold, the devil has become a cause of salvation, but not by his own will, but by the skill of the Apostle. For just as physicians, taking vipers and cutting off their deadly parts, prepare antidotes; so also did Paul; having taken as much as was useful from the punishment inflicted by the devil, he left the rest. For that you may learn that the devil is not the cause of salvation, but was eager to destroy and devour the man, but the Apostle through his own wisdom checked his greed, hear in the second Epistle to the Corinthians what he says about this same fornicator: Reaffirm your love for him, lest perhaps by excessive sorrow

Ἐσκοτίσθησαν, φησὶν, ἐν τοῖς διαλογισμοῖς αὐτῶν οἱ φιλόσοφοι, καὶ ἐσεβάσθησαν, καὶ ἐλάτρευσαν τῇ κτίσει παρὰ τὸν κτίσαντα. Οὐδαμοῦ διάβολος ἐνταῦθα, οὐδαμοῦ δαίμων ἐνταῦθα, ἀλλὰ κτίσις εἰς τὸ μέσον πρόκειται μόνη διδάσκαλος τῆς θεογνωσίας. Πῶς γοῦν γέγονεν ἀσεβείας αἰτία; Οὐ παρὰ τὴν ἑαυτῆς φύσιν, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὴν ἀμέλειαν τῶν μὴ προσεχόντων. Τί οὖν; ἀναιρήσομεν καὶ τὴν κτίσιν, εἰπέ μοι; Καὶ τί λέγω περὶ τῆς κτίσεως; Ἐπὶ τὰ μέλη ἔλθωμεν τὰ ἡμέτερα· καὶ γὰρ καὶ ταῦτα εὑρήσομεν ἀπωλείας αἴτια, ἐὰν μὴ προσέχωμεν, οὐ παρὰ τὴν οἰκείαν δὲ φύσιν, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν ῥᾳθυμίαν. Σκόπει δέ· Ὀφθαλμὸς ἐδόθη, ἵνα βλέπων τὴν κτίσιν δοξάζῃς τὸν ∆εσπότην· ἀλλ' ἐὰν μὴ καλῶς χρήσῃ τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ, μοιχείας σοι γίνεται πρόξενος· γλῶττα δὲ ἐδόθη, ἵνα εὐφημῇς, ἵνα ὑμνῇς τὸν Ποιητήν· ἀλλ' ἐὰν μὴ καλῶς προσέχῃς, βλασφημίας σοι γίνεται αἰτία· χεῖρες δὲ ἐδόθησαν, ἵνα ἀνατείνῃς αὐτὰς εἰς εὐχάς· ἀλλ' ἐὰν μὴ νήφῃς, εἰς πλεονεξίαν αὐτὰς ἐκτείνεις· πόδες ἐδόθησαν, ἵνα τρέχῃς εἰς καλὰ ἔργα· ἀλλ' ἐὰν ἀμελῇς, τὰς πονηρὰς δι' αὐτῶν ἕξεις πράξεις. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι τὸν ἀσθενῆ πάντα βλάπτει; ὁρᾷς ὅτι τὸν ἀσθενῆ καὶ τὰ φάρμακα τὰ σωτήρια εἰς θάνατον ἐμβάλλει, οὐ παρὰ τὴν οἰκείαν φύσιν, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τὴν ἐκείνου; Ἐποίησεν οὐρανὸν ὁ Θεὸς, ἵνα θαυμάσας τὸ ἔργον προσκυνήσῃς τὸν ∆εσπότην· ἀλλ' ἕτεροι τὸν Ποιητὴν ἀφέντες, αὐτὸν τὸν οὐρανὸν προσεκύνησαν· ταῦτα δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκείνων ῥᾳθυμίας τε καὶ ἀνοίας. Ἀλλὰ τί λέγω κτίσιν; Καὶ μὴν τί τοῦ σταυροῦ σωτηριωδέστερον γένοιτ' ἄν; ἀλλ' ὁ σταυρὸς οὗτος σκάνδαλον τοῖς ἀσθενοῦσι γέγονεν· Ὁ λόγος γὰρ ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῖς μὲν ἀπολλυμένοις μωρία ἐστὶ, τοῖς δὲ σωζομένοις δύναμις Θεοῦ· καὶ πάλιν· Κηρύσσομεν Χριστὸν ἐσταυρωμένον, Ἰουδαίοις μὲν σκάνδαλον, ἔθνεσι δὲ μωρίαν. Τί τοῦ Παύλου διδασκαλικώτερον γένοιτ' ἂν καὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων; ἀλλ' οἱ ἀπόστολοι οὗτοι ὀσμὴ θανάτου τοῖς πολλοῖς ἐγένοντο· φησὶ γοῦν· Οἷς μὲν ὀσμὴ θανάτου εἰς θάνατον, οἷς δὲ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι ὁ μὲν ἀσθενὴς καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Παύλου βλάπτεται, ὁ δὲ ἰσχυρὸς οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου ἀδικεῖται; δʹ. Βούλει καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ τὸν λόγον γυμνάζωμεν; Τί τῆς σωτηρίας ἐκείνης ἴσον; τί τῆς παρουσίας ἐκείνης χρησιμώτερον; ἀλλ' αὕτη ἡ παρουσία ἡ σωτηριώδης, ἡ χρησίμη, πολλοῖς προσθήκη κολάσεως γέγονεν· Εἰς κρῖμα γὰρ, φησὶν, ἐγὼ ἦλθον εἰς τὸν κόσμον τοῦτον, ἵνα οἱ μὴ βλέποντες βλέψωσι, καὶ οἱ βλέποντες τυφλοὶ γένωνται. Τί λέγεις; τὸ φῶς πηρώσεως αἴτιον γέγονεν; Οὐ τὸ φῶς πηρώσεως αἴτιον γέγονεν, ἀλλ' ἡ ἀσθένεια τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τῆς ψυχῆς τὸ φῶς ὑποδέξασθαι οὐκ ἴσχυσεν. Εἶδες ὅτι ἀσθενὴς πάντοθεν βλάπτεται, ὁ δὲ ἰσχυρὸς πάντοθεν ὠφελεῖται; Πανταχοῦ γὰρ ἡ προαίρεσις αἰτία, πανταχοῦ ἡ γνώμη κυρία· ἐπεὶ ὁ διάβολος, εἰ βούλει μαθεῖν, καὶ χρήσιμος ἡμῖν ἐστιν, ἐὰν εἰς δέον αὐτῷ χρώμεθα, καὶ τὰ μεγάλα ἡμᾶς ὠφελεῖ, καὶ κερδαίνομεν οὐ τὰ τυχόντα Καὶ τοῦτο 49.262 ἐδείξαμεν πολλοστὸν καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰώβ· ἔξεστι δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Παύλου μαθεῖν· περὶ γὰρ τοῦ πεπορνευκότος γράφων οὕτω λέγει· Παράδοτε τὸν τοιοῦτον τῷ Σατανᾷ εἰς ὄλεθρον τῆς σαρκὸς, ἵνα τὸ πνεῦμα σωθῇ. Ἰδοὺ καὶ σωτηρίας αἴτιος ὁ διάβολος γέγονεν, ἀλλ' οὐ παρὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ γνώμην, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὴν τέχνην τοῦ Ἀποστόλου. Καθάπερ γὰρ οἱ ἰατροὶ ἐχίδνας λαμβάνοντες καὶ τὰ ὀλέθρια αὐτῶν ἀποτέμνοντες μέλη, τὰ θηριακὰ κατασκευάζουσι φάρμακα· οὕτω καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἐποίησεν· ὅσον χρήσιμον ἦν ἀπὸ τῆς κολάσεως τῆς ἐπαγομένης παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου λαβὼν, τὸ λοιπὸν εἴασεν. Ἵνα γὰρ μάθῃς, ὅτι οὐχ ὁ διάβολος τῆς σωτηρίας αἴτιος, ἀλλ' ἀπολέσαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ καταπιεῖν ἠπείγετο, ὁ δὲ Ἀπόστολος διὰ τῆς αὑτοῦ σοφίας τὴν λαίμην ἐνέκοψεν, ἄκουσον ἐν τῇ δευτέρᾳ τῇ πρὸς Κορινθίους Ἐπιστολῇ τί φησι περὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ πεπορνευκότος· Κυρώσατε εἰς αὐτὸν ἀγάπην, μή πως τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ